RECONSTRUCTION

Reuniting the Union

TIPS FOR UNDERSTANDING AND ENJOYMENT

• DO NOT COPY RED SLIDES or Red Words!!

• Always try to think, “How is this relevant to our world today.” The more you can answer this question the more you will understand the material.• If you can’t answer this please feel free to ask me to draw a connection!

Standards

• U.S. 3: Explain the impact of the Compromise of 1877, including: Jim Crow laws, lynching, disenfranchisement methods, the efforts of Benjamin “Pap” Singleton and the Exodusters, and the Plessy v. Ferguson decision. (C, G, H, P,T, TCA)

Unresolved Causes of the Civil War

Issues and Causes left somewhat unresolved by the conclusion of the Civil War.

Key Questions

1. How do webring the Southback into the

Union?

2. How do we rebuild the

South after itsdestruction

during the war?

3. How do weintegrate andprotect newly-emancipated

black freedmen?

4. What branchof governmentshould controlthe process ofReconstruction?

Consequences of the Civil War

Political

Economic

Social

Unresolved Causes of the Civil War

1. Federalism- the flow of power between the National and State Governments

– Federal Government (North) vs. States Governments (South)

– Issue Today?

Pre Civil War:

Loose Construction of the Constitution vs. Strict Construction of the Constitution

– Alexander Hamilton (Federalist- Loose Construction) vs. Thomas Jefferson(Democratic Republican- Strict Construction)

During the war:

The North / Union or pro strong Federalist or National Government side wins setting them in position to shape the next era.

Unresolved Causes of the Civil War

2. Slavery- As the Civil War winds down, there is many arguments over the roles of former slaves in the post Civil War America.

Pre Civil War:

-Cromises-3/5th’s, Missouri, 1850

-Abolitionist- wanted to end slavery (1840’s)

Frederick Douglas- Biography

Henry David Thoreau- Civil Disobedience

-Popular Sovereignty- people decide

Kansas Nebraska Act- Stephen Douglas

Dred Scott Court Case-

Lincoln Douglas Debate-

During the War: Slaves were free from Southern States through military occupation, Northern States from prior bans, yet slavery still existed in the border states.

Objectives

A) Define Reconstruction.

What is Reconstruction?

• The era following the Civil War in which the

union, economy, and infrastructure are

reformed and reconnected.

Why is Reconstruction needed

• To Reunite the Union (states) politically.

• To Rebuild the industrial infrastructure

– (Industry vs. Agriculture) REGIONALISM

• To answer the Federalist question.

– state power vs. national government power

WHO CONTROLS THIS FOLLOWING

THE CIVIL WAR?

PLANS FOR

RECONSTRUCTION

• Many leaders start fighting to ensure their vision

is carried out in the implementation of

Reconstruction.

Reconstruction Plans

Who Liked it Who

Disliked It

What was

different

Lincoln’s

Plan

Wade Davis

Act

Johnson’s

Plan

Reconstruction

Act of 1867

Plan’s for Reconstruction

• Lincoln’s 10% Plan- (1863)

– 10% of a states population had to swear an oath to

the United States for a state to reenter union.

• High Ranking officials and war criminals excluded

• Very easy on South

– Plan liked by many in North and South.

– Plan upset Radical Republicans (Republicans that

wanted to punish the South and remove political

power from former slave-owners)

Lincoln’s Plan falls through

• Lincoln’s Plan is countered by Radical Republicans .

• Radical Republicans- members of Congress

that want to not only reshape the South

(economically, politically, and culturally), but also

want to punish the Southern Leaders for their

role in the Civil War.

• Tennessee, Arkansas, Louisiana, and Virginia enter

under Lincoln’s plan.

Reconstruction Plans

Who Liked it Who

Disliked It

What was

different

Lincoln’s

Plan

Northern & South

moderatesRadical

Republicans

Extremely easy on

South both as

individuals and as

states.

Wade Davis

Act

Johnson’s

Plan

Reconstruction

Act of 1867

Wade-Davis Bill (1864)

SenatorBenjamin

Wade(R-OH)

CongressmanHenry

W. Davis(R-MD)

Plans for Reconstruction

• Wade Davis Act- (1864)

– Created by Radical Republicans

– Ex Confederates had to swear a PAST and Future

oath stating they never raised arms vs. the United

States.

– Disliked by moderates in North and South who felt

the act was too harsh.

– Lincoln allows bill to die with a pocket veto.

Reconstruction Plans

Who Liked it Who

Disliked It

What was

different

Lincoln’s

Plan

Northern & South

moderatesRadical

Republicans

Extremely easy on

South both as

individuals and as

states.

Wade Davis

Act

Radical

Republicans

Northern & South

moderates

Excluded most

Southern men from

any political power

during Reconstruction.

Johnson’s

Plan

Reconstruction

Act of 1867

1865 an important year

• Civil War ends April 3rd 1865.

• Lincoln is Assassinated on April 15th 1865 by

John Wilkes Booth. (impact on

Reconstruction)

• 13th Amendment is passed by congress Jan 31st

and ratified Dec 6th, 1865- Bans Slavery in

America

President Andrew Johnson

Jacksonian Democrat.

Plans for Reconstruction

• Johnson’s Plan- (May 1865)

– Pardoned Southerners who swore allegiance to the Union.

– Excluded high-ranking officials

– States required to void secession, abolish slavery, and pay

War Debt.

– Not liked by North or Radical Republicans.

– Nine states accept Johnson’s plan but are not acknowledged

by congress.

– Overturned by Radical Republicans

Reconstruction Plans

Who Liked it Who

Disliked It

What was

different

Lincoln’s

Plan

Northern & South

moderatesRadical

Republicans

Extremely easy on

South both as

individuals and as

states.

Wade Davis

Act

Radical

Republicans

Northern & South

moderates

Excluded most

Southern men from

any political power

during Reconstruction.

Johnson’s

Plan

Southern

Individuals

(somewhat)

North/ Radical

Republicans

War Debts made this

impossible to be

followed through

Reconstruction

Act of 1867

Freedman’s Bureau (1866)

• Created for newly freed African American slaves

as they adjust to freedom. Included schools,

jobs, and social clubs.

Black Codes (1866)

• Established by Southern Governments to

Restrict African American Rights as a response

to the 13th Amendment and Freedman’s Bureau.

– Curfews

– Laws- not working- fined / whipped / forced to work for

free

– Labor Contracts- one year contracts not paid if you quit or

get fired.

– Land Restrictions- African Americans can only live in rural

areas (often on former Plantations

Shift in Reconstruction Control

• Angered at Johnson’s vetoes and the

establishment of Black Codes the

moderate and Radical Republicans

start working together to swing control

of Reconstruction in the hands of

Congress and not president

Plans for Reconstruction

• Reconstruction Act of 1867-

– Created by Radical Republicans (after Black Codes) to

cause social changes and punish South.

– Placed military generals in charge of five military

divisions.

– African Americans gain right to vote

– Martial Law

Reconstruction Plans

Who Liked it Who

Disliked It

What was

different

Lincoln’s

Plan

Northern & South

moderatesRadical

Republicans

Extremely easy on

South both as

individuals and as

states.

Wade Davis

Act

Radical

Republicans

Northern & South

moderates

Excluded most

Southern men from

any political power

during Reconstruction.

Johnson’s

Plan

Southern

Individuals

(somewhat)

North/ Radical

Republicans

War Debts made this

impossible to be

followed through

Reconstruction

Act of 1867Radical

Republicans

Northern & South

moderatesMilitary

Control

Politics during Reconstruction

• Carpetbaggers- Northerners who move south

to take advantage of horrible Southern

economy.

Politics during Reconstruction

• African American Political Vote

– Absence of Democrat voters allows for the

election of African Americans in the South.

• P.B.S. Pinchback- 1st African American Governor

(LA)

• Hiram Revels- 1st African American Senator (1870-

Mississippi)

• Blanche K. Bruce- former slave elected to Senate

(Mississippi)

Compromise of 1877

• Rutherford B. Hayes (Rep) vs.

Samuel Tilden (Dem)

• Tilden wins pop vote lost

electoral college by one vote.

Congress makes Hayes

president through a deal.

• Removes military from South

and ends federal intervention.

Compromise of 1877

• What is

evident in

the

electoral

map?

• What are

some

possible

guesses to

explain

exceptions?

Compromise of 1877

• With Compromise Hayes becomes

President and military leaves South

ending Reconstruction.

Reconstruction

• Was Reconstruction a success or failure?

– In what ways was it a success?

– In what ways was it a failure?

GILDED AGE

• THE GILDED AGE

ObjectivesAA) Define Gilded Age

Gilded Age

Thin layer of gold covering poverty and corruption.

What would look appealing about the gilded age?

Coined by Mark Twain

ObjectivesBB) Analyze the operation of the Political Machines.

◦ What are Political Machines

◦ Why are they created

◦ Significant change to American Government and Citizen relationship

CC) Define Graft

DD) Evaluate Boss Tweed and the Tammany Hall Political Machine.What was the Tammany hall Political Machine?

What purpose did Boss Tweed have in running it?

Should Political Machines be allowed?

EE) Summarize how Thomas Nast destroyed the Tweed Ring.

Political Machines (Boss

System) A city organization

designed to keep a grasp on political power of a party in a city. Often provided aid to people in the city that could not be provided “legally”

Organization of Control

A) Boss

B) Ward Bosses

C) Precinct Captains

Political machines

Dependence on Immigration-

The political machines would provide services for

immigrants in return the immigrants would often

vote for the machine

Political Machines

Political Machines:

i. Schemes

1. Election Fraud

Dependence on Immigration-

1. The political machines would provide services for immigrants in return the immigrants would often vote for the machine.

2. Graft

i. Using elected jobs for personal financial gain

ii. Often by over charging cities for construction jobs

ii. The Tweed Ring (next slide)

The Tweed Ring

William M. Tweed ~ “Boss Tweed”

a. New York City Democratic political machine (1869-

1871)

b. Tammany Hall- Tweed’s Political Machines name.

Getting started by rigging elections (buddy runs in the

other party’s primary)

Using positions for Graft (NYC Courthouse)

C. Thomas Nast (next slide)

• Thomas Nast’s Political

Cartoonsi. Most immigrants could not read but could understand

political cartoons

ii. Nast used cartoons to sway public against Tweed and lead to his arrest in which he escaped to Spain

iii. Nast cartoons helped Spanish locate and arrest Tweed

POLITICAL MACHINES

TODAY

DO POLITICAL MACHINES EXIST TODAY?

ObjectivesBB) Analyze the operation of the Political Machines.

◦ What are Political Machines

◦ Why are they created

◦ Significant change to American Government

CC) Define Graft

DD) Evaluate Boss Tweed and the Tammany Hall political machine

◦ What was the Tammany hall political machine

◦ Why did Boss Tweed run it

◦ Should Political Machines be allowed

EE) Summarize how Thomas Nast destroyed the Tweed Ring.

The Gilded Age

• Garfield’s assassination, the Pendleton Civil Service Act, and the end to the Spoils System.

ObjectivesFF) Define Spoils System

GG) Define Civil Service

HH) Analyze how Garfield’s Assassination led to the Pendleton Civil Service Act.◦ What does the Pendleton Civil Service Act do.

◦ Why was it passed (how did the assassination lead to it’s passing)

◦ Significant change to American politics?

Spoils System

Embedded by Jackson

Opposing Political Parties (partisanship)

Republicans- North, Industry, Blue Laws

Democrats- South, West, Farmers

Causes American Politics to slow down and often become

ineffective

Spoils System

Hayes tries to end Spoils System

(Compromise of 1877?)

Wants to shift to Civil Service (jobs given by tested aptitude)

Garfield (1880) elected president also dislikes the spoils system,

but his vice president Chester A. Arthur favors Spoils.

Spoils System

Charles Guiteau- assassinates Garfield because he feels he

owes him a job for support

Arthur becomes president, changes his mind, and passes the

Pendleton Civil Service Act (1883)

Tested applicants fitness for jobs- federal employees could not be

fired due to politics

Replaces Spoils System

ObjectivesHH) Analyze how Garfield’s Assassination led to the Pendleton Civil Service Act.◦ What does the Pendleton Civil Service Act do.

◦ Why was it passed (how did the assassination lead to it’s passing)

◦ Significant change to American politics?