S Peder Cuneo

U of Az Extension Veterinarian

GPP 2 - Establish Veterinary Client Relationship &

GPP 3 - Follow Healthy Production Practices &

GPP - 6 Maintain Biosecurity

Start With a Healthy AnimalStart With a Healthy Animal

• The First Step in BiosecurityThe First Step in Biosecurity

• The Most Important Step in The Most Important Step in Development of an effective vaccination Development of an effective vaccination program/herd healthprogram/herd health

• Reduces (Eliminates) need for Treatment Reduces (Eliminates) need for Treatment and residue worrriesand residue worrries

• Get Best Response to Feeding ProgramGet Best Response to Feeding Program

Vaccination, Introduction to Animal Health Program

• Proper nutrition– Protein and trace minerals in young growing

animals

• Low stress conditions– Stress hormones reduce immune system

• Functioning immune system

Vaccine tools for the immune system

• Killed Vaccines and Toxoids

• Modified Live

• Chemically Altered

Killed Vaccines/Toxoids/Chemically Altered

• Wide variety of Dz protection

• No risk of reverting to “wild strain”

• No risk of spread between animals

• Little risk of abortion

• More stable in storage

• No on farm mixing required

• Good stimulant for colostrum

• More likely to cause allergic reaction/lumps

• Boosters usually required• Slower onset of immunity• May not stimulate as

strong or long lasting immunity

• Narrower spectrum of protection vs. MLV

• Blocking by maternal antibodies problem for young stock

• Cost is often higher

Modified Live

• One dose can provide protection

• More rapid protection• Wider spectrum of

protection vs. Killed• Less likely to cause

allergic reaction/lumps• Not as susceptible to

passive antibody block• Cost usually less vs.

Killed

• Possible reversion to virulent forms

• Disease problems in immune stressed animals

• Possible excessive immune response

• Risk of abortion/infertility

• Handling and mixing

Vaccine Handling

• Follow label– Storage especially refrigeration

• FOLLOW LABELS– PREGANCY STATUS, AGE, BOOSTER

• Expiration date• Refrigeration after mixing• MLV short life after mixing/temperature

effect

Vaccination Procedures

• FOLLOW LABEL DIRECTIONS– Route of injection and location

• Tent skin for SubQ• Needle length

– IM 1-1.5 inch 16 or 18 gauge– SubQ 3/4 inch or 1 inch 16-18 gauge

• Spread out injection sites• Change needles every 10-20 head

Vaccination ProceduresPart II

• Make sure hide/skin is clean/free of mud and manure

• DO NOT USE SKIN DISINFECTANT OR DIP NEEDLE IN DISINFECTANT WHEN USING A MLV VACCINE

• DO NOT MIX VACCINES• FOLLOW QA GUIDELINES ON

INJECTION SITES

Vaccine Labeling

• Label Claims Reflect Differing Levels of Assurance of Performance

• Label Claims are Negotiated Between USDA & Manufacturer

• USDA Provides Independent Assurance that Label Claims can be Substantiated

Labels Imply Different Outcomes

• Available Options

• a) “To Prevent Infection. . .”

• b) “To Prevent Disease. . .”

• c) “As an Aid in the Prevention of Disease. . .”

Option c) in labeling "As an aid in the prevention of disease due to..."

or "for the reduction of.."

Is used for products that produce a significant effect in achieving the claim

• Mild disease

• Multi-agent disease "syndromes"

• Severe challenge can overwhelm protective effect

VACCINE FAILURE

• FAILURE TO RESPOND

• INSUFFICIENT RESISTANCE

• BLOCKING MATERNAL ANTIBODIES

• LAG TIME

• FAILURE TO BOOST

• HANDLING

• Acute Reactions

• Persistent Infection

• Chronic Reactions

• Suppression of Performance

• Infectious, Contagious “Vaccines”

• Vaccinal Lesions at Slaughter

Drug use and label guidelines

• OTC (Over The Counter)• Purchased and used by producer without input

from veterinarian• Product must have directions that are clear

enough for safe and effective use by producer• Owner is responsible for any residues• ALL LABEL DIRECTIONS MUST BE

FOLLOWED EXACTLY

Label guidelines II

• Legend drugs• Drugs determined by FDA to require veterinary

“supervision” for safe and effective use• Name and address of dispensing veterinarian

must be on container• ALL DISPENSING DIRECTIONS MUST

BE FOLLOWED EXACTLY

Label guidelines III

• Extralabel Drug Use (ELUD)• The use of any OTC or label (prescription)

drug in any manner not specified on the label• Use in different species

• Use in different class of animal

• Dose used

• Route of administration

• Disease condition not indicated on label

ELDU

• Title 21 CFR new Part 530– Animal Medicinal Drug Use Clarification Act

of 1994

• ELDU outside of AMDUCA is a violation of the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act

• Enforcement of ELDU is under the control of Federal Food and Drug Administration

Requirements for ELDU

• Valid veterinary-client-patient relationship– Vet responsible for clinical judgment

• Lack of labeled therapeutic alternative– None on market– Available drugs ineffective at labeled dose

• Complete records

• Withdrawal times

Limitations of ELDU

• Must have VALIDVALID vet/client/patient relationship

• Feed additives can NEVERNEVER be used under ELDU, only to treat disease

• There are ProhibitedProhibited drugs that can NeverNever be used

FDA Sec 530.41 Prohibited Drugs

• Chloramphenicol• Clenbuterol• Diethylstilbestrol• Dimetridazole• Ipronidazole• Other nitroimidazoles• Furazlidone

• Nitrofurazone• Sulfonamide drugs in

lactating diary cattle (three specific exceptions)

• Fluoroquinolones• Glycopeptides

Classification of Antibiotic Use

• Therapeutic– Application of a specific drug to treat a specific

health problem

• Sub therapeutic– Low level of antibiotics fed to stimulate growth

and improve feed conversion– Average amount fed is less than 2 oz/ton feed

David’s Top 10 Reasons Why Beef Residues Happen

• Not following label directions

• No records• Misidentification• Excess volume

injection• Chronic with

depressed liver/kidney function

• Treated before purchase

• Unaware of withdrawal times

• Feed/water contamination– Antibiotics/chemical

residues

• They won’t test

Biosecurity

“Is the outcome of all activities Is the outcome of all activities undertaken by an entity to preclude undertaken by an entity to preclude the introduction of disease agents into the introduction of disease agents into an area that one is trying to protect”an area that one is trying to protect”

David Dargatz, Vet Clinics North American vol 18:1 pg 1

Biosecurity and Technology

• Vaccinology

• Therapeutic Drugs

• Diagnostic Testing

Biosecurity What To Avoid

• Reliance on vaccination

• Reliance on therapy

• Attempting to overcome genetic/inherited problems

• Making assumptions about animals status that can be tested but are not “I assumed”

BiosecurityBasics for Livestock Activities

… can you say

“A-RITS”

THE “A’ FROM A-RITS• Risk Assessment

– Evaluate … decide level appropriate

• Risk Management– Resistance, Exposure, Transmission

• Risk Documentation– Record … Review recordings– Surveillance testing

Risk Areas

• Procurement

• Feed/Water

• Wildlife, Arthropods, Insects

• Caretakers, Service,Visitors

• Equipment

• Wind-delivered

Biosecurity The “RITS”

• Resistance, Isolation, Traffic Control, & Sanitation.

– Maximize resistance • (General Specific)

– Isolate from outside and within– Control exposure & potential spread– Clean, Clean & Clean

Healthy Livestock

• Start with healthy animals– Biosecurity

• Keep animals healthy– Biosecurity– Animal health programs

• Teach excellent animal husbandry/care– Production animal welfare

HAPPY TRAILS!!HAPPY TRAILS!!