Post on 31-Jan-2021
R/V William Kennedy Leg 4 Cruise Report (Sep 1-15, 2019)
Cruise along the Kivalliq transportation corridor (Hudson Bay)
September, 2019
Winnipeg, MB
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List of Participants
University of Manitoba
Paloma Carvalho (Chief Scientist)
Glen Hostetler (Research Associate)
Durell Desmond (PhD student)
Cathrin Veenaas (Post-doc)
Keesha Peterson (Technician)
McGill University/ National Research Council Canada (NRC)
Tammy Cai (Post-doc)
Alexa Bakker (Post-doc)
University of Calgary
Alastair Smith (Post-doc)
Meng Ji (MSc student)
Université Laval
Camille Lavoie (MSc student)
Environment and Climate Change Canada (ECCC)
Jasmin Schuster (Researcher)
Community member
Barbara Katorka
Ship crew
David McIsaac (Captain)
Daniel McIsaac (First mate)
Tyson Arsenault (Bridge watch)
Matthew Rose (Bridge watch)
Billy Gaudet (Cook)
Anne-Louise Dauphinee (Bridge watch and Logistics coordinator)
James Hill-Stosky (SVOP small boat operator)
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Table of Contents
List of Participants .............................................................................................................. 2
Table of Contents ................................................................................................................ 3
List of Tables ...................................................................................................................... 5
List of Figures ..................................................................................................................... 6
1. Chief Scientist Report ................................................................................................. 7
1.1 Summary .............................................................................................................. 7
2. Baseline monitoring of microbial genomics along the Kivalliq transportation
corridor (MPRI) and Microbial genomics for oil spill preparedness in Canada’s Arctic
marine environment (GENICE) .......................................................................................... 9
2.1 Introduction and Objectives ................................................................................. 9
2.2 Operations Conducted and Methodology ........................................................... 10
2.2.1 Sediment Core Sampling ............................................................................ 10
3. Baseline monitoring of microbial genomics along the Kivalliq transportation
corridor .............................................................................................................................. 13
3.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 13
3.2 Operations Conducted and Methodology ........................................................... 13
4. Investigation of ice adhering bacteria-diatom symbiosis and their interactions with
spilled oils ......................................................................................................................... 16
4.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 16
4.2 Operations Conducted and Methodology ........................................................... 17
5. Non-target screening of Arctic environmental samples for the detection of unknown
organic pollutants – Spatial and temporal distribution across multiple environmental
compartments .................................................................................................................... 17
5.1 Introduction and Objectives ............................................................................... 17
5.2 Operations Conducted and Methodology ........................................................... 19
5.2.1 Sampling ..................................................................................................... 19
5.2.2 Sample analysis ........................................................................................... 22
5.2.3 Data analysis ............................................................................................... 22
5.3 References .......................................................................................................... 23
6. Monitoring of organic pollutants and microplastics in air, water and sediment ....... 23
6.1 Introduction and Objectives ............................................................................... 23
6.2 Operations Conducted and Methodology ........................................................... 23
6.2.1 Atmospheric samples for organic pollutants ............................................... 23
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6.2.2 Water Particulate Samples .......................................................................... 25
6.2.3 Water sampling at stations .......................................................................... 26
6.2.4 Sediment samples for organic pollutants and microplastics ....................... 29
7. Microbial Genomics for Oil Spill Preparedness in Canada’s Arctic Marine
Environment (GENICE) ................................................................................................... 31
7.1 Introduction and Objectives ............................................................................... 31
7.2 Operations Conducted and Methodology ........................................................... 32
7.2.1 Rosette water sample collection and processing ......................................... 32
7.2.2 Nutrient sample collection .......................................................................... 33
7.2.3 DOC and POC sample collection ............................................................... 33
7.2.4 Microbial biomass for DNA sequencing (vacuum pump method) ............. 34
7.2.5 Fixation for cell counting ............................................................................ 35
7.2.6 Zodiac sample collection and processing ................................................... 35
7.2.7 Box core sampling ...................................................................................... 38
7.2.8 Microcosm setup (water) ............................................................................ 40
7.2.9 Microcosm setup (water and sediment) ...................................................... 41
7.3 References .......................................................................................................... 42
8. Benthic biodiversity, biological productivity and biogeochemistry in western
Hudson’s Bay .................................................................................................................... 42
8.1 Introduction and Objectives ............................................................................... 43
8.2 Operations Conducted and Methodology ........................................................... 43
8.3 References .......................................................................................................... 49
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List of Tables
Table 1.1 Summary of sample collection during the R/V William Kennedy Leg 4 cruise.
............................................................................................................................................. 9 Table 2.1 Sediment push core retrieval site locations. ..................................................... 10 Table 2.2. Gravity sediment core retrieval site locations. ................................................ 12
Table 3.1 Samples collected from each station ................................................................ 16 Table 5.1 Samples collected during the R/V William Kennedy cruise 2019 (Leg 4). ..... 20 Table 5.2 Coordinates for biota, water and surface sediment sampling. ......................... 21 Table 5.3 Coordinates for sediment sampling using the Zodiac ...................................... 21 Table 6.1 Sampling information for atmospheric samples. ............................................. 24
Table 6.2 Sampling information for particulate samples ................................................. 26 Table 6.3 Sampling information for high volume water samples (HVW) and low volume
water samples for microplastics (MPW), perfluorinated compounds (PFC) and
organophosphate flame retardants (OPE) ......................................................................... 28 Table 6.4 Sampling information for sediment samples.................................................... 30 Table 7.1 Total samples collected, both from ship-based sampling and zodiac sampling.
........................................................................................................................................... 31 Table 7.2 Water samples collected from rosette. ............................................................. 34 Table 7.3 Locations of zodiac sampling sites. ................................................................. 37
Table 7.4 Box core sample locations. .............................................................................. 39 Table 7.5 List of incubations prepared. ........................................................................... 40
Table 7.6 Microcosm experiment design. ........................................................................ 41 Table 7.7 Surface water collection for microcosm. ......................................................... 42 Table 7.8 Surface sediment collection for microcosm. .................................................... 42
Table 8.1 Samples collected from the box core during Leg 4 of the 2019 R/V William
Kennedy Research Cruise ................................................................................................. 45
Table 8.2 Organisms collected from the benthic trawl during Leg 4 of the 2019 R/V
William Kennedy Research Cruise. .................................................................................. 46
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List of Figures
Figure 1.1 Cruise track and stations sampled during the R/V William Kennedy Leg 4
cruise in 2019. ..................................................................................................................... 8
Figure 1.2 Zodiac stations sampled during the R/V William Kennedy Leg 4 cruise, 2019.
............................................................................................................................................. 8
Figure 2.1 Sediment sampling using the box core (A); and the core tube inserted into the
box core (B), being retrieved (C) and measured (D) ........................................................ 11
Figure 2.2 Core being sectioned (A) using a measure ring (B) and stored in Whirl-Packs
bags (C) ............................................................................................................................. 11
Figure 2.3. Gravity core being deployed (A); and core sample being retrieved (B) and
measured (C) ..................................................................................................................... 12
Figure 3.1 Collection of water from Rosette .................................................................... 14
Figure 3.2 Real-time data from Seabird 19Plus SeaCAT profiler ................................... 15
Figure 3.3 Vacuum filtration setup .................................................................................. 15
Figure 5.1 Possible distribution of pollutants within the marine environment ................ 18
Figure 5.2 Sampling stations. S: Sediment, B: Biota, W: Water, Z: Zodiac sampling
station. ............................................................................................................................... 19
Figure 5.3 Large volume water sample collection ........................................................... 20
Figure 5.4 Surface sediment collection ............................................................................ 21
Figure 6.1 High-volume air sampler ................................................................................ 24
Figure 6.2 Map illustrating the range of the individual atmospheric samples. ................ 25
Figure 6.3 Particle sampler housing and glass fibre filter (top), removing filter after
filtration (bottom).............................................................................................................. 25
Figure 6.4 Map illustrating the range of the individual particle samples. ....................... 26
Figure 6.5 High volume water collection and extraction ................................................. 27
Figure 6.6 Map with sampling information for HVW (red) and low volume water
samples for MPW (white), PFC (green) and OPE (yellow). ............................................ 27
Figure 6.7. Low volume water sampling with a stainless steel bucket ............................ 29
Figure 6.8 Map with sampling information for surface sediment.................................... 30
Figure 7.1 Rosette water sample collection ..................................................................... 32
Figure 7.2 Collecting water from Niskin bottle into syringe ........................................... 33
Figure 7.3 Zodiac sampling setup .................................................................................... 35
Figure 7.4 Filtration through Sterivex filter ..................................................................... 36
Figure 7.5 Surface sediment collection on board zodiac ................................................. 38
Figure 7.6 Surface sediment collection via syringe ......................................................... 39
Figure 7.7 Example of the set-up for water-accommodated fraction preparation with
water from station RI3. The aspirator bottle is being gently stirred on a magnetic stir
plate. The bottles were normally covered with foil to minimise photo-degradation but the
foil was removed to allow the photo to be taken. ............................................................. 41
Figure 8.1 Benthic trawl deployment ............................................................................... 44
Figure 8.2 Biota sorting ................................................................................................... 44
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1. Chief Scientist Report
Paloma Calabria Carvalho1
1Centre for Earth Observation Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg MB, Canada
R3T 2N2
1.1 Summary
Leg 4 of the 2019 R/V William Kennedy expedition along the Kivalliq
transportation corridor in western Hudson Bay was very successful. Most of our sampling
stations proposed in earlier meetings were achieved, while only a few stations located in
proximity to sampled stations were skipped. The decision to skip stations was made in
agreement during our regular science meetings (daily) aboard the R/V William Kennedy.
The science crew arrived in Coral Harbour on Aug 31, 2019 and boarded the R/V
William Kennedy later in the afternoon. On Sep 1, a community member from Naujaat,
Barbara Katorka, joined the vessel as part of the GENICE/MPRI projects. On Sep 1, we all
had familiarization with the vessel and safety instruction conducted by the first mate,
Daniel McIsaac. On the same day, we started mobilization and set up the lab space. Due to
weather, our cruise was delayed and we left Coral Harbour in the evening of Sep 2.
However, we sampled at our first station in the afternoon of Sep 2 in proximity to Coral
Harbour (CH0). The weather was good for the rest of the cruise and we managed to
complete 25 stations, sampling for water, sediment and benthic organisms (Fig. 1.1; Table
1.1). In addition to our full stations, 7 zodiac stations (with 5 substations each; see section
7.2.6 for details) were sampled for water and sediment (Fig. 1.2). As scheduled, we ended
our cruise in Churchill on Sep 15, where we worked on demobilization and shipping
supplies and samples back to the various involved institutions for future analyses.
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Figure 1.1 Cruise track and stations sampled during the R/V William Kennedy Leg 4
cruise in 2019.
Figure 1.2 Zodiac stations sampled during the R/V William Kennedy Leg 4 cruise, 2019.
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Table 1.1 Summary of sample collection during the R/V William Kennedy Leg 4 cruise.
Station ID Lat (N) Lon (W) Depth (m) Date Water Sediment Benthic
CH0 64°06.744' 83°13.371' 14.5 2-Sep X X
CH1 63°12.243' 83°49.595' 112 3-Sep X X X
CH2 63°15.593' 88°20.177' 182 4-Sep X X X
CII1 63°23.405' 90°43.456' 54 4-Sep X
CII4 63°42.856' 92°00.655' 58 5-Sep X X X
CII5 63°59.021' 93°30.445' 29.4 6-Sep X X X
CII7 63°55.981' 93°36.749' 37.7 6-Sep X X
BL1 64°06.660' 94°24.076' 67 7-Sep X X X
BL2 64°12.259' 95°08.498' 33.2 8-Sep X
BL3 64°13.808' 95°28.338' 37.7 7-Sep X X X
BL5 64°18.344' 95°59.921' 24.9 8-Sep X X
BL4 64°18.005' 95°57.421' 29.9 8-Sep X
CII10 63°55.018' 93°58.394' 40.9 8-Sep X X
CI3 63°02.419' 90°29.675' 36.5 9-Sep X X X
CI1 63°20.078' 90°41.455' 11 10-Sep X X
CI2 63°19.066' 90°39.578' 33.7 10-Sep X X
RI3 62°48.788' 92°02.569' 22 11-Sep X X
RI6 62°47.978' 92°05.978' 27.5 11-Sep X X X
RI4 62°45.896' 92°01.604' 40.8 11-Sep X
RI1 62°42.001' 91°34.427' 38.6 11-Sep X
AV1 61°44.796' 92°31.575' 46.8 12-Sep X X X
AV2 61°06.526' 93°56.462' 12.6 12-Sep X X X
AV3 61°06.840' 94°01.542' 5.8 13-Sep X X X
AV4 60°47.393' 93°57.544' 45.5 13-Sep X X X
AV5 60°26.435' 94°23.293' 28.1 14-Sep X X X
2. Baseline monitoring of microbial genomics along the Kivalliq transportation
corridor (MPRI) and Microbial genomics for oil spill preparedness in Canada’s
Arctic marine environment (GENICE)
Principal Investigator: Gary Stern1; Cruise participants: Paloma Calabria Carvalho1, Glen
Hostetler2, and Durell Sterling Desmond1
1Centre for Earth Observation Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg MB, Canada
R3T 2N2
2Natural Resources Institute, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg MB, Canada R3T 2M6
2.1 Introduction and Objectives
The GENICE and MPRI projects seek to build a reliable baseline of sediment
contamination along the Kivalliq transportation corridor (western Hudson Bay) in
preparation for the high possibility of oil and/or fuel contaminants spilled into the Northern
Arctic due to present and continuing increases in ship traffic and potential future oil and
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gas exploration. Moreover, through the characterization of the spatial and temporal
distribution of contaminants in the sediment, this project aims to link the historic sediment
formation and resultant contaminant partitioning with the risk of exposure and vulnerability
to new potential sources of petroleum sources, helping to facilitate the development and
assess the potential of using bioremediation as a feasible spill mitigation response.
2.2 Operations Conducted and Methodology
2.2.1 Sediment Core Sampling
A box corer (625cm2 sampling area, 25cm x 25cm x 50cm box area) was used to
collect sediment cores at full stations where soft sediment was present (Table 2.1). A
multibeam sonar (Furuno FCV – 1200L) was used to assess the presence of soft sediment
with the absence of large rocks that could damage the box corer. The box corer was
deployed using the A-frame (5000kg capacity) and winches (340kg capacity) on the stern
of the ship (Fig. 2.1A). If the bottom of the box corer was sealed and the sediment inside
was not slumped, a core tube (9 cm inner diameter) was then pressed into the sediment by
hand and subsequently sealed at its surface and base (Fig. 2.1B). The sediment push core
was then taken to the deck on board the ship, measured for its length (e.g., Fig. 2.1C and
D), and sectioned into Whirl-Packs bags in intervals of 0.5 cm until 10 cm, 1 cm until 20
cm, 2 cm until 30 cm, and 5 cm intervals for the remainder of the core (Fig. 2.2).
Table 2.1 Sediment push core retrieval site locations.
Date Station Latitude Longitude Length (cm)
04-Sep CH2 63°15.173' -88°23.263' 8
04-Sep CH2 63°15.341' -88°22.508' 8
05-Sep CII4 63°44.237' -92°00.613' 13
05-Sep CII4 63°44.428' -92°00.566' 15
06-Sep CII5 63°59.276' -93°30.229' 17
06-Sep CII7 63°55.785' -93°36.827' 45
07-Sep BL1 64°06.589' -94°24.871' 19
07-Sep BL3 64°13.621' -95°28.184' 17
08-Sep BL5 64°18.345' -95°59.915' 37
08-Sep CII10 63°54.940' -93°57.351' 21
11-Sep RI6 62°47.705' -92°05.739' 17
11-Sep RI4 62°46.020' -92°01.606' 11
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Figure 2.1 Sediment sampling using the box core (A); and the core tube inserted into the
box core (B), being retrieved (C) and measured (D)
Figure 2.2 Core being sectioned (A) using a measure ring (B) and stored in Whirl-Packs
bags (C)
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Similarly, a gravity corer (6.66 cm inner diameter) was used to collect sediment
cores at full stations with exceptionally soft and deeper sediment (Table 2.2), based off the
previously retrieved box cores. The corer consisted of a metal pipe with two removable
linings of plastic tubing 75 cm in length each (Fig 2.3A). Heavy weights sat atop the pipe.
Cores were retrieved by hanging the gravity core from the A-frame ~1.2 m from the deck
and removing the removable plastic tubing (holding the sediment core) from the metal pipe
and subsequently sealing the open sides of the tube (Fig. 2.3B). The gravity core was then
measured for its length (Fig. 2.3C) and sectioned into Whirl-Packs bags in intervals of 1
cm until 20 cm, 2 cm until 30 cm, and 5 cm intervals for the remainder of the core.
Table 2.2. Gravity sediment core retrieval site locations.
Date Station Latitude Longitude Length (cm)
05-Sep CII4 63°44.237' -92°00.729' 37
06-Sep CII5 63°59.296' -93°30.280' 53
06-Sep CII7 63°55.955' -93°36.739' 87
06-Sep CII7 63°55.962' -93°37.020' 70
07-Sep BL3 64°13.699' -95°28.206' 90
11-Sep RI6 62°47.808' -92°05.685' 67
Figure 2.3. Gravity core being deployed (A); and core sample being retrieved (B) and
measured (C)
The Whirl-Packs bags for both the push and gravity cores were then placed into a
-20°C freezer and sent to the University of Manitoba for radioisotope dating and
contaminant analyses (i.e., total mercury, methylmercury, hydrocarbons, and heterocyclic
compounds). Based on these analyses, an assessment as to the background contamination
levels at these site locations will be achieved. Furthermore, spatial and temporal trends of
the contaminants within the vertical distribution of the cores will be completed and
thoroughly investigated. Lastly, the differences in sediment depth as well as the levels and
types of contaminants found at each site will be compared and rationalized based on known
exposure history, topography of each location, and microbial presence and distribution.
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3. Baseline monitoring of microbial genomics along the Kivalliq transportation
corridor
Principal investigator: Gary Stern1 and Charles Greer2,3; Cruise participants: Alexa
Bakker2,3and Tammy Cai2,3
1Centre for Earth Observation Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg MB, Canada
R3T 2N2 2McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0G4 3National Research Council Canada (NRC), Montreal, QC H4P 2R2
3.1 Introduction
Western Hudson Bay communities experience high volumes of ship traffic due to
vast mineral exploration projects in the region. In Chesterfield Inlet, it is estimated that the
average change in shipping activity between 1990-2000 and 2011-2015 increased by 2000
– 4120 km. In the event of an accidental spill, one of the challenges will be discriminating
between natural background and contaminating hydrocarbons due to the spill. The project
will build a database containing detailed hydrocarbon and non-hydrocarbon contaminant
profiles (e.g. diagnostic ratios or “fingerprints”) and chemical concentrations in sediments
(particulate and bottom), water column samples and benthic invertebrates. Genomics
profiling will be conducted in sediments and water.
3.2 Operations Conducted and Methodology
Under the collaborative framework, our team focuses on the development the
microbial genomics baseline database in the surface water as spilled oil slicks/plumes tend
to concentrate in the surface water. Sampling locations are selected to represent differences
in a) salinity, b) ship/tanker activity level, c) nutrient input, d) distance from pollution
sources from accidents/fuel farm/sewage, and e) ecology/community values (i.e. fishing,
whales, and bird sanctuaries) along the Kivalliq transportation corridor. Another objective
of our team is to isolate/culture oil degrading bacteria from the surface water samples
selected from the potentially polluted sites. Enrichment microcosms are used to enhance
the population dominancy of these oil degrading bacteria to facilitate the
isolation/culturing. IChip techique, which utilize an array of mini diffusion chambers to
provide the bacteria with the nutritional requirements mimicking their natural habitats, will
be utilized for the isolation/culturing.
Water samples will be collected using a CTD-Rosette system, which is deployed
from the R.V. William Kennedy (Figure 3.1). The R.V. William Kennedy is equipped with
a multibeam echo-sounder (WMB3250 WASSP Multibeam Sonar Survey Model with a
hull mounted WMB-T160S/20 WASSP Transducer 160Khz) which will be used
simultaneously for bottom mapping. All samples will be processed while on board and
shipped back to McGill University for analysis. This information will be invaluable in the
development of oil spill mitigation strategies, in assessing the success of remediation
strategies and in source attribution (i.e. to help establish ultimate responsibility for the
spill).
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Sampling was collected at 21 different stations (Table 3.1). At each station, water
was collected in the 12 bottle Rosette sampler at approximately 1.6m below the surface.
Attached to the Rosette was a Seabird 19Plus SeaCAT profiler which collected information
such as depth, salinity, oxygen content, and temperature and displayed it in real time
(Figure 3.2). A two-liter sample of water was harvested from each of three Rosette bottles
and the sample from each bottle was vacuum filtered through a different 47mm 0.22 µm
PES membrane using a Pall filtration manifold with disposable cups (Fig. 3.3). Each
membrane was immediately stored at -80°C for future genomic analyses. Samples will be
subjected to DNA and RNA extraction. DNA extracts will be subjected to 16S rRNA gene
amplification, library preparation and sequencing (Illumina). Generated sequences (fastq
files) will be used for downstream data processing. Operational taxonomic units (OTUs)
and the corresponding abundance will be generated to calculate phylogenetic trees and
biodiversity indices of microbial communities.
Another two-liter sample was harvested from one of the same Rosette bottles and
filtered in the same way but then stored in a 50mL falcon tube with 20mL of seawater at
4°C for culturing. Two additional 50mL aliquots of seawater from the same Rosette bottle
were also stored in 50mL falcon tubes at 4°C for culturing. From another of the three initial
Rosette bottles, an additional 50mL aliquot was transferred to a 125mL amber glass serum
bottle, enriched with 0.5mL Bushnell Haas Broth and 1.25µL marine diesel, and stored at
4°C to serve as a microcosm for future study through isolation and culturing of microbes
able to use the diesel as a substrate.
Figure 3.1 Collection of water from Rosette
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Figure 3.2 Real-time data from Seabird 19Plus SeaCAT profiler
Figure 3.3 Vacuum filtration setup
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Table 3.1 Samples collected from each station
Station Membranes for
genomics
Membrane + aliquots
for culturing
Microcosm
CH0 X X X
CH1 X
CH2 X
CII1 X X X
CII4 X X X
CII5 X X X
CII7 X X X
BL1 X X X
BL3 X X X
BL5 X X X
BL4 X X X
CII10 X
CI3 X X X
CI1 X X X
RI3 X X X
RI6 X X X
RI1 X X X
AV1 X X X
AV2 X X X
AV3 X X X
AV4 X
4. Investigation of ice adhering bacteria-diatom symbiosis and their interactions
with spilled oils
Principal investigator: Charles Greer1,2; Cruise participants: Alexa Bakker1,2 and Tammy
Cai1,2
1McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0G4 2National Research Council Canada (NRC), Montreal, QC H4P 2R2
4.1 Introduction
Ice algae play a critical role in primary production and serve as part of the base of
the polar food web. An emerging group of ice-binding proteins produced by bacteria has
recently been discovered that enables bacteria to adhere to the surface of ice as well as
photosynthetic diatoms. In terms of ecological significance, this symbiotic process
involving bacteria, diatoms and ice would enhance solar energy conversion and nutrient
cycling under the ice. The presence of this symbiosis at the ice-seawater interface makes it
especially susceptible to the impact of potential oil spills in icy conditions which also tend
to concentrate at the ice-seawater interface.
So far, only Marinomonas primoryensis has been observed utilizing “ice adhesins”.
Although “ice adhesins” have been examined in vitro with pure cultures, they have yet to
be investigated in the context of indigenous microbial communities dwelling at the ice-
17
seawater interface. Our team also aims to isolate and culture other potential ice adhering
bacteria from seawater samples and bottom ice core samples harvested at different
locations in the Canadian Oceans. We are especially interested in isolating and culturing
ice adhering bacteria that can also degrade petroleum substances. We use iChip technique
to improve the culturability of the obtained samples and culture novel isolates. Our team
also has been investigating how the presence of the oil affect the formation of this ice
adhering bacteria-diatom symbiosis.
4.2 Operations Conducted and Methodology
Following extraction and DNA sequencing, which was described in the previous
section (Section 3.2), representative samples of major clusters will be selected for shotgun
metagenomic sequencing, based on the results of UPGMA (unweighted pair group method
with arithmetic mean) cluster analysis of the 16S rRNA gene dataset. Genes encoding two
types of ice adhesins will be studied: Type I with repeats-in-toxin (RTX)-like ice-binding
domains; and Type II containing Domain-Of-Unknown-Function (DUF) 3494 for ice
binding. To gain insights on the factors regulating this “strategic” ecological process, the
relative abundance of ice adhesion encoding genes was correlated with data on chlorophyll
a, bacterial abundance, particulate organic carbon, dissolved organic carbon, dissolved
nitrogen, macro-nutrients and salinity.
The same protocol for culturing and isolation in the previous section were used to
culture and enrich ice adhering and oil degrading bacteria. The isolates will be screened
using motility test. High mobility isolates will be examined under microscope to investigate
their interactions with ice crystals.
5. Non-target screening of Arctic environmental samples for the detection of
unknown organic pollutants – Spatial and temporal distribution across multiple
environmental compartments
Principal Investigator: Gary Stern1; Cruise participant: Cathrin Veenaas1
1Centre for Earth Observation Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg MB, Canada
R3T 2N2
5.1 Introduction and Objectives
More than 100,000 different chemicals are being produced and used every day [1].
Some of these chemicals might reach the environment and have direct adverse effects, i.e.
are toxic, while others might enrich in biota (bioaccumulation) or the food chain
(biomagnification). More than 100 million tons of chemicals that are hazardous to the
environment are produced annually in Europe alone [2]. Especially for those chemicals
that can have negative impacts on the environment, it is important to assess their occurrence
in the environment.
Most studies and regular monitoring campaigns focus on a limited number of
compounds (targeted analysis) since untargeted methods are considered too time
consuming. However, to be able to not only detect selected chemicals in commerce but to
include the large numbers of chemicals and also their degradation products in the
environment, untargeted methods are needed. To achieve a comprehensive screening of
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“unknown” organic compounds in environmental samples, sophisticated analytical
techniques and advanced data analysis techniques must be used. Large amounts of
information can be generated using advanced analytical instruments that will,
consequently, be handled in a newly developed automated way involving computational
methods.
This project plans to identify organic pollutants in the Arctic environment to help
understand where there are shortcomings in the present understanding of chemicals’
environmental fate, and what differences exist between different environmental
compartments and different regions of the Canadian Arctic. Special emphasize will be put
on temporal and spatial trends of newly emerging (and so far not detected) compounds in
the Hudson Bay area. The results will support the understanding of chemicals reaching
different parts of the environment, and, ultimately, the food chain. Due to remoteness, low
biological diversity, and low ambient temperatures, Arctic areas are especially vulnerable
to contamination [3]. Moreover, although Arctic environments are often remote and not
close to industry, the Arctic is considered a sink for global pollutants [4].
Within the marine environment, compounds can move between compartments as
shown in Figure 4.1. The distribution of compounds between these compartments depends
on their physico-chemical properties. The aim of this study is the analysis of organic
pollutants within all three compartments of the marine environment: water, sediment and
biota. Overlaps and differences among the compartments will be identified and spatial and
temporal trends within the Canadian Arctic will be studied. During the R/V William
Kennedy sampling cruise, sediment cores for time-trend analysis were collected. Assessing
temporal trends of unknown compounds will show which compounds have been enriching
in the environment in the past without our knowledge. Furthermore, surface sediment at
various locations (small scale and large scale transects) was collected for spatial trend
analysis to show which parts of the Arctic are affected most by pollution. In addition, at 8
stations all three sample types, biota, water and surface sediment, were collected to assess
the distribution of contaminants among different environmental compartments.
Figure 5.1 Possible distribution of pollutants within the marine environment
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In target analysis a limited number of compounds that are known and expected in
environmental samples is studied. In non-target analysis, however, no pre-assumptions are
made and, hence, compounds that we do not expect, including for example degradation
products or compounds that are not listed in production registers, can also be found and
identified. These unexpected compounds are called “unknown” here.
5.2 Operations Conducted and Methodology
5.2.1 Sampling
Large volume water samples, sediment samples (surface and core), biota samples
and were taken at, in total, 20 stations (Table 5.1 and Table 5.2, Figure 5.2). The respective
sampling methods are described in section 6.1.3.1, 2.2.1 and 8.2, respectively. In brief,
roughly 300L of water was collected into stainless steel cans using an immersible pump
(Fig. 4.3) and subsequently filtered through an XAD cartridge at a rate of 300 mL/min. The
XAD was stored in the fridge until analysis. Sediment samples were collected using a box
core for most stations (Fig. 4.4). At Zodiac stations (labeled Z, Table 5.3), sediment was
collected using a ponar grab sampler. Sediment cores were extracted from the box core
using a push core and subsequently sliced into 0.5 cm slices up to 10 cm, 1 cm slices up to
20 cm and 2 cm thereafter. Gravity core samples were handled in a similar manner.
However, due to the larger disturbance of the upper layers the first 10 cm were sliced into
1 cm slices. Finally, biota samples were collected for about 15 minutes using a beam trawl
to catch benthic organisms. Only biota samples that could be identified on board were kept
for chemical analysis. All sediment and biota samples were kept in the freezer until
analysis.
Figure 5.2 Sampling stations. S: Sediment, B: Biota, W: Water, Z: Zodiac sampling
station.
20
Figure 5.3 Large volume water sample collection
Table 5.1 Samples collected during the R/V William Kennedy cruise 2019 (Leg 4).
*Samples were collected from a Zodiac.
Station Water
volume (L)
No. of surface
sediment
sample jars
Biota (no. of
species for
chemical analysis)
Push core Gravity core
CH1 304 1 21
CH2 285 1 7 1
CII4 285 1 5 1 1
CII5 304 1 1
CII7 1 1
CII10 1
BL1 304 1 1
BL4 1
BL5 304
CI1 1
CI2 9
CI3 304 1 4
RI6 304 1 5
AV1 1 5
AV2 1 6
AV3 4
AV5 1 10
Z1* 4 transects
Z4* 5 transects
Z7* 5 transects
21
Table 5.2 Coordinates for biota, water and surface sediment sampling.
Station Date Water Surface sediment Biota
Latitude Longitude Latitude Longitude Latitude Longitude
CH1 Sep 3 63°12.551’ -83°48.302’ 63°12.508' -83°47.842' 63°12.450' -83°48.154'
CH2 Sep 4 63°15.587’ -88°20.017’ 63°15.408' -88°22.119' 63°15.465' -88°19.716'
CH2 Sep 4 63°15.333' -88°22.564'
CII4 Sep 5 63°44.428’ -92°00.566’ 63°44.429' -92°00.563' 63°44.010' -92°00.383'
CII5 Sep 6 63°59.021’ -93°30.445’ 63°59.277' -93°30.233' 63°59.592' -93°29.297'
CII7 Sep 6 63°55.781' -93°36.827' 63°55.286' -93°36.950'
CII10 Sep 8 63°54.940' -93°57.351'
BL1 Sep 7 64°06.660’ -94°24.076’ 64°06.570' -94°23.891' 64°06.993' -94°24.396'
BL4 Sep 8 64°17.765' -95°57.364'
BL5 Sep 8 64°18.344’ -95°59.921’
CI1 Sep 10 63°20.074' -90°41.453'
CI2 Sep 10 63°18.565' -90°39.866'
CI3 Sep 9 63°02.416’ -90°29.675’ 63°02.599' -90°33.520' 63°02.753' -90°33.824'
RI6 Sep 11 62°47.978’ -92°05.978’ 62°47.667' -92°05.851' 62°47.713' -92°06.957'
AV1 Sep 12 61°44.071’ -92°32.397’ 61°44.320' -92°32.083' 61°44.067' -92°32.362'
AV2 Sep 12 61°06.566' -93°56.563' 61°06.170' -93°55.259'
AV3 Sep 13 61°06.680' -93°58.548'
AV5 Sep 15 60°26.618' -94°23.875' 60°26.917' -94°24.729'
Table 5.3 Coordinates for sediment sampling using the Zodiac
Sub-station
Z1 Z4 Z7
Latitude Longitude Latitude Longitude Latitude Longitude
1 63°45.961 -92°02.003 64°16.061 -96°08.486 62°51.314 -92°05.888
2 63°45.762 -92°01.599 64°16.426 -96°07.611 62°51.266 -92°05.414
3 63°45.345 -92°00.967 64°16.624 -96°06.494 62°51.190 -92°04.929
4 63°44.834 -92°00.810 64°16.840 -96°05.402 62°51.058 -92°04.452
5 64°17.826 -96°01.923 62°50.081 -92°02.871
Figure 5.4 Surface sediment collection
22
5.2.2 Sample analysis
Extraction methods for the different sample matrices will be developed in a way to
ensure good extraction recoveries for a large number of compounds. These will include the
use of different types of solvents (polar as well as non-polar).
For a comprehensive screening of organic pollutants in environmental samples,
several different analytical techniques are being used and combined. While smaller and
less polar compounds can be analyzed by gas chromatography (GC), larger or more polar
compounds will have to be analyzed using liquid chromatography (LC). By performing
GC as well as LC analysis a comprehensive analysis of the samples is obtained, and all
organic compounds can be captured.
The samples will be analyzed by GC×GC-HRMS for the detection of smaller, less
polar compounds. In comparison to conventional GC, GC×GC provides an increased peak
capacity and hence improves the separation and identification of unknown compounds. In
addition, characteristic elution patterns (one and two-dimensional GC retention times) can
be used to identify compounds. The benefit of HRMS over low resolution MS is the
increased resolution which results in the possibility of accurate mass measurements of
fragment ions. In addition to GC×GC-HRMS, atmospheric pressure (AP) GC will be used.
Due to its softer ionization, molecular ions are more readily obtained using APGC and a
molecular formula can be more easily obtained, whereas the GC×GC-HRMS instrument
gives characteristic fragmentation spectra. The combination of both will allow a better
identification of unknown compounds.
More polar or larger analytes will be analyzed using state-of-the-art LC-ion
mobility-MS/MS. Tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) can be used in LC-MS analysis to
obtain characteristic fragmentation spectra as they are obtained in GC-MS. Since LC-MS
ionization usually occurs under atmospheric pressure it is a soft ionization that generally
does not cause any fragmentation. Hence, fragmentation spectra need to be generated by
using MS/MS, which includes a fragmentation step between the two mass analyzers. The
addition of ion mobility measurements has two advantages that will both be used. Firstly,
ion mobility provides an additional dimension of separation improving the overall peak
capacity, i.e. the number of compounds that can be detected. And secondly, ion mobility
measurements provide the analyst with a value corresponding to a compound’s size and
shape (the collision cross section; CCS) which gives an additional identification point for
unknown compounds.
5.2.3 Data analysis
Finally, the obtained data, i.e. identified compounds, will be compared among all
three matrices and the different points across the Arctic, and similarities and differences
will be discussed. A principal component analysis (PCA) could then be used to identify
groupings among all samples and, moreover, identify differences among the sample types
(water, biota and sediment from different points in the Canadian Arctic). Additional
statistical methods for the evaluation and characterization of the data will be researched if
necessary. Moreover, oceanographic and biogeochemistry data (metadata) that were
collected throughout the sampling campaign will be used to identify the origin of the
detected and identified compounds, using, for example, information about ocean currents.
The collected sediment cores will be dated and used to perform time trend analyses.
Furthermore, the surface sediment samples (including Zodiac stations) will be used to
23
perform spatial trend analysis. In addition, an analysis of biomagnification will be
performed by analyzing biota from different trophic levels and studying potential
enrichment of certain pollutants.
5.3 References
[1] A.B.A. Boxall, C.J. Sinclair, K. Fenner, D. Kolpin, S.J. Maund, When synthetic
chemicals degrade in the environment, Environ. Sci. Technol. 38(2004) 368A–375A.
[2] European Commission, Eurostat; online data code: env_chmhaz, (2018).
[3] R. Gunnarsdóttir, P.D. Jenssen, P. Erland Jensen, A. Villumsen, R. Kallenborn, A
review of wastewater handling in the Arctic with special reference to pharmaceuticals and
personal care products (PPCPs) and microbial pollution, Ecol. Eng. 50 (2013) 76–85.
[4] Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP), Chemicals of Emerging
Arctic Concern - Summary for Policy-makers, (2017). https://oaarchive.arctic-
council.org/handle/11374/1947.
6. Monitoring of organic pollutants and microplastics in air, water and sediment
Principal Investigator: Lisa Jantunen1; Cruise participant: Jasmin Schuster2
1Air Quality Processes Research Section, Science and Technology Branch, Environment
and Climate Change Canada (ECCC), Egbert, ON L0L1N0
²Air Quality Research Division, Science and Technology Branch, Environment and
Climate Change Canada (ECCC), Toronto, ON M3H 5T4
6.1 Introduction and Objectives
The purpose of this study was to determine the occurrence, concentrations, and gas
exchange of select organic pollutants. Compound classes of interest included: pesticides
(current use and legacy), flame retardants (FRs), perfluorinated compounds (PFCs), and
polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs), which include polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
(PAHs). The goal was to use the air and water samples collected to set baseline
environmental concentration levels for PACs and select FRs, as well as to continue to
monitor concentration trends for compounds previously studied (PFCs, pesticides, and
select FRs). Air and water samples were paired and the gas exchange will be calculated for
priority pollutants in order to determine whether the water is acting as a source or a sink
for these compounds.
Samples collected for organic pollutants and microplastics onboard the R/V William
Kennedy will be processed and analysed in the laboratory at Centre for Atmospheric
Research Experiments (CARE), Environment and Climate Change Canada (ECCC).
6.2 Operations Conducted and Methodology
6.2.1 Atmospheric samples for organic pollutants
Atmospheric samples were collected while the ship was underway. The High-
volume air sampler was mounted above the bridge toward the bow of the ship (Fig. 6.1).
Incoming air was pulled through a sample head, which contained a 0.45 micron quartz fiber
filter followed by a XAD resin column to sample the particulate and gaseous phases
https://oaarchive.arctic-council.org/handle/11374/1947https://oaarchive.arctic-council.org/handle/11374/1947
24
respectively. The sampler ran continuously with occasional shutdowns during major
sampling stations. The sample head was changed after 24-48 hours. Six samples were
collected during the expedition. Details on the sampling locations are reported in Table 6.1
and Figure 6.2. Samples were stored at -20°C.
Figure 6.1 High-volume air sampler
Table 6.1 Sampling information for atmospheric samples.
Sample ID Start Latitude Longitude Stop Latitude Longitude
WK19Air1 02/09/2019 64.116 -83.140 04/09/2019 63.390 -90.724
WK19Air2 04/09/2019 63.396 -90.735 07/09/2019 64.119 -94.393
WK19Air3 07/09/2019 64.306 -95.533 08/09/2019 63.995 -94.311
WK19Air4 08/09/2019 63.995 -94.311 11/09/2019 62.760 -91.979
WK19Air5 11/09/2019 62.760 -91.979 12/09/2019 61.747 -92.526
WK19Air6 12/09/2019 61.747 -92.526 14/09/2019 60.077 -94.067
25
Figure 6.2 Map illustrating the range of the individual atmospheric samples.
6.2.2 Water Particulate Samples
Particle samples were collected while underway. Seawater (2m depth) pumped
from the engine room to the saltwater tap on the starboard deck was filtered overnight using
a glass fibre filter (Figure 6.3). The flow rate ranged from 1.8-2.3 L/min, resulting in
sample volumes of 970 – 1500 L. Five samples were collected during the expedition.
Details on the sampling locations are reported in Table 6.2 and Figure 6.4. Samples were
stored at -20°C.
Figure 6.3 Particle sampler housing and glass fibre filter (top), removing filter after
filtration (bottom)
26
Table 6.2 Sampling information for particulate samples
Sample ID Start Latitude Longitude Stop Latitude Longitude Volume [L]
WK19Part1 03/09/2019 63.046° -85.365° 04/09/2019 63.259° -88.347° 1430
WK19Part2 05/09/2019 63.836° -93.356° 06/09/2019 63.984° -88.347° 1495
WK19Part3 07/09/2019 64.306° -95.998° 08/09/2019 64.306° -95.999° 1287
WK19Part4 11/09/2019 62.539° -91.367° 12/09/2019 61.747° -92.526° 972
WK19Part5 13/09/2019 61.113° -93.985° 13/09/2019 61.113° -93.986° 990
Figure 6.4 Map illustrating the range of the individual particle samples.
6.2.3 Water sampling at stations
6.2.3.1 High volume surface water for organic pollutants and non-target analysis
High volume surface water samples (300 L) were collected in stainless steel
canisters by the use of a submersible pump deployed from the starboard deck (Figure
6.5A). These samples were extracted by pumping the water collected through a resin
column (Figure 6.5B); care was taken to limit the flow rate (~300mL/min) to ensure all
compounds of interest were captured. Nine samples were collected at selected Basic
Stations, as outlined in Table 6.3 and Figure 6.6. Samples were stored at 4°C.
27
Figure 6.5 High volume water collection and extraction
Figure 6.6 Map with sampling information for HVW (red) and low volume water samples
for MPW (white), PFC (green) and OPE (yellow).
28
Table 6.3 Sampling information for high volume water samples (HVW) and low volume
water samples for microplastics (MPW), perfluorinated compounds (PFC) and
organophosphate flame retardants (OPE)
Station Type Date Latitude Longitude
CH0
MPW 02/09/2019 64.088° -83.255°
OPE 02/09/2019 64.088° -83.255°
PFC 02/09/2019 64.088° -83.255°
CH1 HVW 03/09/2019 63.209° -83.805°
MPW 03/09/2019 63.209° -83.805°
CH2 HVW 04/09/2019 63.260° -88.334°
CII1 MPW 04/09/2019 63.390° -90.724°
CII2 OPE 04/09/2019 63.390° -90.724°
PFC 04/09/2019 63.390° -90.724°
CII4
HVW 05/09/2019 63.740° -92.010°
MPW 05/09/2019 63.798° -92.011°
PFC 05/09/2019 63.798° -92.011°
CII5 HVW 06/09/2019 63.984° -93.507°
CII7 MPW 06/09/2019 63.933° -93.612°
PFC 06/09/2019 63.933° -93.612°
BL1
HVW 07/09/2019 64.110° -94.401°
MPW 07/09/2019 64.113° -94.395°
PFC 07/09/2019 64.113° -94.400°
BL5
HVW 08/09/2019 64.306° -95.999°
MPW 08/09/2019 64.306° -95.999°
OPE 08/09/2019 64.306° -95.999°
PFC 08/09/2019 64.306° -95.999°
CI3
HVW 09/09/2019 63.040° -90.491°
MPW 09/09/2019 63.040° -90.495°
PFC 09/09/2019 63.040° -90.495°
CI1 MPW 10/09/2019 63.335° -90.691°
RI3 MPW 11/09/2019 62.813° -92.043°
PFC 11/09/2019 62.813° -92.043°
RI6 HVW 11/09/2019 62.800° -92.100°
AV1
HVW 12/09/2019 61.735° -92.540°
MPW 12/09/2019 61.747° -92.526°
OPE 12/09/2019 61.747° -92.526°
PFC 12/09/2019 61.747° -92.526°
AV2 MPW 12/09/2019 61.109° -93.941°
29
6.2.3.2 Low volume surface water for organic pollutants
Low volume surface water samples were collected by the use of a stainless steel
bucket deployed from the starboard deck (Fig. 6.7). Amber glass bottles (4L) were used to
collect samples to be analysed for FRs, and polyethylene bottles (1L) for PFCs. Nine and
four samples were collected at selected Basic Stations for PFC and OPE analysis
respectively, as outlined in Table 6.3 and Figure 6.6. Samples were stored at 4°C.
Figure 6.7. Low volume water sampling with a stainless steel bucket
6.2.3.3 Low volume surface water for microplastics
Low volume surface water samples (38L) were collected in stainless steel canisters
by the use of a stainless steel bucket deployed from the starboard deck (Fig. 6.7). The water
was filtered through a 10 µm pore size polycarbonate filter and stored in aluminum foil
awaiting microscope analysis. Twelve filter samples were collected at selected Basic
Stations, as outlined in Table 6.3 and Figure 6.6. Samples were stored at 4°C.
6.2.4 Sediment samples for organic pollutants and microplastics
Surface sediment samples were collected from the box core (625cm2 sampling area,
25cm x 25cm x 50cm box area) in 250 mL glass jars. Thirteen samples were collected at
basic stations and six samples were obtained from Zodiac expeditions, as outlined in Table
6.4 and Figure 6.8. Samples were stored at -20°C.
30
Table 6.4 Sampling information for sediment samples.
Station Date Latitude Longitude Depth (m)
CH1 03/09/2019 63.208° -83.797° 112.0
CH2 04/09/2019 63.257° -88.369° 182.0
CII4 05/09/2019 63.704° -92.010° 32.5
Z#1 05/09/2019 63.766° -92.033° 9.2
Z#1 05/09/2019 63.763° -92.027° 4.2
Z#1 05/09/2019 63.756° -92.027° 6.3
CII5 06/09/2019 63.988° -93.504° 32.2
CII7 06/09/2019 63.930° -93.614° 37.7
BL1 07/09/2019 64.110° -94.415° 43.9
BL3 07/09/2019 64.227° -95.470° 37.0
Z#4 08/09/2019 64.268° -96.141° 4.5
Z#4 08/09/2019 64.274° -96.141° 6.5
Z#4 08/09/2019 64.274° -96.108° 6.0
BL5 08/09/2019 64.306° -95.999° 25.1
CI3 09/09/2019 63.043° -90.559° 32.3
CI1 10/09/2019 63.335° -90.691° 11.7
RI3 11/09/2019 62.813° -92.043° 21.6
RI6 11/09/2019 62.794° -92.098° 30.5
AV2 12/09/2019 61.111° -93.943° 10.9
Figure 6.8 Map with sampling information for surface sediment
31
7. Microbial Genomics for Oil Spill Preparedness in Canada’s Arctic Marine
Environment (GENICE)
Principal Investigator: Casey Hubert1; Cruise participants: Alastair Smith1, Meng Ji1
1 Geomicrobiology Group, Department of Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB
T2N 1N4
7.1 Introduction and Objectives
The GENICE project aims to investigate the potential for natural remediation of an
oil spill should it happen in Canadian Arctic and sub-Arctic waters. As part of this effort,
we sought to examine the biogeography of oil spill degradation potential across the coastal
waters of western Hudson Bay. In particular, we were interested in whether there were
differences in the capacities of the in situ microbial communities from the various sites
sampled during this leg to respond to an oil spill and, if so, whether these differences were
predictable based upon a suite of measured parameters.
To address these questions, we set up microcosms amended with bunker C fuel oil
using surface seawater from 16 sites and with a standardised protocol that will allow us to
compare rates of biodegradation between sites. Water samples from up to 4 depths at each
station were filtered and surface sediment collected for 16S amplicon sequencing, with
selected samples being used for metagenomic sequencing. This will give us an
understanding of both the microbial community composition and functional potential.
Samples for further analyses were collected to provide a richer context within which to
interpret our microbial community and biodegradation data. In short, these parameters
were:
Inorganic nutrients (ammonium, nitrate, nitrite, phosphate, silicate)
Dissolved and particulate organic carbon and nitrogen (DOC/DON and POC/PON,
respectively, henceforth referred to simply as DOC and POC)
Coloured dissolved organic matter (CDOM)
Microbial cell counts
An overview of the samples collected is presented in Table 7.1.
Table 7.1 Total samples collected, both from ship-based sampling and zodiac sampling.
DNA filters (vacuum pump) 180
DNA filters (peristaltic pump) 55
DNA (sediment) 63
Bulk surface sediment 52
Cell counts 279
DOC 215
POC 95
CDOM 57
Nutrients 215
32
7.2 Operations Conducted and Methodology
7.2.1 Rosette water sample collection and processing
The ship was equipped with a CTD-rosette fitted with twelve 5L Niskin bottles
(Fig. 7.1). Sensors on the CTD allowed it to capture profiles of chlorophyll fluorescence,
photosynthesis-active radiation (PAR) and dissolved oxygen concentration, in addition to
determining water temperature and salinity. At each station, we selected up to 4 depths
from which to collect samples based primarily on the temperature and salinity profiles
generated on the rosette downcast, collecting 2 Niskin bottles (10L) from each sampled
depth. Surface and bottom water were collected at every station, with the exception of
station AV3, where only surface water was collected. Intermediate depths were selected to
lie above and below the pycno- or thermocline, where one was evident from the CTD data.
If this was not the case, sampled depths were approximately evenly spaced through the
water column. See Table 7.2 for a summary of rosette water samples collected.
Figure 7.1 Rosette water sample collection
Water for nutrient and DOC/POC analyses was drawn from the Niskin bottles first
and stored separately before draining the bottles from each depth into 10L HDPE carboys.
This water, approximately 7-8L per sampled depth, was used for collection of DNA
samples, cell counts and setting up microcosms. With the exception of the samples
collected for nutrient analyses, all of the water samples we collected were passed through
a 200 μm Sefar Nitex screen, held in a 47 mm polycarbonate filter holder, in order to
remove large particles and organisms. All tubing, filter holders and the Nitex screen were
acid washed in 10% HCl prior to the expedition and were rinsed using reverse osmosis
water between sampling stations.
33
7.2.2 Nutrient sample collection
Water was drawn directly from the spigot of the Niskin bottles into an acid-washed
60mL plastic syringe (Fig. 7.2). These syringes were washed three times with sample water
before attaching a 25 mm Swinnex filter holder (EMD Millipore) fitted with a 25 mm GF/F
filter (Whatman GE). The filter was rinsed with 10-15 mL of sample water before rinsing
a 15mL acid-washed polypropylene centrifuge tube (Sarstedt) three times with filtered
sample water and filling the tube to approximately the 12 mL mark. Samples were flash-
frozen at -80 °C before being transferred to a -20 °C freezer. We collected triplicate nutrient
samples for each depth.
Figure 7.2 Collecting water from Niskin bottle into syringe
7.2.3 DOC and POC sample collection
Water drawn from the Niskin bottles was used to fill acid-washed 500 mL
polycarbonate bottles and refrigerated until further processing, which occurred within 2 –
3 hours of sample collection. Acid-washed silicone tubing and a 25 mm in-line filter holder
were first rinsed with sample water pumped using a Geopump peristaltic pump (Geotech
Environmental) down to the 500 mL mark on the collection bottle – approximately 50 mL.
A pre-combusted GF/F filter (4 hours at 450 °C) was then placed into the filter holder and
the remaining 500 mL of sample water pumped through it. The filtered water was used to
rinse and fill acid-washed 40 mL glass EPA vials. Three of these vials were frozen at -20
°C for DOC analysis while a fourth was stored at 4 °C and will be used for CDOM
determination. The filter was wrapped in pre-combusted aluminium foil and stored at -20
°C for POC analysis.
34
Table 7.2 Water samples collected from rosette.
Station Date
Time
Latitude Longitude Station
depth (m)
Depths sampled
CH0 02/09/2019
15:33
64° 06.744 -83° 13.371 14.5 Surface, 10m
CH1 02/09/2019
09:49
63° 12.243 -83° 49.595 112 Surface, 10m, 50m,
100m
CH2 04/09/2019
06:25
63° 15.565 -88° 20.688 182 Surface, 20m, 50m,
170m
CII1 04/09/2019
19:18
63° 23.547 -90° 43.681 51.2 Surface, 20m, 40m
CII4 05/09/2019
07:43
63° 42.928 -92° 00.649 54 Surface, 20m, 35m,
45m
CII5 06/09/2019
07:23
63° 59.021 -93° 30.445 29.5 Surface, 10m, 20m
BL1 07/09/2019
08:25
64° 06.606 -94° 24.098 51.8 Surface, 15m,
37.5m, 57m
BL3 07/09/2019
14:43
64° 13.808 -95° 38.338 51.8 Surface, 10m, 20m,
30m
BL5 08/09/2019
08:30
64° 18.345 -95° 59.917 24.9 Surface, 10m, 14m
CII10 08/09/2019
21:24
63° 54.987 -93° 58.244 47 Surface, 15m, 35m
CI3 09/09/2019
13:53
63° 02.375 -90° 29.692 37.3 Surface, 10m, 20m,
27m
CI1 09/09/2019
07:23
63° 20.076 -90° 41.454 11.9 Surface, 5m
RI3 11/09/2019
07:20
62° 48.796 -92° 02.571 22.1 Surface, 10m, 20m
RI6 11/09/2019
10:11
62° 47.781 -92° 05.978 25.9 Surface, 10m, 20m
AV1 12/09/2019
06:30
61° 44.795 -92° 31.572 46.7 Surface, 10m, 25m,
35m
AV2 12/09/2019
18:42
61° 06.515 -93° 56.622 12.6 Surface, 5m
AV3 13/09/2019
08:59
61° 06.689 -93° 56.558 5.3 Surface
AV4 13/09/2019
15:49
60° 47.327 -93° 57.505 47.1 Surface, 15m, 37m
AV5 14/09/2019
08:33
60° 26.443 -94° 23.337 28.1 Surface, 10m, 20m
7.2.4 Microbial biomass for DNA sequencing (vacuum pump method)
Two litres of water from each depth was filtered in triplicate onto 0.2 μm PES filters
(Pall) using a Pall Sentino vacuum manifold and vacuum pump. In some cases, the filters
clogged before two litres had been passed through, in which case the exact volume filtered
35
was recorded. Filters were folded using sterile forceps, placed into whirlpack bags and
stored immediately at -80 °C. This was repeated to obtain triplicate filters for each depth.
7.2.5 Fixation for cell counting
Sample water was transferred into 2 mL cryovials and fixed by adding 2% v/v
glutaraldehyde. After mixing, the vials were incubated at room temperature for 15 minutes
before being stored at -80 °C.
7.2.6 Zodiac sample collection and processing
At several sampling stations adjacent to major rivers, a zodiac was used to conduct
a 5-point transect starting from the river mouth and heading back towards the ship (Fig.
7.3). This sampling strategy aimed to capture a gradient of salinities and of riverine
influence in terms of dissolved organic matter. At each site in the transect, samples were
collected for the same suite of parameters as at the main station but only surface water was
collected. A summary of all locations sampled from the zodiac is presented in Table 7.3.
Salinity and water temperature were measured using a YSI ProPlus Multiparameter probe
and surface water collected using a portable peristaltic pump powered using a 12V non-
spillable lead-acid battery. The pump tubing was threaded through a 1m length of copper
pipe so that water could be pumped from a defined depth under water.
Figure 7.3 Zodiac sampling setup
Samples for inorganic nutrient, DOC, POC and CDOM analyses were collected in
an analogous manner to those processed on the ship except that water was pumped directly
through a 25 mm filter holder fitted with a pre-combusted GF/F filter, which eliminated
the need for secondary sample containers (syringes or bottles). The volume of water passed
through the filter was measured by running the filtered water plus washings into a
graduated 2L bottle up to the 500 mL mark. Note that nutrient and DOC samples were not
36
collected in triplicate from zodiac sites. Triplicate unfiltered samples for cell counts were
also collected at each site in 2mL cryovials and processed as described above on return to
the ship.
7.2.6.1 Microbial biomass for DNA sequencing (peristaltic pump method)
Surface water from each site was pumped into a graduated 2L polycarbonate bottle
up to the 2L mark. Then, again using the peristaltic pump, water from the bottle was
pumped through a 0.2 μm Sterivex filter (EMD Millipore) either until the full 2L had
passed through or until the filter clogged (Fig. 7.4). In the latter case, the volume filtered
was recorded. Residual water was pushed through the filter cartridge by pushing air
through it with a 60 mL sterile syringe. Cartridges were placed into whirlpack bags and
stored at -80 °C on return to the ship.
Figure 7.4 Filtration through Sterivex filter
37
Table 7.3 Locations of zodiac sampling sites.
Station Location Date and time Latitude Longitude Station
depth
(m)
Z1 - Site 1
Unnamed river (north
of Chesterfield Inlet)
05/09/2019 07:43 63° 46.139 -92° 02.470 2.5
Z1 - Site 2 05/09/2019 07:43 63° 45.961 -92° 02.004 9.2
Z1 - Site 3 05/09/2019 07:43 63° 45.760 -92° 01.601 4.2
Z1 - Site 4 05/09/2019 07:43 63° 45.347 -92° 00.971 6.3
Z1 - Site 5 05/09/2019 07:43 63° 44.840 -92° 00.816 18.0
Z2 - Site 1
Quoich River
06/09/2019 06:00 64° 07.929 -93° 39.604 15.3
Z2 - Site 2 05/09/2019 07:43 64° 05.909 -93° 38.520 16.8
Z2 - Site 3 05/09/2019 07:43 64° 04.110 -93° 36.430 30.8
Z2 - Site 4 05/09/2019 07:43 64° 02.680 -93° 33.003 38.1
Z2 - Site 5 05/09/2019 07:43 64° 00.899 -93° 30.472 23.2
Z4 - Site 1
Thelon River
08/09/2019 07:35 64° 16.061 -96° 08.486 4.5
Z4 - Site 2 05/09/2019 08:25 64° 16.476 -96° 07.611 6.5
Z4 - Site 3 05/09/2019 09:08 64° 16.624 -96° 06.494 6.0
Z4 - Site 4 05/09/2019 09:45 64° 16.840 -96° 05.402 4.6
Z4 - Site 5 05/09/2019 10:25 64° 17.826 -96° 01.923 6.1
Z6 - Site 1
Josephine River
09/09/2019 14:47 63° 01.460 -90° 39.792 1.2
Z6 - Site 2 09/09/2019 16:01 63° 01.230 -90° 38.920 3.8
Z6 - Site 3 09/09/2019 16:42 63° 01.214 -90° 38.043 7.2
Z6 - Site 4 09/09/2019 17:24 63° 01.133 -90° 36.897 9.8
Z6 - Site 5 09/09/2019 18:08 63° 01.151 -90° 35.512 13.3
Z7 - Site 1
Meliadine River
11/09/2019 07:08 62° 51.317 -92° 05.885 2.1
Z7 - Site 2 11/09/2019 08:02 62° 51.260 -92° 05.424 8.0
Z7 - Site 3 11/09/2019 08:39 62° 51.190 -92° 04.928 11.6
Z7 - Site 4 11/09/2019 09:23 62° 51.065 -92° 04.489 10.7
Z7 - Site 5 11/09/2019 10:13 62° 50.082 -92° 02.890 17.6
Z8 - Site 1
Maguse River
13/09/2019 08:02 61° 16.509 -94° 01.049 1.6
Z8 - Site 2 13/09/2019 08:53 61° 16.144 -93° 58.231 2.0
Z8 - Site 3 13/09/2019 09:32 61° 15.598 -93° 57.265 4.5
Z8 - Site 4 13/09/2019 10:09 61° 14.610 -93° 56.496 8.6
Z8 - Site 5 13/09/2019 10:46 61° 13.355 -93° 53.980 16.9
Z9 - Site 1
Tha-anne and
Thlewiaza rivers
14/09/2019 07:07 60° 29.564 -94° 38.605 1.4
Z9 - Site 2 14/09/2019 07:44 60° 28.773 -94° 37.715 2.8
Z9 - Site 3 14/09/2019 08:24 60° 28.286 -94° 36.027 3.2
Z9 - Site 4 14/09/2019 09:05 60° 28.109 -94° 30.715 15.5
Z9 - Site 5 14/09/2019 09:42 60° 27.650 -94° 27.928 16.2
38
7.2.6.2 Surface sediment collection
Samples of bulk surface sediment were collected by deploying a Ponar grab
sampler over the side of the zodiac. This was not possible at all sites due to variations in
the nature of the seabed. Surface sediment was transferred into whirlpack bags using
ethanol-sterilised palette knives (Fig. 7.5) and stored at -80 °C on return to the ship.
Figure 7.5 Surface sediment collection on board zodiac
7.2.7 Box core sampling
Surface sediment was collected at each station for which successful box cores were
obtained (Table 7.4). Approximately 1mL of surface sediment was collected into triplicate
2 mL cryovials using cut 1mL syringes (Fig. 7.6), with the intention of using these samples
for initial DNA extraction and sequencing. A further ‘bulk’ surface sediment sample was
also collected as described above for the zodiac sampling. These samples could be used
should additional material be required for the DNA analyses or if initial analyses indicate
that certain sites warrant more in-depth study. All sediment samples were stored at -80°C.
39
Figure 7.6 Surface sediment collection via syringe
Table 7.4 Box core sample locations.
Station Date and time Latitude Longitude Station
depth (m)
CH1 02/09/2019 09:49 63° 12.508 -83° 47.842 111
CH2 04/09/2019 06:51 63° 15.418 -88° 22.075 182
CII1 04/09/2019 20:01 63° 23.371 -90° 43.404 55
CII4 05/09/2019 08:41 63° 44.237 -92° 00.613 32.5
CII5 06/09/2019 08:57 63° 59.276 -93° 30.229 32.2
CII7 06/09/2019 14:14 63° 55.785 -93° 36.827 37.9
BL1 07/09/2019 08:57 64° 06.589 -94° 24.821 43.9
BL3 07/09/2019 14:56 64° 13.621 -95° 28.184 37
BL5 08/09/2019 08:30 64° 18.345 -95° 59.917 25.1
BL4 08/09/2019 13:17 64° 17.773 -95° 57.362 26.8
CII10 08/09/2019 22:16 63° 54.939 -93° 58.244 54.2
CI3 08/09/2019 14:05 63° 02.604 -90° 33.513 32.3
CI2 10/09/2019 09:32 63° 18.966 -90° 39.423 34.4
RI3 11/09/2019 07:39 62° 48.789 -92° 02.572 21.8
RI6 11/09/2019 10:42 62° 47.766 -92° 05.977 28.4
RI4 11/09/2019 14:08 62° 45.896 -92° 01.604 40.8
AV1 12/09/2019 06:30 61° 94.310 -92° 32.095 63
AV2 12/09/2019 19:09 61° 06.689 -93° 56.558 10.9
AV3 13/09/2019 09:41 61° 06.731 -94° 00.593 5.9
AV4 13/09/2019 16:43 60° 47.316 -93° 57.573 47.4
AV5 14/09/2019 08:58 60° 26.518 -94° 23.796 30.1
40
7.2.8 Microcosm setup (water)
We collected additional surface water from the rosette at selected stations and
zodiac sampling sites for setting up microcosms (summarised in Table 7.5).
Table 7.5 List of incubations prepared.
Station WAF Prep. Started WAF Completed Incubations started
CH1 02/09/2019 14:00 03/09/2019 08:00 03/09/2019
CH2 04/09/2019 14:00 05/09/2019 08:00 05/09/2019
CII4 05/09/2019 14:00 06/09/2019 08:00 06/09/2019
CII5 06/09/2019 17:30 07/09/2019 11:30 07/09/2019
BL1 07/09/2019 14:00 08/09/2019 08:00 08/09/2019
BL3 07/09/2019 22:00 08/09/2019 16:00 08/09/2019
BL5 08/09/2019 20:30 09/09/2019 14:30 09/09/2019
CII 10 09/09/2019 02:00 09/09/2019 20:00 09/09/2019
CI3 09/09/2019 22:00 10/09/2019 16:00 10/09/2019
CI1 09/09/2019 22:00 10/09/2019 16:00 10/09/2019
RI3 10/09/2019 20:00 11/09/2019 14:00 11/09/2019
Z7 Site 1 10/09/2019 20:00 11/09/2019 14:00 11/09/2019
AV1 11/09/2019 20:00 12/09/2019 14:00 12/09/2019
AV2 11/09/2019 20:00 12/09/2019 14:00 12/09/2019
Z8 Site 3 13/09/2019 02:00 13/09/2019 20:00 13/09/2019
Z8 Site 5 13/09/2019 02:00 13/09/2019 20:00 12/09/2019
*WAF = water-accommodated fraction
7.2.8.1 Preparation of a bunker fuel water-accommodated fraction
A peristaltic pump was used to pump sample water through a 0.2 μm Sterivex filter
into a sterile 500 mL glass bottle (400 mL) and a 2 L glass aspirator bottle fitted with a
glass and Teflon stopcock (1.8L). The contents of the 500 mL bottle were designated the
‘unamended filtrate’ and were stored at 4°C during preparation of the water-accommodated
fraction (WAF). A second sterile bottle was filled with 400 mL of unfiltered sample water
for use as an inoculum and also stored at 4 °C.
For preparation of the WAF, an autoclaved PTFE-coated magnetic stir bar was
added to the aspirator bottle followed by the addition of 18 mL bunker C fuel oil using a
10 mL glass Hamilton syringe. The bottle contents were stirred gently on a magnetic stirrer
to achieve a vortex extending approximately 20% of the depth of the liquid (i.e. to around
the 1.4 L mark on the bottle; Fig 7.7). This typically required stirring speeds of 120 – 140
rpm. This method aims to obtain a water phase composed of the components of the bunker
fuel at their aqueous solubilities, although microscopic suspended droplets of oil are also
believed to be present. Total petroleum hydrocarbon concentrations using this method are
typically below 10 ppm (e.g. Faksness et al., 2015). After stirring for 18 hours, covered by
aluminium foil to protect from light, the lower aqueous phase was drained through the
stopcock into three 500 mL bottles. We collected samples for hydrocarbon extraction and
analysis from each of the bottles into 40 mL glass vials. A sample of the unamended filtrate
41
was also collected in order to determine background concentrations. These samples were
stored at -20 °C.
Figure 7.7 Example of the set-up for water-accommodated fraction preparation with water
from station RI3. The aspirator bottle is being gently stirred on a magnetic stir plate. The
bottles were normally covered with foil to minimise photo-degradation but the foil was
removed to allow the photo to be taken.
7.2.8.2 Preparation of microcosms
We set up microcosms in 9 sterile 125 mL serum bottles at each station for which
WAF medium was prepared as described in Table 7.6. Water was transferred into the serum
bottles using sterile 50 mL measuring cylinders or 10 mL plastic serological pipettes. The
bottles were capped with a PTFE-lined butyl rubber stopper and crimped closed before
being incubated at 4 °C in the dark. The bottles were shaken every 24 hours to ensure they
remained well-mixed.
Table 7.6 Microcosm experiment design.
WAF medium Unamended filtrate Unfiltered
Amended 40 mL - 10 mL
Unamended - 40 mL 10 mL
Filtered 40 mL 10 mL -
7.2.9 Microcosm setup (water and sediment)
Additional microcosms were set up at two stations on the expedition. The objective
was to collect surface water samples and surface sediment samples to analyse the microbial
communities within those environments, and look at their bioremediation abilities. 2µL of
autoclaved crude oil were added to 200mL of inoculum. Surface and bottom water, and
surface sediment were collected at stations Chesterfield Inlet 1 (CI1) and Arviat 4 (AV4;
Tables 7.7 and 7.8). At each depth, three replicates were set up for three analyses: amended
surface water or surface sediment, unamended surface water or surface sediment, and killed
surface water or surface sediment. For the killed control, water or sediment was autoclaved
at 121°C for 20 minutes.
42
To begin, ~2L of surface and bottom water was collected from the Rosette into 5L
carboys, and ~500mL of sediment was collected from the box core into a sterilized Nalgene
container. Water was collected and passed through the tubing used previously. For surface
water microcosms, 2µL of crude oil was added to 200mL of surface water inoculum in
500mL bottles to attain 10ppm. For surface sediment microcosms, 2µL of crude oil was
added to 180mL of autoclaved bottom water and 20mL of surface sediment into 500mL
bottles. Bottom water was collected to ensure the sediment did not dry out during the
incubation period of the microcosms. However, this water was autoclaved to ensure it did
not interfere with the microbial activity of the surface sediment. The microcosms are stored
at 4°C for 28 days.
Table 7.7 Surface water collection for microcosm.
Station Date Latitude Longitude Depth (m) Salinity Temp (°C)
CI1 Sep 10, 2019 63°20.078 -83° 13.371 11 24.84 5.90
AV4 Sep 19, 2019 60°47.327 -93°57.505 47 28.92 7.81
Table 7.8 Surface sediment collection for microcosm.
Station Date Latitude Longitude Depth (m) Salinity Temp (°C)
CI1 Sep 10, 2019 63°20.075 -90°41.455 11.7 24.84 6.03
AV4 Sep 19, 2019 60°47.316 -93°57.573 47.4 28.92 5.81
7.3 References
Faksness, L.-G., Altin, D., Nordtug, T., Daling, P.S., and Hansen, B.H. (2015). Chemical
comparison and acute toxicity of water accommodated fraction (WAF) of source and field
collected Macondo oils from the Deepwater Horizon spill. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 91, 222–229.
8. Benthic biodiversity, biological productivity and biogeochemistry in western
Hudson’s Bay
Principal Investigator: Philippe Archambault1; Cruise participant: Camille Lavoie1
1Laboratoire d'écologie benthique, Université Laval, Pavillon Alexandre Vachon
1045 avenue de la Médecine (Québec)
43
8.1 Introduction and Objectives
In benthic ecosystems, the availability and quantity of food and the type of bottom
influence the distribution, abundance and richness of benthic organisms. Generally, a rocky
bottom presents a diverse assemblage of organisms (Posey and Ambrose 1994) whereas a
soft bottom is more homogenous and the presence of organisms will depend of the grain
size or of the availability of food. These types of bottoms create heterogeneity and can be
responsible for great concentrations of organisms and of the presence of individual species.
Our main sampling objective for the 2019 R/V William Kennedy expedition is to
advance biodiversity surveys of benthic communities with respect to the physical and
chemical environment. Our second objective is to investigate how the benthic food web
and organisms respond to changes in sea-ice cover and carbon input, and how these
changes could affect Arctic benthic communities and their resilience.
8.2 Operations Conducted and Methodology
The box core (25cm x 25cm x 50cm) was deployed to quantitatively sample
diversity, abundance and biomass of infauna and to obtain sediment cores for sediment
analyses. From 17 successful box cores, sediments of a volume varying between 500 mL
to 4 L (depending on the sediment depth) were collected and passed through a 0.5 mm
mesh sieve and preserved in a 4 % formaldehyde solution for further identification in the
laboratory (Table 8.1). A similar sample procedure was done during 2 zodiac expeditions
at river mouths (Thelon and Josephine Rivers) where sediment was collected with a 1 L
sediment grab, brought back to the ship and sieved. At all successful stations, sub-cores of
sediments were collected for sediment pigment content (top 1 cm), organic carbon content
(top 1 cm) and sediment grain size (top 5 cm). Samples for sediment pigment were frozen
at -80°C, and all other sediment samples were frozen at -20°C. All samples were sent to
Laval University for further analyses.
At 15 stations, a benthic beam trawl (Hi-Lift Research Beam Trawl, made with 1-
1/2” 1.3mm EP web, with 3/8” and 1/4” liners; 3 m width × 1.5 m height, cod end of 2 mm
mesh size) was towed on the seabed at a speed of 2-2,5 knots for 15 minutes to survey
epibenthic species diversity, abundance, and biomass (Fig. 8.1, Table 8.2). The trawl was
monitored for duration at bottom with an RBR device in order to adjust for further surface
calculations. Catches were passed through a 2 mm mesh sieve and sorted (Fig. 8.2).
Specimens were identified to the lowest taxonomic level, then counted and weighted. The
unidentified specimens were preserved in a 4% seawater-formalin solution for further
identification in laboratory. Some specimens were preserved for collaborators (Table 8.2).
44
Figure 8.1 Benthic trawl deployment
Figure 8.2 Biota sorting
45
Table 8.1 Samples collected from the box core during Leg 4 of the 2019 R/V William Kennedy Research Cruise
*Unidentified samples were sent to Laval University.
Station Date Time Gear Latitude (N) Longitude (W) Station depth (m) Volume sieved (ml) Unidentified samples*
CHO 02/09/2019 16 :39 box core 64°06.742' 83°13.366' 14.3 ROCKY BOTTOM
CH1 03/09/2019 11:35 box core 63°12.485' 83°47.842’ 111 3000 1 x 500 mL
CH2 04/09/2019 07:15 box core 63°15.408' 88°22.119’ 182 4000 1 x
CII1 04/09/2019 20:41 box core 63°23.106' 90°42.376' 73.1 2000 1 x
CII4 05/09/2019 10:04 box core 63°44.230' 92°00.716' 38.8 4000 1 x
CII5 06/09/2019 10:39 box core 63°59'280' 93°30.283' 29.4 4000 NO
Bl1 07/09/2019 09:37 box core 64°06.548' 94°23.922' 33.3 5000 1 x 500 mL
Z_Bl_Thelon_03 08/09/2019 09:08 ponar 64°16.624’ 96°06.494’ 5.9 1000 1 x
Bl_Thelon_05 08/09/2019 10:25 ponar 64°17.826’ 96°01.923’ 16.3 1000 1 x
CII10 08/09/2019 21:40 box core 63°54.986' 93°58.025' 47.5 5000 1 x
CI3 09/09/2019 16:08 box core 63°02.630' 90°33.580' 30.8 1500 1 x
Z_CI3_Josephine 09/09/2019 NA ponar 63°01.460 90°39.792’ 1.19 0350 1 x
CI2 10/09/2019 09:20 box core 63°18.868' 90°39.849' 28.3 3000 1x
RI3 11/09/2019 07:49 box core 62°48.790' 92°02.572’ 21.8 3500 1x
RI6 11/09/2019 10:42 box core 62°47.759' 92°05.978' 28.4 4000 1 x 250 mL
AV1 12/09/2019 08:08 box core 61°44.426' 92°32.057' 64.3 3000 1 x 1 L + 1 x 500 mL
AV2 12/09/2019 19:37 box core 61°06.625' 93°56.552' 11.6 0500 1 x 200 mL
AV4 13/09/2019 16:43 box core 60°47.318' 93°57.584' 47.4 1000 1 x 1 L
AV5 14/09/2019 09:28 box core 60°26.865' 94°24.933' 27.1 1000 1 x 500 mL
46
Table 8.2 Organisms collected from the benthic trawl during Leg 4 of the 2019 R/V William Kennedy Research Cruise.
Station Date Lat
Start (N)
Lon
Start (W)
Lat
End (N)
Lon
End (W)
Depth
start
(m)
Depth
end
(m)
Species Number Biomass (g) Preserved Unidentified
samples*
CHO Sep 2
64°05.934' 83°13.988’ 64°05.383’ 83°14.518' 24.4 26.2 Argis dentata 2 13.6 STERN 1 x 500 mL
Leptoclinus maculatus NA STERN
CH1 Sep 3 63°12.498' 83°47.209' 63°12.450' 83°48.154' 112 NA Heliometra glacialis 46 1 211.0916 STERN 1 x 500 mL
Strongylocentrotus sp. 1 18.1437 STERN
Pteraster pulvillus 1 NA STERN
Gorgonocephalus eucnemis 1 63.5029 STERN
Boltenia 1 40.8233 STERN
Porifera sp. 1 108.8622 STERN
Lebbeus groenlandicus 51 244.9399 STERN
Argis dentata 19 122.4699 STERN
Sclerocrangon borealis 1 40.8233 STERN
Lebbeus polaris 23 63.5029 STERN
Spirontocaris spinus 53 95.2544 STERN
Eualus gaimardii 23 49.8951 STERN
Sabinea septemcarinata 4 NA STERN
Padalus borealis 8 58.967 STERN
Ophiura sarsi 1 NA MEYER-K.
CH2 Sep 4 63°15.503' 88°20.665' 63°15.465' 88°19.716' 181 182 Acanthostepheia 9 5 STERN 1 x 500 mL
Sabinea septemcarinata 4 18 STERN
Argis dentata 28 82 STERN
Themisto libellula 82 19 STERN
47
Unidentified fish NA NA STERN 1 x 1 L
CII4 Sep 5 63°44.450' 92°01.282' 63°44.010' 92°00.383' 39.9 NA Hormathia nodosa 11 156 STERN
Actinauge cristata 10 72 STERN
Leptoclinus maculatus 1 18 STERN
Unidentified fish 1 6 STERN
Suberites c.f. ficus 1 74 STERN
Buccinum sp. 1 NA DE COELI
KELP (5 sp.) NA NA LAVOIE
CII5 Sep 6 63°59.156' 93°29.967' 63°59.592' 93°30.283' 44.1 NA Mixocephalus octodecemspinosus 9 NA STERN NONE
BL1 Sep 7 64°06.746' 94°23.490 64°06.993' 94°24.396' 30.6 28.4 Amphipoda 5 NA STERN 1 x 250 mL
BL3 Sep 7 64°13.596' 95°28.802' 64°13.114' 95°27.074' 37.5 NA EMPTY NET
CI3 Sep 9 63°02.659 90°33.650' 63°02.753' 90°33.824' NA NA Gymnocantus tricuspis 25 NA STERN 1 x
Leptoclinus maculatus 2 NA STERN
Hiatella arctica 3 NA STERN
Lebbeus polaris 4 NA STERN
KELP (3 sp.) NA NA LAVOIE
CI2 Sep 10 63°18.924' 90°39.662 63°18.565' 90°39.866' 30.8 NA Strongylocentrotus sp. 17 319 STERN 1 x 500 mL
Leptasterias polaris 1 83 STERN
Leptoclinus maculatus 1 4 STERN
Anisarchus medius 1 4 STERN
Argis dentata 1 4 STERN
Lebbeus polaris 4 NA STERN
Gymnocantus tricuspis 3 NA STERN
Ulcina olrikii 2 NA STERN
Ophiura sarsii 1 NA MEYER-K.
48
Ophiocten sericeum 4 NA STERN
RI6 Sep 11 62°47.650' 92°05.827' 62°47.713' 92°06.957' 33.2 38 Triglops murayi 1 18 STERN 1 x 500 mL
Boreogadus saida 3 7 STERN
Hyas coarctatus 1 1