Post on 11-Aug-2015
Parking Management for Smart Growth
June 22 and 23, 2015
SPUR San Jose and San FranciscoCity of Palo Alto, Palo Alto ForwardSilicon Valley Leadership Group
Richard Willson Ph.D., FAICPDepartment of Urban and Regional Planning, Cal Poly Pomona
Parking management for smart growth
A parking space providing 24/7 storage for the seldom-used, “extra car that we really should sell but haven’t had time”
A parking space that is never used. Ever.
A parking space that serves 15 short-visit retail and service customers per day, multiple restaurant patrons, and overnight parking for a household.
Same square footage, radically
different value
Effects and benefits
Manage reductions of parking supply, aka “peak parking”
Use existing parking more fully
Reduce negative externalities of parking, such as cruising
Empty space = useless space
LivabilityMultimodal transportation Economic vitalitySustainabilitySocial equity
A cultural shift…one community at at time
Small town…• Park on-street in front of
destination
• Park free
• City makes developers provide
• Off-street parking is private– hands off!
• Neighborhood parking is exclusive to residents
Big city…• Park nearby and walk,
probably off-street
• Parking costs $
• City facilitates private/public provision
• Off-street parking is shared
• Neighborhood parking is shared
Parking management techniques are exploding…
• Technology• Privatization• Consumer preferences• Tight parking supplies
Many applications are ad hoc…• Private and public parking
operators• On- and off-street parking
facilities• Outmoded ways of thinking
about parking• “Set it and forget it”
The logic of parking managementEffects?• Increase % of time occupied• Improve space search• Choices in price and
convenience• Repurpose parking to better
uses
How does it work?• Reduce total parking
demand• More efficiently use existing
parking
Pricing alone isn’t enough• People work across organizations and sectors
(agreements, coordination, implementation)• Transitional strategies until market based pricing is
possible• Collective action when markets don’t function properly
Conclusion – coordinated, comprehensive planning and implementation is needed
Comprehensive and coordinated+ Public and private+ On- and off-street+ Centralized
management+ Direct the right
parkers to the right spaces
= Comprehensive and coordinated parking management
Sharing
• Single use parking is a waste
• Share between uses with different occupancy periods
• Design sites to facilitate sharing
• Find shared parking agreements that work
Winning places charge for parking…
• Parking is easy, efficient, but not free
• Charges make the most popular space more productive
• People come for the activities, not free parking
Don’t let perfect be the enemy of the good
Start where you can:• Adjust on-street time limits • Lease unused spaces for
public parking• Introduce parking meters• Broker shared parking• Promote walking, biking,
and transit• Reform zoning as needed
Strategy choices 1
Direct Strategies Indirect Strategies
Monetary
($’s effectuate
the result)
1. “The Engineer”- provide, purchase, program
• Advanced parking equipment• Alternative transportation - bicycle,
pedestrian, bus, rail, shuttle services and complete streets
• Lease parking private parking for public use
Non-Monetary
(rules,
convincing,
agreements)
Strategy choices 2
Direct Strategies Indirect Strategies
Monetary
($’s effectuate
the result)
1. “The Engineer”- provide, purchase, program
• Advanced parking equipment• Alternative transportation - bicycle,
pedestrian, bus, rail, shuttle services and complete streets
• Lease parking private parking for public use
2. “The Economist” - tax, price, subsidize
• Parking pricing• Road pricing• Parking taxes• Remove parking subsidy, unbundle,
or cash-out• TDM subsidy
Non-Monetary
(rules,
convincing,
agreements)
Strategy choices 3
Direct Strategies Indirect Strategies
Monetary
($’s effectuate
the result)
1. “The Engineer”- provide, purchase, program
• Advanced parking equipment• Alternative transportation - bicycle,
pedestrian, bus, rail, shuttle services and complete streets
• Lease parking private parking for public use
2. “The Economist” - tax, price, subsidize
• Parking pricing• Road pricing• Parking taxes• Remove parking subsidy, unbundle, or
cash-out• TDM subsidy
Non-Monetary
(rules,
convincing,
agreements)
3. “The Regulator”- require, prohibit, allow
• Space designations, use rules, and time limits
• Residential permit districts• Reduced parking dimensions• Shared or off-site parking agreements• Temporary use agreements• Fee in-lieu programs• Road use restrictions
Strategy choices 4
Direct Strategies Indirect Strategies
Monetary
($’s effectuate
the result)
1. “The Engineer”- provide, purchase, program
• Advanced parking equipment• Alternative transportation - bicycle,
pedestrian, bus, rail, shuttle services and complete streets
• Lease parking private parking for public use
2. “The Economist” - tax, price, subsidize
• Parking pricing• Road pricing• Parking taxes• Remove parking subsidy, unbundle, or
cash-out• TDM subsidy
Non-Monetary
(rules,
convincing,
agreements)
3. “The Regulator”- require, prohibit, allow
• Space designations, use rules, and time limits
• Residential permit districts• Reduce parking dimensions• Shared or off-site parking agreements• Temporary use agreements• Fee in-lieu programs• Road use restrictions
4. “The Educator/Marketer”- inform, implore, facilitate • TDM marketing• Real time information on
transportation options• Parking information systems, static
signage, wayfinding• “Park Once” marketing programs• Brokered shared parking agreements
A managed, integrated, financially sustainable parking district• Establish management principles
• Create organizational structure• Define roles of on- and off-street parking
• Establish rate setting protocols• Measure performance
• Communicate integrated parking system• Evaluate new technologies
• Conduct financial analysis an ongoing management
Rick Williams, of Rick Williams Consulting in Portland Oregon, contributed this chapter in the book.
Examples of best practice…• SFpark and LA Express Park –
dynamic pricing• Lloyd District, Portland OR –
parking + access + green• Redwood City - variable
pricing in a smaller community• Tacoma WA – building an
integrated management • Old Pasadena – revenue
return to district• Boulder CO – use of
neighborhood parking by others with revenue return
Implementation details
• Setting prices• Implementing shared parking
agreements• Accessible parking and disabled
placard abuse• Meter equipment pitfalls• Lack of coordination• Parking enforcement• Green parking operations
Engagement strategies
Approach Strategy
Community plans Supports urban design, economic development, transportation, or environmental goals
Engagement strategies
Approach Strategy
Community plans Supports urban design, economic development, transportation, or environmental goals
EducationCosts of status quo – wasted land, livability, business
Fairness to non-driversPractice in successful places
Engagement strategies
Approach Strategy
Community plans Supports urban design, economic development, transportation, or environmental goals
EducationCosts of status quo – wasted land, livability, business
Fairness to non-driversPractice in successful places
Self interestCity managers: lost tax revenuesBusiness districts: revenue returnNeighborhoods: revenue return
Developers/property owners: more opportunity
Engagement strategies
Approach Strategy
Community plans Supports urban design, economic development, transportation, or environmental goals
EducationCosts of status quo – excess parking, conflict
Fairness to non-driversPractice in successful places
Self interestCity managers: lost tax revenuesBusiness districts: revenue returnNeighborhoods: revenue return
Developers/property owners: more opportunity
AlliesTransit operators, cyclists
Infill developers, affordable housing developersSmall business
Historic preservation
The Future…• Use versus ownership, services versus facilities• Lower household vehicle ownership
• Shared ride; peer-to-peer sharing; autonomous vehicles• Improved transit, walking bicycling• More mixed use, density• Millennial and boomer preference
• Telecommunication substitution for travel• Urban clustering in suburbs• Less area per parked car - self parking vehicles
Resources…Parking Management for Smart Growth• How to implement comprehensive and coordinated
parking managementParking Reform Made Easy• How to revise (or eliminate) minimum parking
requirements