PRINCIPLE OF CONTEXT

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Flemming (1996)

A collection of data is not information.A collection of information is not knowledge.A collection of knowledge is not wisdom.A collection of wisdom is not truth.

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Points to a number of observation related to context development. Stresses the following:

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• Information relates to description, definition, or perspective (what, who, when, where)

• Knowledge comprises strategy, practice, method, or approach (how)

• Wisdom embodies principle, insight, moral or archetype (why)

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“Principles of context mean that instruction can be effective if learning takes place through situation and circumstances that provide setting materials for the process of learning to go on.”

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Principle of Context are Categorized into Six Levels

Level 1Context consists of the textbook only• Predominantly verbal• No problem-solving experience• Lacks dynamic appeal• Limited verbal responses to verbal stimuli

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Level 2Context consists of textbook together with a

collateral/supplemental material• Wider context• More readings of expository• Advocates more extensive reading

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Level 3Context consists of non-academic and

current materials (magazine articles, newspaper clippings)

• Concrete, specific, actual, and immediate• Reality vs. theories• Leads to extensive discussion

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Level 4Context consists of multi-sensory aids• Effective when used as aid in learning• Related to contemplated learning• Ineffective if learner is passive

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Level 5Context consists of demonstration and

presentation by the experts• Concrete setting• Learning beyond classroom setting

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Level 6Field experiences: personal, social,

community understanding• Concrete, abundant, dynamic, readily

apprehended setting for learning• Goes beyond verbalization• Concrete and firsthand experiences

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