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Cambridge University Press978-1-108-47395-8 — Rome, China, and the BarbariansRandolph B. Ford FrontmatterMore Information
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ROME, CHINA, AND THE BARBARIANS
This book addresses a largely untouched historical problem: thefourth to fifth centuries witnessed remarkably similar patternsof foreign invasion, conquest, and political fragmentation in Romeand China. Yet while the Western Roman Empire was never reestab-lished, China was reunified at the end of the sixth century. Followinga comparative discussion of earlier historiographical and ethnographictraditions in the classical Greco-Roman and Chinese worlds, thebook turns to the late antique/early medieval period, when theWestern Roman Empire “fell” and China was reconstituted as aunited empire after centuries of foreign conquest and political divi-sion. Analyzing the discourse of ethnic identity in the historical textsof this later period, with original translations by the author, the bookexplores the extent to which notions of Self and Other, of “barbarian”and “civilized,” help us understand both the transformation of theRoman world as well as the restoration of a unified imperial China.
. currently teaches Roman history at the StateUniversity of New York at Albany. He has previously taught Romanhistory, Rome–China comparative history, and Latin language at theUniversity of Notre Dame. He obtained his doctorate at New YorkUniversity’s Institute for the Study of the Ancient World, and hisresearch has concentrated on comparative approaches to the study ofthe Greco-Roman world and ancient China.
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Cambridge University Press978-1-108-47395-8 — Rome, China, and the BarbariansRandolph B. Ford FrontmatterMore Information
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Cambridge University Press978-1-108-47395-8 — Rome, China, and the BarbariansRandolph B. Ford FrontmatterMore Information
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ROME, CHINA, AND THE
BARBARIANS
Ethnographic Traditions and the Transformationof Empires
RANDOLPH B. FORDState University of New York, Albany
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Cambridge University Press978-1-108-47395-8 — Rome, China, and the BarbariansRandolph B. Ford FrontmatterMore Information
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© Randolph B. Ford
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A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data: Ford, Randolph B., – author.
: Rome, China, and the barbarians : ethnographic traditions and the transformation of empires /Randolph B. Ford, State University of New York, Albany.
: Cambridge, United Kingdom ; New York : Cambridge University Press, [] |Includes bibliographical references and index.
: (print) | (ebook) | (hardback) | (paperback) | (epub)
: : History, Ancient–Historiography. | Imperialism–History. | China–Ethnicrelations–History–To . | National characteristics, Chinese–History–To . |China–History– B.C.– A.D. | Rome–History–Empire, B.C.– A.D. |
Rome–History–Germanic Invasions, rd-th centuries. | Group identity–Rome–History. |National characteristics, Roman.
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Cambridge University Press978-1-108-47395-8 — Rome, China, and the BarbariansRandolph B. Ford FrontmatterMore Information
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In loving memory of Mary Burch Tracy Ford
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Cambridge University Press978-1-108-47395-8 — Rome, China, and the BarbariansRandolph B. Ford FrontmatterMore Information
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Cambridge University Press978-1-108-47395-8 — Rome, China, and the BarbariansRandolph B. Ford FrontmatterMore Information
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Contents
List of Maps page ixAcknowledgments xixA Note to the Reader xx
Introduction Comparative History of Greece-Rome and China Roman Late Antiquity and Early Medieval China: Brief Historical Background Primary Questions and Approaches
Ethnography in the Classical Age The Greco-Roman Ethnographic Tradition The Chinese Ethnographic Tradition Explanatory Paradigms in the Greco-Roman and Chinese Traditions Conclusions
The Barbarian and Barbarian Antitheses The Term “Barbarian” and Its Chinese Equivalents Views of Barbarians in the Greco-Roman Tradition Views of Barbarian Others in Ancient China Conclusions
Ethnography in a Post-Classical Age: The EthnographicTradition in the Wars and the Jin shu 晉書 Perpetuation of the Barbarian Antithesis Ethnographic Continuity Ethnographic Paradigms Ethnography and the New Barbarians Conclusions
New Emperors and Ethnographic Clothes: The Representationof Barbarian Rulers Barbarian Figures in the Wars Barbarian Figures in the Jin shu Conclusions
vii
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The Confluence of Ethnographic Discourse and PoliticalLegitimacy: Rhetorical Arguments on the Legitimacy ofBarbarian Kingdoms Political Legitimacy Speeches in Greco-Roman and Chinese Historiography Speeches in the Jin shu Speeches in the Wars Conclusions
Conclusion
Bibliography Index
viii Contents
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Cambridge University Press978-1-108-47395-8 — Rome, China, and the BarbariansRandolph B. Ford FrontmatterMore Information
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Maps
Rome in AD page x Rome in AD xi Rome in AD xii Han dynasty at its greatest extent xiii Northern China in AD xiv Northern China in AD xiv Northern China in AD xv Northern China in AD xv Northern China in AD xvi Särbi-Xianbei Northern Wei dynasty; Chinese Liu
Song dynasty xvi Särbi-Xianbei Northern Zhou and Northern Qi dynasties;
Chinese Chen dynasty xvii Tang dynasty c. AD xviii
ix
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Cambridge University Press978-1-108-47395-8 — Rome, China, and the BarbariansRandolph B. Ford FrontmatterMore Information
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0 500 1000 1500 km
0 500 1000 miles
Tarraco
Burdigala
Caesarea
Tingi
Cordoba
EmeritaAugusta
Narbo
Durocortorum
Londinium
Caralis
Carthage
Lambaesis
Syracusae
Misenum Capua
SalonaeRavenna
MutinaCemenelum
Lugdunum
Roma
FRISII CHAUCI SUEBI
G E R M A N I
CHATTI
MARCOMANNI
QUADI
IAZYGES
S A R M AT I A N S
BASTARNAE
ROXOLANI
REGNUMBOSPORI
Thessalonica
Nicopolis
Perinthus
TomiViminacium
Sarizegetusa
AquincumVirunum
Carnuntum AugustaVindelicorum
ColoniaAgrippina
Moguntiacum
Corinthus
Gortyna
Cyrene
Alexandria
Caesarea Bostra
Paphus
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Nicomedia
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Caesarea
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SCYTHIANS
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Hatra
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IBERIA
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Extent of the Roman Empire in A.D. 120
Boundary of the Parthian Empire
Land over 1000 metres
Map Rome in AD
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0 500 1000 1500 km
0 500 1000 miles
Tingis
Toledo
Tarragona
Syracuse
Rome
Ravenna
Milan
ArlesToulouse
Clermont
Tours
Paris
Trier
Thessalonica
Athens
Salonae
Sirmium
Adrianople
Serdica
NicomediaNicaea
Constantinople
Cyrene
Alexandria
Carthage
Caesarea
Jerusalem
Damascus
Antioch Arbela
Artaxata
Susa
Ctesiphon
Ecbatana
Nisibis
Palmyra
Extent of the Roman Empire in A.D. 500
Boundary of the Persian Empire
Boundaries of Barbarian Kingdoms
Land over 1000 metres
VANDALS
M O O R S
BASQUES
BURGUNDI
F R A N K S
RUGI
SCLAVENI ANTAE
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LOMBARDS
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BR
ET
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Map Rome in AD
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0 500 1000 1500 km
0 500 1000 miles
Tingis
Toledo
Tarragona
Syracuse
Rome
Ravenna
Milan
ArlesToulouse
Clermont
Tours
ParisTrier
Thessalonica
Athens
Salonae
Sirmium
Adrianople
Serdica
NicomediaNicaea
Constantinople
Cyrene
Alexandria
Carthage
Caesarea
Jerusalem
Damascus
Antioch Arbela
Artaxata
Susa
Ctesiphon
Ecbatana
Nisibis
Palmyra
Extent of the Roman Empire in A.D. 565
Boundary of the Persian Empire
Boundaries of Barbarian Kingdoms
Land over 1000 metres
M O O R S
BASQUES
SCLAVENI ANTAE
SU
EV
I
P ICT
S
V I S IG O
T HS
Lilybaeum
LOMB
ARDS
G E PI D S
KUTRIGURS U T I
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P E R S I A N E M P I R E
B l a c k S e a
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BR
ET
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S AN G
L O- S A
X ON S
Cordoba
Hippo
F RA
NK
S
G E R M AN
I CT R I B E S
T U R K SAVARS
Map Rome in AD
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0 500 1000 1500 2000 km
0 500250 750 1000 miles
Longxi
Chang’an
Luoyang
Taiyuan
Yingdu
Linqiang
Changsha
Nanhai
Qiang
Xiongnu
Di
Yuzhang
Wu
Linhuai
Shu
Anyi
Wusun
PingyangLinzi
JiDunhuangJiuquan
Turfan
Hotan
Kashgar
Kucha
Wuhuan
Ba
Chenli
Jiaozhi
Wangxian
Särbi-Xianbei
Xuchang
Map Han dynasty at its greatest extent
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0 250 500 750 km
0 200 400 miles
Eastern Jin
Jiankang
Rouran
Chenghan
Chengdu
Wudu
Later ZhaoTuyuhun
Former Liang
Qiang
Guzang
Shengle
Chouchi
Ye
Chang’an
Former YanDai
Luoyang
Map Northern China in AD
0 250 500 750 km
0 200 400 miles
Eastern Jin
Jiankang
Chenghan
Chengdu
Wudu
Luoyang
Former ZhaoTiefu
XiongnuTuyuhun
Former Liang
Qiang
Guzang
Shengle
Tabgach Särbi-Xianbei
Murong Särbi-Xianbei
Chouchi
Ye
Chang’an
Särbi-Xianbei
Map Northern China in AD
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0 250 500 750 km
0 200 400 miles
Eastern Jin
Jiankang
Rouran
Chengdu
Tuyuhun
Qiang
Guzang
Shengle
Ye
Chang’an
FormerQin
Luoyang
Khitan
Map Northern China in AD
0 250 500 750 km
0 200 400 miles
Eastern Jin
Jiankang
Rouran
Chengdu
Tuyuhun
Guzang
Shengle
Ye
Chang’an
Later Qin
Luoyang
Western Liang
Khitan
LaterYan
Longcheng
Pingcheng
Northern Wei
GuangguSouthern
Yan
WuduChouchi
SouthernLiang
NorthernLiang
Jiuquan
Zhangye
Map Northern China in AD
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0 250 500 750 km
0 200 400 miles
Rouran
Dunhuang
Yiwu
Xirong Xiaoweifu
Yanqi
Khitan
Goguryeo
Tuyuhun
Northern Wei
Lui Song
Shu
Ba
Yunnan
Jiaozhi
Nanhai
Lingling
TianmenJiangxia
Yiyang
Kuaiji
Jiankang
Liangzhou
WoyeShengle
Huaihuang
Tongwan
Jincheng
Yongzhou
Jizhou
Youzhou
Pingcheng
Bingzhou
LuoyangLongxi
Map Särbi-Xianbei Northern Wei dynasty; Chinese Liu Song dynasty
0 250 500 750 km
0 200 400 miles
Liu Song
Jiankang
Rouran
Chengdu
Tuyuhun
Guzang
Shengle
Ye
Chang’an
XiongnuXia
Luoyang
Northern Liang
Khitan
Northern Yan
Longcheng
Pingcheng
Northern Wei
GuangguSouthern
Yan
WuduChouchi
Zhangye
Jincheng
TongwanW
este
rnQ
in
Map Northern China in AD
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0 250 500 750 km
0 200 400 miles
Turks
Dunhuang
Khitan
Goguryeo
Tuyuhun
Chen
Shu
Ba
Jiaozhi
Nanhai
Lingling
TianmenJiangxia
Kuaiji
Jiankang
Zhangye
Woye
Tongwan
Jincheng
Chang’an
Jizhou
Youzhou
Bingzhou
LuoyangLongxi
Northern Zhou
Northern QiYe
Liang
Map Särbi-Xianbei Northern Zhou and Northern Qi dynasties; ChineseChen dynasty
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0 500 1000 1500 2000 km
0 500250 750 1000 miles
Fengxiang Chang’anLuoyang
Taiyuan
Xiangzhou
Jianqling
Qianzhou
Guangzhou
Tuyuhun
Eastern Turks
Tufan
Hengzhou
XuanSuzhou
Yangzhou
Chengdufu
Hezhong
Western Turks
Wei
Yingzhou
Bianzhou
Jizhou
Shanzhou
DunhuangJiuquan
TurfanQarahisar
Hotan
Kashgar
Kucha
Khitan
Goguryeo
SillaBaekje
Map Tang dynasty c. AD
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Acknowledgments
There are many scholars and mentors whose teaching and generosity havemade this book possible. For my early studies, I would like to thank NickDoane, John Niles, and especially Kirsten Wolf for their guidance andinstruction. For later mentorship, I am most indebted to David Leveneand Nicola Di Cosmo, without whose direction this book would not havecome into being. Nicola Di Cosmo took the time back in to respondto an unexpected email from an unknown student in an unrelated fieldand later to advise me as a member of my dissertation committee. DavidLevene was willing not only to take on the role of advisor to an additionalstudent outside of his own department but also to provide invaluableand generous guidance and support throughout my graduate studies andbeyond. I would also like to express my gratitude to David Konstan andHelmut Reimitz, who have both gone far out of their way to openacademic doors for me and to provide most helpful direction and feedbackon my research. David Konstan in particular has been extremely generouswith his time and counsel, for which I am deeply indebted. For theirfeedback on the manuscript of this book, I would like to thank both theanonymous reviewer and Geoffrey Greatrex, whose comments have greatlyimproved the quality of the work. I would also like to thank Roger Bagnall,Christopher Baron, Brian Ford, Rania Huntington, Josh Mannis, Eliza-beth and Tadeusz Mazurek, Hildegund Müller, William Nienhauser,Charles Pazdernik, Walter Pohl, Sören Stark, New York University’sInstitute for the Study of the Ancient World, and the University of NotreDame. Lastly, my gratitude goes to my wife, daughters, father, andbrother – my reduced but growing family.
xix
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A Note to the Reader
In the hope of making this book as accessible as possible to non-specialists,a number of small measures have been taken. First, abbreviations of titlesof texts have been kept to a bare minimum. Second, Chinese characterswill be provided on the first appearance of proper nouns in each chapter; ininstances where different Chinese characters have the same Romanizedwritten form, characters will also be provided to avoid ambiguity. Third,dates (or approximate dates) for primary texts have been supplied follow-ing the individual entry headings in the bibliography.
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