Reproduction and Reproduction and DevelopmentDevelopment

Reproductive systemReproductive system

Production of sex cells is controlled Production of sex cells is controlled by hormonesby hormones

In humansIn humans– Internal fertilizationInternal fertilization– Internal developmentInternal development

Gamete ProductionGamete Production

In females it occurs in the ovariesIn females it occurs in the ovaries In males it occurs in the testesIn males it occurs in the testes It is regulated by hormonesIt is regulated by hormones

Female Reproductive Female Reproductive SystemSystem

OvariesOvaries– EggsEggs– EstrogenEstrogen– ProgesteroneProgesterone

Fallopian tubesFallopian tubes– Site of fertilizationSite of fertilization

UterusUterus– Site of developmentSite of development

Cervix and Birth Cervix and Birth CanalCanal

Male Reproductive SystemMale Reproductive System

TestesTestes EpididymisEpididymis Vas DeferensVas Deferens Prostate GlandProstate Gland Cowper’s Gland Cowper’s Gland Seminal VesiclesSeminal Vesicles

SpermSperm

HeadHead– EnzymesEnzymes– DNADNA

BodyBody– MitochondriaMitochondria

TailTail– LocomotionLocomotion

Hormones Hormones

Testosterone: Development of male Testosterone: Development of male secondary sex characteristics secondary sex characteristics

Estrogen: Development of female Estrogen: Development of female secondary sex characteristicssecondary sex characteristics

Progesterone: along with estrogen, Progesterone: along with estrogen, helps prepare uterine wall for helps prepare uterine wall for pregnancy. Maintains uterine lining pregnancy. Maintains uterine lining during pregnancy (pregnancy during pregnancy (pregnancy hormone)hormone)

Hormonal Regulation of Hormonal Regulation of ReproductionReproduction

Hormones regulate Hormones regulate the menstrual the menstrual cyclecycle

Estrogen thickens Estrogen thickens the uterine wallthe uterine wall

Progesterone Progesterone maintains that maintains that lininglining

Menstrual CycleMenstrual Cycle

Ovulation: Release Ovulation: Release of the eggof the egg

Corpus Luteum: Corpus Luteum: Yellow body, Yellow body, temporary temporary endocrine endocrine structure, produces structure, produces progesteroneprogesterone

Cycle repeats itself Cycle repeats itself every 28 days.every 28 days.

FertilizationFertilization

If sperm are If sperm are present fertilization present fertilization will occur in the will occur in the fallopian tube.fallopian tube.

Zygote starts to Zygote starts to develop and develop and implant itself in the implant itself in the uterine wall.uterine wall.

This is controlled This is controlled by hormones alsoby hormones also

Early DevelopmentEarly Development

FertilizationFertilization Zygote Zygote Embryo (3 Embryo (3rdrd week week to 8to 8thth week) week) Fetus (8 weeks to birth) Fetus (8 weeks to birth)

DevelopmentDevelopment

PlacentaPlacenta Umbilical cordUmbilical cord

6 weeks6 weeks

4 Months4 Months

The First Few MonthsThe First Few Months

The first few months are most criticalThe first few months are most critical– Cells differentiateCells differentiate– Organs formOrgans form

Toxins from mother can affect Toxins from mother can affect developmentdevelopment– AlcoholAlcohol– TobaccoTobacco– DrugsDrugs

Development ContinuesDevelopment Continues

After birth, cell differentiation and After birth, cell differentiation and development continues to adulthood.development continues to adulthood.

During adulthood, structures age.During adulthood, structures age. Organism weakens and dies.Organism weakens and dies.

Reproductive TechnologiesReproductive Technologies

Artificial Artificial inseminationinsemination

CloningCloning CryopreservationCryopreservation Embryo TransferEmbryo Transfer