What’s missing?

“CHANGEIS THE

ONLY

THING

THAT IS

________

IN

THIS

WORLD.”

“CHANGEIS THE

ONLY

THING

THAT IS

CONSTANTIN

THIS

WORLD.”

“SUCCESS IS __________ ON EFFORT.”

-Sophocoles

“SUCCESS IS DEPENDENT ON EFFORT.”

-Sophocoles

‘Cause all I know is we said HELLO & your eyes looks like coming home

All I know is a simple name and EVERYTHING HAS __________.

‘Cause all I know is we said HELLO & your eyes looks like coming home

All I know is a simple name and EVERYTHING HAS CHANGED.

Guess what?

INDEPENDENT

VARIABLES

Malene Ysses Ortiz, Zion-Grace Rosareal, Catherine Trespuentes

Variables

Is a measurable

characteristic that varies.

It may change from

group to group, person

to person or within one

person over time.

Experimental

Variables

Any property of person or thing

that varies and is not fixed; factors

affecting the result of the study.

Experimental

Variables

An experimenter changes or varies one factor and observes or measures what happens as a result of manipulation.

Types of

Variables

Independent

Variable

the factor that is varied or

manipulated.

the “assumed cause” of a

problem.

There can be only one independent variable in an experiment.

This is the factor manipulated by the researcher, and it produces one or more results, known as dependent variables.

Independent

Variable

Independent

Variable

If a scientist conducts an experiment to test

the theory that a vitamin could extend a person’s

life-expectancy, then:

The independent variable is the amount of

vitamin that is given to the subjects within

the experiment. This is controlled by the

experimenting scientist.

Dependent

Variable

The factor that is measured or

observed; the change that is

brought about or is effected by

the change in the independent

variable.

the “assumed effect” of another

variable.

If a scientist conducts an experiment to

test the theory that a vitamin could extend a

person’s life-expectancy, then:

Dependent

Variable

The dependent variable, or the variable

being affected by the independent

variable, is the life span.

Controlled

Variable

The factor that is kept

constant all throughout the

experiment.

Controlled Variable

Are not measured in a particular study. Must be held

constant so they will not have biasing effect on the other

variables.

Intervening

Variables

Are abstract processes that

are not directly observable but

that link the independent and

dependent variables.

In language learning and teaching, they are

usually inside the subject’s heads, including

various language learning processes which the

researcher cannot observe.

For example, if the use of a particular teaching technique

is the independent variable and the mastery of the

objectives is the dependent variable, then the language

learning processes used by the subjects are intervening

variables.

Moderator

Variables

Affect the relationship between

the independent and dependent

variables by modifying the effect the

effect of the intervening variable(s).

Typical moderator variables in TESL and language

acquisition research (when they are not the major

focus of the study) include the sex, age, culture or

language proficiency of the subjects.

Extraneous

Variables

are factors in the research

environment which may have

an effect on the dependent

variable(s) but which are not

controlled.

Extraneous variables are dangerous.

They may damage a study’s validity,

making it possible to know whether the

effect were caused by the independent

and moderator variables or some

extraneous factor.

Extraneous

Variables

If they cannot be controlled,

extraneous variables must at least

be taken into consideration when

interpreting results.

THANK

YOU! :D

Resources:

http://linguistics.byo.edu/faculty/henrichs

enl/ResearchMethods/RM_2_14.html

http://study.com/academy/lessons

/research-variables-dependent-

independent-control-extraneous-

moderator.html

Research Guide For High School Students

(compiled and prepared by Mr. Russel N. Gorre)