Post on 15-Dec-2015
©RICHARD C. JAEGER 6/5/97
MMIICCRROOEELLEECCTTRROONNIICIRCUIT DESIGNCIRCUIT DESIGN
Table 1.1 - The Worldwide Electronics Market ($1,013 Billion) in 1992 [1]
Category Share (%)Data processing hardware 23Data processing software & services 18Professional electronics 10Telecommunications 9Consumer electronics 9Active components 9Passive components 7Computer integrated manufacturing 5Instrumentation 5Office electronics 3Medical electronics 2
©RICHARD C. JAEGER 6/5/97
MMIICCRROOEELLEECCTTRROONNIICIRCUIT DESIGNCIRCUIT DESIGN
Table 1.2 - Milestones in ElectronicsYear Event1884 American Institute of Electrical Engineers (AIEE)
formed1895 Marconi first radio transmissions 1904 Fleming Valve (Diode Vacuum Tube)1906 Pickard - Solid-state Point-contact diode (Silicon)1906 Deforest - Triode Vacuum Tube (Audion) - Age of
electronics begins1910-1911 "Reliable" tubes fabricated1912 Institute of Radio Engineers (IRE) Founded1907-1927 Diodes and Triodes - First Radio Circuits1920 Armstrong invents super heterodyne receiver1925 TV demonstrated1925 Lilienfeld files patent application on the field-effect
device
©RICHARD C. JAEGER 6/5/97
MMIICCRROOEELLEECCTTRROONNIICIRCUIT DESIGNCIRCUIT DESIGN
1927-1936 Multigrid Tubes1933 Armstrong invents FM modulation1935 Heil receives British patent on a field-effect device1940 Radar developed during World War II; TV in limited
use1947 Bipolar Transistors Invented by Bardeen, Brattain &
Shockley at Bell Laboratories1950 Color TV begins1952 Shockley describes the unipolar field-effect transistor
1952 Commercial production of silicon bipolar transistors at Texas Instruments
1956 Bardeen, Brattain & Shockley Receive Nobel Prize for Invention of Bipolar Transistors
©RICHARD C. JAEGER 6/5/97
MMIICCRROOEELLEECCTTRROONNIICIRCUIT DESIGNCIRCUIT DESIGN
1958 Simultaneous Development of the Integrated Circuit by Kilby at Texas Instruments & Noyce and Moore at Fairchild Semiconductor
1961 First commercial digital IC available from Fairchild Semiconductor
1963 AIEE and IRE Merge to become the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE) Your Professional Society!
1967 First Semiconductor RAM (64 bits) discussed at the IEEE International Solid-Sate Circuits Conference (ISSCC)
1968 Introduction of the first commercial IC operational amplifier - the A-709 - by Fairchild Semiconductor
©RICHARD C. JAEGER 6/5/97
MMIICCRROOEELLEECCTTRROONNIICIRCUIT DESIGNCIRCUIT DESIGN
1970 1-transistor dynamic memory cell invented by Dennard at IBM 1971Introduction of the 4004 microprocessor by Intel
1972 First 8-bit Microprocessor - The Intel 8008 1974 First commercial 1 kilobit memory chip 1974 Introduction of the 8080 microprocessor1978 First 16-bit Microprocessor 1984 Megabit Memory chip1995 Experimental Gb Memory Chip Presented at the IEEE
ISSCC
©RICHARD C. JAEGER 6/5/97
MMIICCRROOEELLEECCTTRROONNIICIRCUIT DESIGNCIRCUIT DESIGN
2000199519901985198019751970196510 2
10 3
10 4
10 5
10 6
10 7
10 8
10 9
10 10
Year
Chi
p D
ensi
ty (
Bit
s/C
hip)
Figure 1.2 - Memory chip density as a function of time based upon first paper presentation at the IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference (ISSCC)
©RICHARD C. JAEGER 6/5/97
MMIICCRROOEELLEECCTTRROONNIICIRCUIT DESIGNCIRCUIT DESIGN
200019951990198519801975197010 3
10 4
10 5
10 6
10 7
Year
Num
ber
of T
ransi
stor
s
P6Pentium
486DX 68040
386SX 68030
80286
8086
80856800
40048080
Figure 1.3 - Microprocessor complexity versus time
©RICHARD C. JAEGER 6/5/97
MMIICCRROOEELLEECCTTRROONNIICIRCUIT DESIGNCIRCUIT DESIGN
200019951990198519801975197010 -1
10 0
10 1
Year
Dyn
amic
Mem
ory
Feat
ure
Size
(um
)
Figure 1.4 Feature size in dynamic memory chips versus time (Courtesy ISSCC)
©RICHARD C. JAEGER 6/5/97
MMIICCRROOEELLEECCTTRROONNIICIRCUIT DESIGNCIRCUIT DESIGN
Table 1.3 - Levels of IntegrationDate Historical Reference Components/chip1950 Discrete components 1-21960 SSI - Small-scale Integration < 102
1966 MSI - Medium-scale integration 102 - 103 1969 LSI - Large-scale integration 103 - 104
1975 VLSI - Very-large-scale integration 104 - 109
1990 ULSI - Ultra-large-scale integration > 109
©RICHARD C. JAEGER 6/5/97
MMIICCRROOEELLEECCTTRROONNIICIRCUIT DESIGNCIRCUIT DESIGN
Amplitude
t
High Level
Low Level
"1"
"0"
Figure 1.5 - A time varying binary digital signal
©RICHARD C. JAEGER 6/5/97
MMIICCRROOEELLEECCTTRROONNIICIRCUIT DESIGNCIRCUIT DESIGN
t
v(t) or i(t)
Figure 1.6 - An analog signal
©RICHARD C. JAEGER 6/5/97
MMIICCRROOEELLEECCTTRROONNIICIRCUIT DESIGNCIRCUIT DESIGN
VO
Digital-to-Analog Converter
(DAC)
VFS
+
-
Binary Input Data
( b , b , b , ... b )1 2 3 n
Figure 1.7 - Block diagram representation for a D/A converter
©RICHARD C. JAEGER 6/5/97
MMIICCRROOEELLEECCTTRROONNIICIRCUIT DESIGNCIRCUIT DESIGN
vX
Analog-to-Digital Converter
(ADC)
VFS
+
- Binary Output Data
( b , b , b , ... b )1 2 3 n
+ -
Figure 1.8 - Block diagram representation for a A/D converter
©RICHARD C. JAEGER 6/5/97
MMIICCRROOEELLEECCTTRROONNIICIRCUIT DESIGNCIRCUIT DESIGN
Input Voltage
Bin
ary
Outp
ut
Code
000
001
010
011
100
101
110
111
0 VFSVFS2
3VFS4
VFS4
0 VFSVFS2
3VFS4
VFS4
-1.5
-0.5
0.5
1.5
Input Voltage
Quanti
zati
on E
rror
(LSB
)
1 LSB1 LSB
1.9 - (a) Input-output relationship and (b) quantization error for 3-bit ADC
©RICHARD C. JAEGER 6/5/97
MMIICCRROOEELLEECCTTRROONNIICIRCUIT DESIGNCIRCUIT DESIGN
i1i 1
(b) CCCS
i1 1i
(d) CCVS
1A vv1
+
-
(c) VCVS
g vm 1v1
+
-
(a) VCCS
Figure 1.10 - Controlled Sources
(a) Voltage-controlled current source - (VCCS)
(b)Current-controlled current source - (CCCS)
(c) Voltage-controlled voltage source - (VCVS)
(d) Current-controlled voltage source - (CCVS).
©RICHARD C. JAEGER 6/5/97
MMIICCRROOEELLEECCTTRROONNIICIRCUIT DESIGNCIRCUIT DESIGN
R1
R2
v 2
+
-
SivS
8 k
2 k
v1+ -
10 V
Figure 1.11 - A resi st ive vol tage divider
©RICHARD C. JAEGER 6/5/97
MMIICCRROOEELLEECCTTRROONNIICIRCUIT DESIGNCIRCUIT DESIGN
Figure 1.12 - Current division in a simple network
R1
R2
v
+
-
Si
i 2
3 k2 k
i 1
5 mAs
©RICHARD C. JAEGER 6/5/97
MMIICCRROOEELLEECCTTRROONNIICIRCUIT DESIGNCIRCUIT DESIGN
(a)
R1
RS v O
+
-
i1
1 k
20 ki 1
v S
= 50
Figure 1.13 - (a) Two-terminal circuit and its(b) Thévenin and (c) Norton equivalents
RTH
v TH RTH
Ni
(b) (c)
©RICHARD C. JAEGER 6/5/97
MMIICCRROOEELLEECCTTRROONNIICIRCUIT DESIGNCIRCUIT DESIGN
R1
RSi1
1 k
20 ki 1
v X
Xi
(v = 0)S
= 50
Figure 1.14 - A test source vx is applied to thenetwork to find RTH.
©RICHARD C. JAEGER 6/5/97
MMIICCRROOEELLEECCTTRROONNIICIRCUIT DESIGNCIRCUIT DESIGN
R1
RSi1
1 k
20 ki 1
v S Ni
= 50
0
Figure 1.15 - Circuit for determining short-circuit output current
©RICHARD C. JAEGER 6/5/97
MMIICCRROOEELLEECCTTRROONNIICIRCUIT DESIGNCIRCUIT DESIGN
R = 282 TH
v = 0.718 vTH s
R = 282 TH
Ni = (2.55 x 10 S) v-3
s
iNTH
v
(a) (b)
Figure 1.16 - Completed Thévenin (a) and Norton (b) equivalent circuits for the two-
terminal network in Fig. 1.13 (a)
©RICHARD C. JAEGER 6/5/97
MMIICCRROOEELLEECCTTRROONNIICIRCUIT DESIGNCIRCUIT DESIGN
R1
R2
iS
vS 2i
g vm 1+
-
v1
2 k
3 k 0.1 v1
Figure 1.17 - Circuit containing a voltage-controlled current source
©RICHARD C. JAEGER 6/5/97
MMIICCRROOEELLEECCTTRROONNIICIRCUIT DESIGNCIRCUIT DESIGN
f
Amplitude
0 4.5 MHz
Figure 1.18 - Spectrum of a television signal
©RICHARD C. JAEGER 6/5/97
MMIICCRROOEELLEECCTTRROONNIICIRCUIT DESIGNCIRCUIT DESIGN
Table 1.3 - Frequencies Associated with Common Signals
Category Frequency RangeAudible sounds 20 Hz - 20 kHzBaseband video (TV) signal 0 - 4.5 MHzAM radio broadcasting 540 - 1600 kHzHigh frequency radio communications 1.6 - 54 MHzVHF television (Channels 2-6) 54 - 88 MHzFM radio broadcasting 88 - 108 MHzVHF television (Channels 7-13) 174 - 216 MHzUHF television (channels 14 - 69) 470 - 806 MHzCellular telephones 824 - 892 MHzSatellite television 3.7 - 4.2 GHz
©RICHARD C. JAEGER 6/5/97
MMIICCRROOEELLEECCTTRROONNIICIRCUIT DESIGNCIRCUIT DESIGN
Amplitude
tT 3T2T0
Amplitude
f
0 fo 3fo2fo 4fo 5fo
Vo
VDC
(a) (b)
Figure 1.19 - A periodic signal (a) and its amplitude spectrum (b)
©RICHARD C. JAEGER 6/5/97
MMIICCRROOEELLEECCTTRROONNIICIRCUIT DESIGNCIRCUIT DESIGN
vov
s A
Figure 1.20 - E lectronic symbol for an amplifier with voltage gain A
©RICHARD C. JAEGER 6/5/97
MMIICCRROOEELLEECCTTRROONNIICIRCUIT DESIGNCIRCUIT DESIGN
RF Amplifier and Filter
MixerIF
Amplifier and Filter
Local Oscillator
FM Detector
Audio Amplifier
Speaker
10.7 MHz 50 Hz - 15 kHz(88 - 108 MHz)
(77.3 - 97.3 MHz)
Antenna
Figure 1.21 - Block diagram for an FM radio Receiver
©RICHARD C. JAEGER 6/5/97
MMIICCRROOEELLEECCTTRROONNIICIRCUIT DESIGNCIRCUIT DESIGN
Amplitude
f
f H
f
fL
f
fL fH
f
fH
f
fL
A A A
A A
(a) (b) (c)
(d) (e)
Amplitude
Figure 1.22 - Ideal amplifier frequency responses: (a) Low-pass (b) high-
pass (c) band-pass (d) band-reject and (e) all-pass
characteristics