Post on 22-Jan-2016
Robert A. PietrowskyDirector, Institute for Water Resources & the International Center for Integrated Water Resources Mgt. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
Robert A. PietrowskyDirector, Institute for Water Resources & the International Center for Integrated Water Resources Mgt. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
55thth World Water Forum World Water Forum Istanbul, TurkeyIstanbul, TurkeyMarch 17, 2009March 17, 2009
Link Between Multi-Purpose Water Useand Social Stability, Economic Security
30% of owners and over 40% of tenants no toilets or outhouses 65% of owners and 80% of tenants have no access to clean water 95% of property owners and 98% of tenants have no electricity Only 8% of homeowners and less than 3% tenants even own radios More than 50% of owners and > 75% of tenants don’t read newspapers More than 75% of owners and > 85% of tenants don’t own cars or trucks Over 60% of the energy is provided from animals/horses and only 6% from electric power stations More then 90% of households have no lighting More then 90% of the households have no refrigeration – and routinely lose
more then 25% of their perishable food to spoilage Most people live on subsistence farming & most farming is on over-used soil Flooding is serious and repetitive to both rural and urban areas cities
Imagine a Place Where:
Imagine a Place Where:
Tennessee Valley (TVA)
THIS IS NOT A PART OF A DEVELOPING OR EMERGING NATION TODAY…
.. IT IS IN THE UNITED STATES – THE TENNESSE VALLEY IN 1935
FDR …. “Best of private and public…” Regional Authority with power –
authority for bonding & with
independence Also a Federal Corporation Broad economic and Social Development
- generate wealth, bring region out of poverty Integration, planning, development, management based on
basin Three main areas of responsibility:
- Energy - Environment - Economic Development
TVA as a Case Study:
$5.4 Billion in flood damages prevent throughout the valley Over 75% of homes with access to clean drinking water Over 75% of homes with flush toilets and 85% with plumbing Over 90% had electricity or gas energy sources Literacy increased to almost 100% Life expectancy increased to 70’s, ~ national average
– Small pox, malaria, typhoid largely eradicated Median per capita incomes at national levels Industrial production up over 500% Almost 700 miles of navigable water links to sea – waterway
tonnage increased from 32 million ton-miles in 1933 to 161 million ton-miles in 1942. Innovations in soil conservation, integrated watershed management, land use, non-structural flood mgt. & other areas
In a Generation +
What TVA Does Supplies reliable, affordable power
• 62 power production sites including 29 hydropower dams• 27,400 km (17,000 miles) of transmission lines• Serves 8.6 million people and 61 large industrial facilities
Supports a thriving river system• 1049-km (652-mile) commercial navigation system• Over 45 million metric tonnes (50 million tons) of cargo annually• Some 100 public recreation areas• Municipal, industrial and agricultural water supply
Stimulates economic growth• Provides flood protection preventing millions of dollars in annual
flood damage• Partner with public and private entities to promote commercial and
industrial development• Community investment loans• Site development• Research, engineering and design services
An Integrated Approach
TVA operates the Tennessee River system to provide a wide range of public benefits: year-round navigation, flood damage reduction, affordable electricity, improved water quality and water supply, recreation, and economic growth.
Most reservoir projects in the United States were built for a single purpose, such as irrigation, power production, or water supply. The Tennessee River system is different. Its dams, locks, and reservoirs were designed specifically to operate as one system that meets many needs.
Every day, TVA balances these competing – and sometimes conflicting – needs for water in order to deliver the greatest value for the people of the Tennessee Valley.
Chickamauga Lock& Hydropower DamChickamauga Lock& Hydropower Dam
U.S. Federal Rolein Waterway
Transport 1824 – authority to clear snags and make improvements Canal building era to mid-1800s (states) Post Civil War – suction dredging, jetties 1885: 1st of 46 locks and dams on Ohio
1930s: Present system of locks constructed on Upper Miss, Illinois, Tennessee and other waterways1930s: Present system of locks constructed on Upper Miss, Illinois, Tennessee and other waterways
1950s: Construction starts on present-day higher lift locks on Ohio1950s: Construction starts on present-day higher lift locks on Ohio
1960s-70s: Navigation improvements to Columbia-Snake, Arkansas River1960s-70s: Navigation improvements to Columbia-Snake, Arkansas River
1985: Tenn-Tom Waterway completed1985: Tenn-Tom Waterway completed
1994-Present: Upper Mississippi River & Illinois Waterway Navigation Study1994-Present: Upper Mississippi River & Illinois Waterway Navigation Study
U.S. Federal Rolein Waterway
Transport 1824 – authority to clear snags and make improvements Canal building era to mid-1800s (states) Post Civil War – suction dredging, jetties 1885: 1st of 46 locks and dams on Ohio
1930s: Present system of locks constructed on Upper Miss, Illinois, Tennessee and other waterways1930s: Present system of locks constructed on Upper Miss, Illinois, Tennessee and other waterways
1950s: Construction starts on present-day higher lift locks on Ohio1950s: Construction starts on present-day higher lift locks on Ohio
1960s-70s: Navigation improvements to Columbia-Snake, Arkansas River1960s-70s: Navigation improvements to Columbia-Snake, Arkansas River
1985: Tenn-Tom Waterway completed1985: Tenn-Tom Waterway completed
1994 – Present: Upper Mississippi River & Illinois Waterway Navigation Study1994 – Present: Upper Mississippi River & Illinois Waterway Navigation Study
Water Resources Development Context
1824 – 1936: Nation Building Era of primarily Single Purpose Navigation Projects
1936 – 1986: Era of Economic Efficiency focusing on Multi-Purpose Projects
1969 – 1986: Era of Environmental Enlightenment, focusing on Multi-Objective Planning
1986 – Present: Beneficiary Pays Era, evolving towards Integrated Water Resources Management
National Strategy for the U.S. Marine Transportation System
U.S. National Strategy Goal
“The United States Marine Transportation System will be a safe, secure, and globally integrated network that, in harmony with the environment, ensures a free-flowing, seamless, and reliable movement of people and commerce along its waterways, sea lanes, and intermodal connections.”
The National Strategy for the MTS, July 2008
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Waterway Transport Mission
“Provide safe, reliable, efficient, effective & environmentally sustainable waterborne transportation systems for movement of commerce, national security needs, & recreation.”
USACE Civil Works Strategic Plan, March 2004
Water Resources Missions• Primary
Navigation Flood Control & Shore
Protection Ecosystem Restoration Disaster Response &
Recovery
• Allied Purposes Hydropower Environmental
Stewardship Water Supply Recreation
• Regulatory Programs
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Activities
United States Waterway Transport System
25,000 miles (41,600 km) of navigable waterways
1,000 harbor channels
360 deepwater & shallow draft harbors
Connects 152,000 miles of rail & 45,000 miles of interstate highway
2.3 billion metric tons of trade
8.4 million seaport related jobs
$2 trillion to economy
Foreign trade 22% of Gross Domestic Product
Supporting Global Competitiveness
Global gateways & key liquid pathways to rest of US intermodal freight transportation system & the nation’s economic hinterlands
U.S. Inland Waterway System
Columbia
Snake
Mississippi
Illin
ois
Missouri
Arkansas
White
Ouachita
Red
Low
erM
issi
ssip
pi
Tenn-
Tom Blk Warrio
r
Alab
ama
ACF
Tenne
sseeCumberland
Ohio Kanawha
Allegheny
Monongahela
Atla
ntic
Intra
coas
tal
Wat
erw
ay
Intracoastal
Gulf
Waterway
Upper
Kaskask
ia
GreenKy
Will
amet
te
Atchafalaya
Pearl
IWW
Nearly 19,300 km 2.7m & Over
198 Lock Sites / 241 Chambers
Moving Over 550 Million Tonnes
~2/3 Cost of Rail &1/10 the cost of Truck
Okeechobee
• Replacement Value $175+ Billion
Variations in capacity by waterway...
Large mixed tows of over 30 barges are common onopen water stretches of the Lower Mississippi River
Common 15-barge coal tow at366 m (1200’) lock on Ohio River
Lock SizesAnd Waterway Characteristics
U.S. Waterborne Commerceby Type of Traffic
2.6 Billion Tons (2006) 60% Foreign Trade / 40% Domestic Of Domestic: 61% Inland Waterway
Inland Waterway CommoditiesShare by Tons, 2006
Total 2006 Volume: 627 Million Tons
Coal29%
Petro & Petro Prod25%
Chemicals8%
Crude Materials19%
Primary Manufactured
5%
Food & Farm Prod12%
Manufactured2%
All Others<1%
Coal leads in tons
Coal for Power Plants• 209 million metric
tonnes (230 million tons) annual
• 20 % of utility coal supplied by waterway
Inland Waterway CommoditiesShare by Ton-Mile, 2006
Coal22%
Petroleum15%
Chemicals10%
Raw Materials18%
Primary Manufactured
9%
Farm Products26%
Other<1%
Total: 280 Billion Ton-Miles
Farm leadsin ton-miles
Grain Exports• Over 64 million metric tonnes
(70 million tons) annually• Over 50% of soybean and
corn exports move by barge
Petroleum• 327 million metric tonnes (360
million tons) annually between domestic points
• 21% of national total between reporting districts
Waterways Role in the Nation’s Economy
U.S. Ports & Harbors SystemPorts handling >10 million metric tons (2006)
MillionMetric Tons
Over 100
50 - 100
25 - 50
10 - 25
Houston
Corpus ChristiS. Louisiana
New Orleans
Baton Rouge
Texas City
Lake Charles
PlaqueminesTampaMobile
New York/NJ
Valdez
Long Beach
Beaumont
Norfolk
Lower DelawareRiver
Duluth/Superior
Los Angeles
Port Arthur
St. Louis
Portland
Seattle
Freeport
Huntington
Richmond
Oakland
Tacoma
Boston
Newport News
Port Everglades
Jacksonville
Memphis
Detroit
Cleveland
SavannahCharleston
Indiana Hbr
Cincinnati
Portland
Two Harbors
Anacortes
Honolulu
Chicago Pittsburgh
Baltimore
Pascagoula
Aging Infrastructure Increasing Domestic &
International Trade System Capacity Problems Constrained Funding Need for Integrated
Solutions to Water Resources Challenges• Navigation Systems• Environmental Restoration• Flood Management • Water Quantity & Quality
Emerging U.S. Water Transport Challenges
Growing Freight Demand in U.S.
Freight traffic expected to increase by 93% (2002-35) from 19 billion to 37 billion tons
Intermodal increases by 101% Highway traffic grows 98% from
11.5 billion to 23 billion tons Rail grows 88% from 1.8 to 3.5
billion tons How will this cargo be moved?
• Roads: Little room left to expand, especially in urban areas
• Rail: mileage has been decreasing; much former right-of-way has been developed
• Rail capacity constraints in urban areas, tunnel clearances, single-track bridges
U.S. Inland Waterway Alternative
More freight could shift to barge, if reliable
EU promotes waterways as environmentally-friendly alternative to highways and rail
Container-on-barge highly developed in Europe
Examples in US: Columbia-Snake; Gulf Coast service; Coastal movements along Atlantic
More in the future?Osprey Line 750 TEU
Tow on Mississippi River
Inland Container Barge
Modal Efficiency of Waterway Transport
One 15-Barge Tow
216 Rail Cars + 6 Locomotives
1,050 Large Semi Tractor-Trailers
Source: Texas Transp Inst., 2007
Inland Waterway Transport Conserves Fuel
How far one gallon of fuelmoves one ton of freight, average by mode…
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
Truck: 155Truck: 155
Rail: 413Rail: 413
Miles
Barge transportation is the most fuel efficient method of moving the raw materials needed by the nation.
Barge: 576Barge: 576
Source: Texas Transp Inst., 2007
Integrated Water Resources Management
Past development allows Inland Waterway projects to serve a variety of purposes
• Hydropower• Flood Protection• Environmental Restoration• Water Supply• Recreation
Contribution Contribution to Worldwide Initiativesto Worldwide Initiatives
Inter-linkage with other MDG ‘s
MDG 1:Eradicate extreme
poverty and hunger
MDG 6:Combat malariaand other water
bornediseases
MDG 8:Develop a global
partnershipfor development
MDG 7Ensure environmental sustainability
IWRM approaches, including Inland Waterway Transport, can help developing nations to achieve MDG’s
Provides safe, reliable, efficient, effective and environmentally Provides safe, reliable, efficient, effective and environmentally sustainable waterborne transportation systems for movement sustainable waterborne transportation systems for movement of commerce, national security needs, and recreation of commerce, national security needs, and recreation
Inland navigation handles over 600 million tons per year and is vital to Inland navigation handles over 600 million tons per year and is vital to the Nation’s economythe Nation’s economy
Many inland waterways in U.S. such as the Tennessee River, have been Many inland waterways in U.S. such as the Tennessee River, have been managed for multiple purposes including flood damage reduction, managed for multiple purposes including flood damage reduction, hydropower, water supply, environmental stewardship and recreationhydropower, water supply, environmental stewardship and recreation
Multi-purpose management requires an integrated approach to balance Multi-purpose management requires an integrated approach to balance competing uses and to ensure environmental sustainabilitycompeting uses and to ensure environmental sustainability
Managed properly, inland waterways can contribute to Millennium Managed properly, inland waterways can contribute to Millennium Development Goals, includingDevelopment Goals, including
• Eradicate Extreme Poverty and HungerEradicate Extreme Poverty and Hunger• Ensure Environmental SustainabilityEnsure Environmental Sustainability• Develop a Global Partnership for DevelopmentDevelop a Global Partnership for Development
U.S. Waterway Transport - Summary