Researchers’ Forum:

New Perspectives on the role of culture for sustainable urban development

POWERPOINT PRESENTATIONS

Moderator: Giulio Verdini (Italy), Associate Professor of Urban Planning and Design and Co-Director of the Research Institute of Urbanisation at Xi’an

Jiaotong-Liverpool University

Speakers:

- Juliana Forero Bordamalo (Colombia), Programme Specialist for Research, World Heritage Institute of Training and Research for the Asia and

the Pacific Region under the auspices of UNESCO (WHITRAP) Shanghai, China

- Anna-Paola Pola (Italy), Researcher, Urbanism and Architecture Institute of Venice

- Julia Rey Pérez (Spain), Researcher, University of Seville

- Loes Veldpaus (Netherlands), Research Associate at the School of Architecture, Planning and Landscape of Newcastle University

- Kuai Dashen (China), Research Professor, Deputy Director, Institute of Literature of Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences

INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON

CULTURE FOR SUSTAINABLE CITIES

Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China

10-12 December 2015

CONSERVATION PRACTICES ON THE BASIS OF SOCIOCULTURAL SUSTAINABILITY:

THE SOCIAL FUNCTION OF CULTURAL HERITAGE

INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CULTURE FOR SUSTAINABLE CITIES

HANGZHOU, DECEMBER 09 - 12, 2015

JULIANA FORERO Programme Specialist for Research - HUL Programme

World Heritage Institute of Training and Research for the Asia and the Pacific Region under the auspices of UNESCO (WHITRAP)

Index

1. Background 2. Searching for the Role of Culture for Sustainable Urban Development 3. Sociocultural Sustainability and Cultural Heritage 4. Social Function of Heritage 5. Conclusions

1. Global Development and Trends

Development paradigm crisis: economic, environmental, social and cultural

Fast growing economies are now located outside of Europe and USA For example BRICS， Indonesia and Latin America

Re-organization of the population between the ‘global-north’ and the ‘global-south’

Culture as leader of new development and world composition order

图：北半球”的青年人口百分比.图片来源：Winter (2012) 图：在“南半球”的青年人口百分比. 图片来源：Winter (2012)

Urbanization processes more than a half of population coming to live in the city

Population growth will come from developing countries

1. BACKGROUND

1. BACKGROUND

2016 – 2030 -From cities to metropolis -Digital revolution -Migration to cities – Migration back to small towns

New urban dynamics of development and new urban shapes

-2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development -Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) -HABITAT III - 2016

Charters, recommendations, declarations - 2011 HUL

Approaching the Social Function of Heritage

Culture, heritage and Sustainability

Shift of Heritage Concept Broader understandings of belonging

1. Global Development and Trends

Globalization

Global, Social and economic interdependence

The Role of Culture for Sustainable Urban Development

Cultural Heritage Urban Dynamics Sustainable Development

2. SEARCHING FOR THE ROLE OF CULTURE FOR SUSTAINABLE URBAN DEVELOPMENT

How the Global South approached sustainable development discourses?

Global North needs for sustainable developments: economy and environment

Social – Cultural

Sustainable Approaches +

Cultural Heritage

Social Function

of Heritage

The Role of Culture for Sustainable Urban Development

2. SEARCHING FOR THE ROLE OF CULTURE FOR SUSTAINABLE URBAN DEVELOPMENT

2. SEARCHING FOR THE ROLE OF CULTURE FOR SUSTAINABLE URBAN DEVELOPMENT

1. Social Sustainability

3. SOCIOCULTURAL SUSTAINABILITY AND CULTURAL HERITAGE

2. Cultural Heritage

CULTURAL HERITAGE

3. SOCIOCULTURAL SUSTAINABILITY AND CULTURAL HERITAGE

3. The relationship between Sociocultual Sustainability and Cultural Heritage

SOCIOCULTURAL

SUSTAINABILITY

CULTURAL

HERITAGE

3. SOCIOCULTURAL SUSTAINABILITY AND CULTURAL HERITAGE

1. The Social Function of Cultural Heritage

4. SOCIAL FUNCTION OF HERITAGE

2. The Social Function of Heritage Addresses

4. SOCIAL FUNCTION OF HERITAGE

Cultural Heritage Sociocultural Sustainability

Social Function of Heritage

Protect Human Relationships Its environment and spaces

Inversion of

Cultural Heritage Role within Development Processes

From the object to the subject

From the subject to the object

5. CONCLUSIONS

Interrelation between People –Space and Time

• Sustainability not as a goal , but as force on the achievement for other aims. • People centered – people based approach • Cultural rights – Human rights acknowledgment • Citizens active agents of urban development process.

A continuing relationship between people, development and heritage

must be established […] simply put, the aim should be to integrate

development with preservation

(Asia Society et al, 1995).

谢谢 Gracias! , Thank you , Vielen dank,

Grazie, Toda.

Historic center and natural environment as constant terms of the design equation Anna-Paola Pola University IUAV of Venice

BOLOGNA aerial photo

Historical section, restoration subject to protective restrictions

Green buffer zone areas for hydrogeological defence

Agricultural area subject to special restrictions

Historical landscape subject to protective restrictions

Agricultural area partially subject to special restrictions

Public green

2 km

BOLOGNA (ITA)

Plan for the Historic Centre 1969 Plan for the Hill 1969 Master Plan 1970 Municipality (with Giuseppe Campos Venuti, Leonardo Benevolo, Pier Luigi Cervellati, Armando Sarti)

“The active conservation of the hill, similar to the one that invests the historic centre derives from cultural and social considerations which want to acknowledge that the historic, artistic and landscape heritage of the hill (and the old centre) of Bologna is a preeminent value of civilization, absolute and universal, such as to be considered a heritage for the whole community”.

City of Bologna, Piano Regolatore Generale [General Masterplan], STEB, Bologna 1973, p. 99

BOLOGNA photo Nino Comaschi 1956-57 (Cineteca di Bologna, archive Comaschi)

BOLOGNA cultivated fields, mountains, river Reno

BURSA aerial photo

BURSA photo Giovanni Astengo (Urbanistica 36-37, 1962)

“Bursa has numerous monumental, architectural and natural values at a time where very few cities in the world can boast the same. Their conservation and development should be the first concern of the general plan. We have to note that not only the individual monuments taken one by one should be conserved, but rather the whole environment in which they live (…) the houses, the gardens, the big trees, the views; these things are the essential elements that give the scale itself to the monumental works” “It must indeed maintain in the strongest terms: the landscape views (…) and the only agricultural use of the large valley at the foot of Bursa, which constitutes the essential element of the city, its main source of wealth and the basic reason of its beauty”

Luigi Piccinato, Report of the General Masterplan, 1958

Historical urban area to be preserved

Green zone areas to be planted

Agricultural area subject to special restrictions

Public green

2 km

Historical landscape to be preserved

Private gardens

Green zone areas for geological defence

Forest to be preserved

BURSA (TUR)

General Masterplan and Town Plan 1958 Plan of Reconstruction of the bazaar 1958 Luigi Piccinato

BURSA Abdal Köprüsü

YAZD aerial photo

YAZD wind trappers

Historical section, restoration and renewal subject to special restrictions

Green buffer zone areas planted to form barriers against desert sands

Agricultural zone to be preserved as buffer area for rural districts

Public green

2 km

YAZD (IRN)

General Masterplan, 2nd phase 1977 Mehdi Kowsar (with Ludovico Quaroni, consultant)

YAZD Georg Gerster 1977 walled orchards sit amidst fields in a net of irrigation channels and ditches

BOLOGNA photo Archivio Leonardo Benevolo

BURSA photo source Urbanistica 36-37, 1962

YAZD photo Georg Gerster 1977

International Conference on «Culture for Sustainable Cities» Hangzhou, China. December 2015

THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE HISTORIC URBAN LANDSCAPE FROM AN INTERDISCIPLINARY

AND CITIZENSHIP VIEW. THE CASE OF CUENCA, ECUADOR

Julia Rey Pérez, Ph. D. Architect Professor of the University of Sevilla (Spain) Co-director of Project PUH_C at the University of Cuenca (Ecuador) Source: J. Rey

Source: https://maps.google.ec

Source: https://maps.google.ec

Urban Fabric on the foundation of Cuenca in 1557. Source: Albornoz, B. (2008), Planos e imágenes de Cuenca, Cuenca: I. Municipalidad de Cuenca.

Source: Criollo, J., Macancela, J., Washima, S., Heras, V. (2007)

Source: Mariana Sánchez

Source: F. Cardoso

Municipality. Gilberto Gatto Sobral Source: J. Guerra

Culture’s House. Gilberto Gatto Sobral Source: J. Guerra

Culture’s house. Gilberto Gatto Sobral Source: J. Guerra

Source:http://farm4.static.flickr. com/3542/3387143037_030bd52837_o.jpg

Source: María Eugenia Siguencia

Source: http://mail.ucuenca. edu.ec /?l oginOp=l ogout

The Committee inscribed the site on the World Heritage List on the basis of criteria (ii), (iv) and (v). (ii): Cuenca illustrates the successful implantation of the principles of Renaissance urban planning in the Americas (iv): The successful fusion of different societies and cultures in Latin America is vividly symbolized by the layout and townscape of Cuenca (v): Cuenca is an outstanding example of a planned inland Spanish colonial city

Source: http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/863/multiple=1&unique_number=1014

Reassessment of the Cultural and Natural Heritage of the city of Cuenca from the strategies of sustainable development supported in the figure of the Historic Urban Landscape (HUL_C).

WHY was it necessary to apply HUL in Cuenca? • extreme urban development • socioeconomic changes • emigration and immigration • threatened heritage buildings • tourism • gentrification • abandoned modern heritage • real estate investment • mobility and traffic • lack of maintenance • proliferation of poor contemporary architecture

Source: Team PUH_C Source: María Eugenia Siguencia

Tangible aspects • natural systems • topographical sites • geomorphology • rivers • vegetation • archeological ruins • historical and contemporary architecture • infrastructure • transportation and circulation systems • land use and spatial organization • space and visual relations

WHERE? The whole city beyond its area nominated as a world heritage site

Intangible aspects • socio-cultural practices • economic processes • diversity • identity

WHAT? make reference to the multiple information layers from HUL’s definition

Source: Team PUH_C

1 . A N T H R O P O L O G Y 2 . C I T I Z E N PA R T I C I PAT I O N

3 . G E O L O G Y 4 . A R C H I T E C T U R E 5 . E N V I R O N M E N T

6 . E C O N O M Y 7 . A R C H A E O L O G Y

H O W do we overlap the information from all the layers required by HUL, including different disciplines beyond architecture?

Source: Team PUH_C

The main object of this project is to apply HUL as an innovative form of heritage preservation NEW PATRIMONIAL VIEW (HUL CITY AS A WHOLE) INTERDISCIPLINARITY ROLE OF THE CITIZEN

Source: F. Cardoso

Objectives: 1) Evaluate Cuenca’s state of preservation

2) Define the cultural values of the city beyond the ones identified in the Declaration of 1999 3) Identify the urban, architectural, touristic, landscape, economic, social, and spatial impacts that affect the heritage values 4) A Manual of Good Practices that, starting from the heritage values of the city, define the intervention strategies in the historic city and of urban growth in the city itself

Source: Karina Rivera

Methodology 1) Analytical phase

• Urban and territorial character • Heritage character • Perception character

2) Characterization of landscape units

3) Selection of units for a specific study

4) Specific analysis of the selected unit 5) Elaboration of landscape unit fact sheet and Assessment

Autor: Sebastián Astudillo

Source: Sebastián Astudillo

I. STUDIES OF TERRITORIAL OR URBAN CHARACTER HISTORIC-CARTOGRAPHIC STUDY. The urban evolution of Cuenca and its territorial planning. The objective of this document has been to understand and reconstruct Cuenca’s urban evolution and its internal and outward planning.

Source: Team PUH_C

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN POPULATION DENSITY AND LAND USE

Source: Team PUH_C

vivienda

Servicios especiales

Housing land use

Special services land use

Administration and management land use

INFLUENCE AND CONDITIONING OF THE TERRITORY IN THE URBAN CONFIGURATION OF CUENCA (geomorphology, geology and hidrology). Analysis of the physical structure of the territory and its relationship with the location and conformation of the city of Cuenca.

Source: Team PUH_C

Producción de artesanías Intercambio Administración y gestión

THE NATURAL LANDSCAPE AS PART OF HUL FROM AN ENVIRONMENTAL POINT OF VIEW

Source: Photographic Archive, vlirCPM project, July 2014.

REVIEW OF THE CODE. RELATIONSHIP OF HUL WITH THE TERRITORIAL ORDINANCE AND URBANISTIC PROPOSAL.

Source: Team PUH_C

Source: Team PUH_C

II. STUDIES OF HERITAGE CHARACTER THE ARCHEOLOGICAL COMPONENT IN HUL IN CUENCA. Identification of cultural and natural element links with archeology that currently is a reference in the conformation of Cuenca’s landscape

Source: Team PUH_C

Source: Team PUH_C

INTANGIBLE HERITAGE AND CHARACTERIZATION OF CUENCA’S HUL. Based on five areas defined by the Convention for the Safeguarding of Intangible Cultural Heritage adopted by the General Conference of UNESCO in 2003

Source: F. Cardoso

Source: Team PUH_C

ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES IN CUENCA. CONTRIBUTION OF COMMERCE TO THE FORMATION OF HUL (SOCIOECONOMIC PROCESS)

Source: Karina Rivera

STATE OF CONSERVATION OF THE DIFFERENT ARCHITECTURAL TYPOLOGIES OF THE CITY OF CUENCA.

0,45%

12,37%

13,36%

12,66%

47,56%

9,23%

2,24%

1,16% 0,96%

STUDY AREA

Alto deterioro

Col_Rep Intervenidas

Coloniales y Republicanas

Contemporaneas

Modernas

Moderna Intervenida

Parqueadero

Taller

Terreno

42,00

39,00

76,00

119,00

118,00

50,00

50,00

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

1

2

3

4

7

8

10

1 2 3 4 7 8 10

Series1 42 39 76 119 118 50 50

Unit

Source: Team PUH_C

Source: Team PUH_C

Source: Julia Rey

ASSESSMENT CATEGORIES OF BUILT HERITAGE

Source: INPC and vlirCPM (2011)

Source: INPC and vlirCPM (2011)

III. STUDIES OF PERCEPTION CRITICAL HISTORIC REVIEW OF IMAGES. HISTORY AND ARTISTIC PERCEPTION OF THE LANDSCAPE. VISION OF HUL THROUGH PHOTOGRAPHY

Source: Repositorio del Banco Central Fotografía. Source: Sebastián Astudillo

Source: Repositorio del Banco Central. Source: Nataly Cordero, Andrea León, Andrea Orellana.

Proces and result

Exercise 1

Identity elements

Exercise 2 Exercise 3 Exercise 4 Exercise 5

Failed elements Elements with heritage values

Units of landscape

General ideas

PERCEPTION OF HUL IN CUENCA FROM THE CITIZENSHIP PARTICIPATION WORKSHOPS

Source: Team PUH_C

Source: Team PUH_C

Source: Team PUH_C

CAPAS DISPONIBLES - Densidad de población - Periodos históricos - Usos del suelo - Valoración patrimonial

Source: Team PUH_C

Source: Team PUH_C

Source: Team PUH_C

The six steps defined by UNESCO for the application of HUL: • MAP of natural, cultural, and human resources

• REACH A CONSENSUS of what to protect: values and attributes

• EVALUATE THE VULNERABILITY to change and develop

• INTEGRATE the previous points in the framework of urban development • GIVE PRIORITY TO THE ACTIONS for conservation and development • ESTABLISH LOCAL ASSOCIATIONS and management frameworks

Source: Team PUH_C Source: Karina Rivera Source: Sebastián Astudillo

The outlook is very POSITIVE for the relationship established with WHITRAP and the AGREEMENT to work on the application of the figure of HUL in Cuenca with the Municipality

Source: Sebastián Astudillo

Framing the integration of urban and heritage planning in multi level governance

Historic urban landscapes

Loes Veldpaus Newcastle University (UK) | Eindhoven University of Technology (NL) 11 Dec. 2015

Settlements with OUV Number of inscribed WH-properties in relation to the number of settlements involved in those nominations 2010: 731 Cultural and Mixed sites, 942 settlements 2015: 834 Cultural and Mixed sites, 1631 settlements _______ ______ ±100 ±600

1978

2009

2015

properties settlements

Pereira Roders, 2010; Turner et al., 2016

• Landscape is integrative, universal, dynamic, hierarchical, and holistic;

• Landscape approach guides the nature of the transformation, process;

• Historic Urban Landscape Approach

Landscape approach - HUL

Agnoletti, 2014; Cortina, 2011; Dalglish, 2012; Nassauer, 2012; Stobbelaar and Pedroli, 2011

Brown et al. 2005; Brown, 2015; Taylor et al., 2014; Turner, 2006

Edinburgh’s Newtown

“To grapple with the complexities of heritage, we need to move beyond the traditional disciplines and the fragmentation of knowledge practices”

- Winter, 2012

UNESCO, 2011

‘What is the contribution of the historic urban landscape approach to existing subnational heritage policy and practices in the management of urban resources?’

Evidence-based policy Edinburgh’s Newtown

Evolutionary taxonomy WHAT is heritage (attributes) WHY is anything heritage (values) HOW is it being managed (process steps) WHO is involved (actors) Based on: supranational policy

matrix: cross-relating taxonomy

• Object to landscape • More inclusive – no a priori exclusion • Shift from category-driven to process-driven • From containing to creating value • Democratisation

Heritage Concept Edinburgh’s Newtown

1 YES for Heritage 2 YES for All urban resources 3 NO | DON’T KNOW

Comparison

114

Taxonomy improved To move beyond the traditional disciplines and the fragmentation of knowledge practices,

we need a common language. It was therefore important to f nd out whether the taxonomy

would indeed cause confusion. Testing among governmental stakeholders in Amsterdam had

revealed a level of confusion regarding the taxonomy, and to further investigate this issue

follow-up research was done across academic heritage related disciplines, as also indicated

in green in Figure 27.

Method

A group of 12 academics from various disciplines (archaeology, architecture, anthropology,

art history, heritage management, landscape studies, urbanism, cultural management) and

various European universities (i.e. universities in France, Spain, the Netherlands, Serbia,

Poland, Germany and the UK), working the f eld of heritage studies were asked to give their own

professional def nitions of the terms used in the taxonomy. (‘Please write down how you def ne

those words, as to how (if at all) you would use them in your daily (academic) practice.’). The

answers for commonalities and dif erences were compared to identify shared def nitions. All

answers were combined into a def nition covering the main message and additional variations

(Figure 28). The main def nition is the one found in at least three quarters of the given answers.

There were also additional characteristics; they show the variety on the common def nition.

Additional or dif erent def nitions have been distinguished.

Academic def nitions

Although the sample is not representative of the entire heritage sector, the results indicate that

there is not that much confusion over the terminology in heritage studies among academics

in Europe. The sample (n=12) was too small and the range of backgrounds and countries

too wide to compare between disciplines or European regions. In general, the results show

that tangible attributes are better known than intangible ones (Figure 28). For the tangible

attributes, only 7 of the 99 answers were left blank, whereas for the intangible attributes 19

were left blank. In addition, most def nitions show a high level of commonality. What stands

out from the answers is that the division between tangible and intangible is not that strong

in most answers. A tangible feature is often def ned in terms of its association with or is

complemented by an intangible feature, and vice versa. The perception of heritage among the

participants seems to be linked to the full taxonomy. Relation(s) to meaning, association (15)

and Long-term/unplanned processes, evolution (18) were the least known, and had the most

blanks (4 and 3, respectively).

understanding of these power relations and their impact on heritage management in practice,

comparative research and monitoring is needed. The taxonomy as a method to frame the roles

of the various actors or actor groups in each step of the process, preferably also in relation to

the various attributes and values, could be a means to analyse the process. The results can

again be compared to other results or to themselves in time, to monitor the changes and their

impact in time.

By using taxonomy, and cross-relating it, a complex framework for comparative analysis,

possibly large-N comparison, can be developed. As indicated in blue in Figure 27, this

research related levels of governance and compared disciplines (urban, heritage) on the

subnational level. The focus was mainly on tracing the taxonomy of supranational policy in

one case (Amsterdam) of subnational policy (vertical), comparing two disciplines (horizontal).

The results are also used in Chapter 5, to ref ect on HUL as a supranational policy document.

More levels of governance and more disciplines could be added. Doing so would also provide

insights into the reciprocal relation between the levels of governance. As such, comparison

could be done on a much bigger scale; between levels of governance and/or disciplines.

To raise complexity further, such a comparison could be executed through time, place and

society, as well as between or among practices, policies and theories.

Discipline A

Supranational policy

Subnational policy

Discipline B

Heritage policy Amsterdam

Urban policy Amsterdam

Amsterdam

Academic Definitions

Figure 27: Horizontal and vertical tracing of taxonomy. In black the possible relations; in blue the

research in Amsterdam as presented in Chapter 3; in green the testing of taxonomy among academic

disciplines.

• Subnational and Supranational policies • Urban and Heritage policies

scheme : horizontal and vertical comparison

Amsterdam • Newer concepts are less well known; • Reflect on definition of heritage and ‘break down’ the narrative; • Revealed differences in definition and focus between departments;

• Tool: helps to cross relate – reveal perspectives – reflect – compare

results policy analysis tool: quick scan

Taxonomy • Works as a common language; • Enables categorisation & comparison, horizontal and vertical; • Has to be OPEN ended; • Should be developed and tested further.

scheme: taxonomy development

• Neither landscape nor heritage is a static concept; • Holistic and inclusive; • Pushes for different ways of thinking, for new perspectives and for

openness in processes of heritage and planning.

Landscape approach

“[…] people and their motivations define heritage. Not everything is heritage, but anything could become heritage”

- Howard, 2003

Thank you

Loes Veldpaus Newcastle University (UK) | Eindhoven University of Technology (NL) 11 Dec. 2015