Post on 14-Dec-2015
Review the Animal Kingdom
• 4 Major Characteristics?
• Multicellular
• Eukaryotic
• Heterotrophs
• Cells lack cell walls
7 Essential Functions?
• Feeding
• Respiration
• Circulation
• Excretion
• Response
• Movement
• Reproduction
Trends in Animal Evolution
• Cell specialization and levels of organization?
• Early development?
• Body symmetry?
• Cephalization?
• Coelom?
Brain Encased Skull
jawsBony Skeleton
Lungs
Amniotic Egg
Hard Shells
Fur & Milk Glands
Water flow
Collar Cell
Spicule
Pore cell
Pore
Epidermal cell
Archaeocyte
Osculum
Central cavity
Pores
The Anatomy of a Sponge
Examples: hydra, coral, sea anemone
Examples: jellyfish, portuguese man of war
Cnidarians have two body forms
Polyp - stationary, vase-shaped
Medusa - swimming, cup-shaped
Ecology of Sponges
1.Ideal habitats for marine animals such as snails, sea stars, sea cucumbers, and shrimp
2.Mutually beneficial relationships with bacteria, algae and plant-like protists
Ecology of Cnidarians
• A. Source of new drugs/chemicals sunscreen 855
• B. Provide habitats for marine organisms• C. Source of food for other organisms (like sea
turtles)• D. Symbiotic relationships with other
organisms
3 Groups of Worms?
• Flatworms
• Roundworms
• Segmented Worms
• What do all 3 groups have in common? – Bilateral symmetry, cephalization, sexual
reproduction, true organs,
Flatworm adaptation?
• Simplest animals to have bilateral symmetry and cephalization.
Roundworm Adaptation?
First animals to have a one way digestive system with mouth and anus
First animals to have a fluid filled body cavity called a pseudocoelom- “false body cavity”
Segmented Worm Adaptation?
First animals to have true circulatory system and coelom – body cavity.
Examples of Mollusks?
Major Advancement?
• Well developed nervous system
4 parts to body?
1. Foot-
2. Mantle (covering) –
3. Shell –
4. Visceral mass –
• muscular and modified in each group: used for crawling, burrowing, or may form tentacles for capturing prey
• thin layer that covers most of the body and secretes the shell
• made of calcium carbonate – for protection
• area where internal organs are located.
Classification of Mollusks?
• Classified into three common groups based on shell presence and type and foot modification1. Gastropods2. Bivalves3. Cephalopods
Echinoderms’ Adaptations
• Development similar to vertebrates
• Water Vascular System
Types of Echinoderms
• Sea Stars• Brittle Stars• Sea Urchins• Sand Dollars• Sea Cucumbers
Arthropods “jointed foot”
• Major Groups– Arachnids - Spiders and their relatives– Crustaceans- lobster, shrimp and crayfish– Centipedes – Millipedes– Insects and their relatives – grasshopper,
cricket, roaches, beetles
Arthropods
• Characteristics– Largest group of animals– Have jointed appendages which include
legs, antennae, claws and pincers– Have bilateral symmetry, segmented
bodies, exoskeletons, a body cavity, a digestive system with two openings and a nervous system
– Most have separate sexes and reproduce sexually
Arthropods
• Body Segments– Bodies of these animals are divided into
specialized segments
• Exoskeleton– A hard outer covering that supports and
protects the internal body and provides places for muscle to attach.
– Doesn’t grow as the animals does, it is shed and replaced during a process called molting
Exoskeleton
Advantages Disadvantages
1. protection 1. Must molt as animal grows 2. prevents desiccation 2. limits size of animal
Arachnids
• Have two body regions– Cephalothorax and an abdomen
• Four pairs of legs and no antennae• Many are adapted to kill prey with
poison glands, stingers, or fangs• Some are parasites
Black Widow
Arachnids• Scorpions
– Have sharp, poison filled stinger at the end of abdomen.
– Have a well-developed appendages which they can grab their prey.
• Spiders– Can’t chew their food, release enzymes into
prey to digest it—then suck the predigest liquid into its mouth.
– Have book lungs where O2 and CO2 are exchanged.
Arachnids
• Mites & Ticks– Most are parasites– Ticks have specialized mouthparts to
remove blood from the host.– Ticks often carry disease such as
Lyme disease.
Centipedes & Millipedes
• Have long bodies and many segments, exoskeleton, jointed legs, antennae and simple eyes.
• Found in damp environments• Reproduce sexually• Centipedes are predators• Millipedes feed on decaying plant
matter.
Centipede Millipede
Crustaceans
Crustaceans• Have one or two pair of antennae
and mandibles, which are used for crushing food.
• Most live in water, but some live in moist environments on land—such as pill bug.
• Have five pair of legs, first pair of legs are claws for catching and holding food.
Crustaceans
• Swimmerets are appendages on the abdomen which help in movement and are used in reproduction; also force water over the gills used in O2 and CO2 exchange
Chelipeds – capture prey & defense
Chelipeds –food and defense
Antennae – touch & taste
Chelipeds –food and defense
Antennae – touch & taste
Antennule - balance
Chelipeds –food and defense
Antennae – touch & taste
Antennule - balance
Rostrum - protection
Chelipeds –food and defense
Antennae – touch & taste
Antennule - balance
Rostrum - protection
Cervical groove – separation of head & thorax
Chelipeds –food and defense
Antennae – touch & taste
Antennule - balance
Rostrum - protection
Cervical groove – separation of head & thorax
Swimmerets- swimming
Chelipeds –food and defense
Antennae – touch & taste
Antennule - balance
Rostrum - protection
Cervical groove – separation of head & thorax
Swimmerets- swimming
Uropod- steering-
Chelipeds –food and defense
Antennae – touch & taste
Antennule - balance
Rostrum - protection
Cervical groove – separation of head & thorax
Swimmerets- swimming
Uropod- steering-
X -
telson -
Chelipeds –food and defense
Antennae – touch & taste
Antennule - balance
Rostrum - protection
Cervical groove – separation of head & thorax
Swimmerets- swimming
Uropod- steering-
X -
telson-
Carapace – outer covering of body
Chelipeds –food and defense
Antennae – touch & taste
Antennule - balance
Rostrum - protection
Cervical groove – separation of head & thorax
Swimmerets- swimming
Uropod- steering-
X -
telson -
Carapace – outer covering of body
Walking Legs
Green gland- removes liquid waste
Green gland- removes liquid waste
Maxilliped – taste & hold food
Green gland- removes liquid waste
Maxilliped – taste & hold food
Gill Chamber
Green gland- removes liquid waste
Maxilliped – taste & hold food
Gill Chamber
swimmerets
Green gland- removes liquid waste
Maxilliped – taste & hold food
Gill Chamber
swimmerets
anus
Green gland- removes liquid waste
Maxilliped – taste & hold food
Gill Chamber
swimmerets
anus
Telson- backward movement
Mandible – grind food
Maxilliped – taste & hold food
Gill Chamber
swimmerets
anus
Telson- backward movement
Mandible – grind food
Maxilliped – taste & hold food
Gill Chamber
swimmerets
anus
Telson- backward movement
uropod
Mandible – grind food
Maxilliped – taste & hold food
Gill Chamber
swimmerets
anus
Telson- backward movement
uropod
Walking legs
Mandible – grind food
Maxilliped – taste & hold food
Gill Chamber
swimmerets
anus
Telson- backward movement
uropod
Walking legscheliped
Insects
• Have three body regions1.Head
– Has a pair of antennae, eyes and a mouth
2.Thorax– Three pairs of legs and one or two pairs
of wings if present are attached here
3.Abdomen– Where reproductive structures are found
Insects• Bilateral Symmetry, cephalization, and
well developed nervous systems• Have an open circulatory system that
carries digestive food to cells and removes wastes
• Insect blood doesn’t carry O2 instead air enters and exits through openings called spiracles found on the abdomen and thorax
• Are the only invertebrate animals that can fly
Have some of the most specialized adaptations of all arthropods
Insects success
• Insects are extremely successful based these reasons– Tough flexible, waterproof exoskeleton– Ability to fly– Rapid reproduction cycles– Small sizes– Use a variety of food sources
• Insects have other adaptations that allow them to be successful
Insects & Food
• Feed on a number of things have different mouth parts to obtain food
• Grasshoppers and ants have large mandibles for chewing
• Butterflies and honey bees have siphons for lapping up nectar
• Aphids and mosquitoes have mouth parts that are adapted for piercing into plants or other organisms
Value of Arthropods
• A source of food• Agriculture would be impossible
without bees and other insects to pollinate crops
• Useful chemicals are obtain from some arthropods
• Important part of ecological community
Controlling Insects
• Not all arthropods are of value some are pests that carry disease or can damage crops
Controlling Insects
• Common ways to control insects– Insecticides, but these also kill non-
harmful insects– Biological controls
• Types of bacteria, fungi, and viruses can be used to control insects
• Natural predators being released to kill the harmful insect
• Some how interfere with reproduction of the particular insect
Insect Metamorphosis & Crayfish Diagram
Eggs laid by adult
Eggs laid by adult
Young Larva
Eggs laid by adult
Young Larva
Larva – feeds on leaves
Eggs laid by adult
Young Larva
Larva – feeds on leaves
Mature Larva attaches to twig
Eggs laid by adult
Young Larva
Larva – feeds on leaves
Mature Larva attaches to twig
Larva begins to pupate (change)
Pupa inside chrysalis
Eggs laid by adult
Young Larva
Larva – feeds on leaves
Mature Larva attaches to twig
Larva begins to pupate (change)
Pupa inside chrysalis
Adult emerges from chrysalis
Eggs laid by adult
Young Larva
Larva – feeds on leaves
Mature Larva attaches to twig
Larva begins to pupate (change)
Pupa inside chrysalis
Adult emerges from chrysalis
Adult – eats nectar & pollen and can fly
Eggs laid by adult
Young Larva
Larva – feeds on leaves
Mature Larva attaches to twig
Larva begins to pupate (change)
Pupa inside chrysalis
Adult emerges from chrysalis
Adult – eats nectar & pollen and can fly
What are the 4 stages of Complete Metamorphosis
Eggs laid by adult
Young Larva
Larva – feeds on leaves
Mature Larva attaches to twig
Larva begins to pupate (change)
Pupa inside chrysalis
Adult emerges from chrysalis
Adult – eats nectar & pollen and can fly
Complete Metamorphosis
Egg
Larva
Pupa
Adult
Eggs laid by adult
Young Larva
Larva – feeds on leaves
Mature Larva attaches to twig
Larva begins to pupate (change)
Pupa inside chrysalis
Adult emerges from chrysalis
Adult – eats nectar & pollen and can fly
Complete Metamorphosis
Egg
Larva
Pupa
Adult
Advantages:
1. Adults & larvae do not compete for same food source
Adult lays eggs
Adult lays eggs
Eggs hatch into nymphs that eat vegetation
Adult lays eggs
Eggs hatch into nymphs that eat vegetation
Nymphs do not have wings & must molt as they grow
Adult lays eggs
Eggs hatch into nymphs that eat vegetation
Nymphs do not have wings & must molt as they grow
molt
Adult lays eggs
Eggs hatch into nymphs that eat vegetation
Nymphs do not have wings & must molt as they grow
molt
molt
Adult lays eggs
Eggs hatch into nymphs that eat vegetation
Nymphs do not have wings & must molt as they grow
molt
molt
molt
Adult lays eggs
Eggs hatch into nymphs that eat vegetation
Nymphs do not have wings & must molt as they grow
molt
molt
molt
Adult- able to reproduce
Adult lays eggs
Eggs hatch into nymphs that eat vegetation
Nymphs do not have wings & must molt as they grow
molt
molt
molt
Adult- able to reproduce
What are the three stages of incomplete metamorphosis?
Adult lays eggs
Eggs hatch into nymphs that eat vegetation
Nymphs do not have wings & must molt as they grow
molt
molt
molt
Adult- able to reproduce
Incomplete Metamorphosis
Egg
Nymph
Adult
Adult lays eggs
Eggs hatch into nymphs that eat vegetation
Nymphs do not have wings & must molt as they grow
molt
molt
molt
Adult- able to reproduce
Incomplete Metamorphosis
Egg
Nymph
Adult
Advantage:
1. Nymphs only job is to eat; adults only reproduce – increases reproductive success