Post on 19-Jan-2016
Rels 300 / Nurs 330
7 October 2015
300/330 - appleby 2
Aryan racial purity
Hitler became the Chancellor of the Third Reich in 1933
his National Socialist Party passed a law designed to improve the Aryan race
law allowed physicians to sterilize people who were "in any way visibly sick or who have inherited a disease and can therefore pass it on”
200,000 to 350,000 people were sterilized due to mental conditions (mental deficiency, schizophrenia, manic depressive insanity), epilepsy, Huntington's chorea and hereditary alcoholism, hereditary blindness, hereditary deafness, grave bodily malformations and "crippled" states such as club foot, cleft palate and harelip
300/330 - appleby 3
Hartheim Castlewas a
"euthanasia" killing center
(Hartheim, Austria)
Between December 1939 and August 1941:
50,000 to 60,000 Germans
children and adults
physically and mentally disabled were secretly killed by lethal injections or in gas chambers designed to look like shower stalls
300/330 - appleby 4
Cemetery at Hadamar
where“euthanasia”
victims were buried
Victims included:
80-100,000 adult mental patients from institutions
5,000 children in institutions
1,000 Jews in institutions
20,000 concentration camp inmates transported to killing centers
70,000 patients gassed
20,000 died of starvation or due to medication
300/330 - appleby 5
Sterilization
experiments
March 1941 to January 1945:
sterilization experiments were conducted at the Auschwitz and Ravensbrueck concentration camps
purpose: to develop a method of sterilization which would be suitable for sterilizing thousands of people with a minimum of time and effort
eugenic surgical sterilization (used in the institutions) took too much time and cost too much
sterilization experiments used X-rays, surgery, chemicals and drugs
thousands of victims were sterilized and thereby suffered great mental and physical anguish
300/330 - appleby 6
Genocide of non-
Aryans & physically
and mentally
disabled…
A Gypsy at Auschwitz
…by means of extermination and sterilization
castration by means of x-rays
medicinal sterilization caladium seguinum
chemical sterilization Jewish & Gypsy women
300/330 - appleby 7
Genetic experiments on twins:
Josef Mengele
3000 twins underwent “genetic” experiments
only 200 survivedalso midgets, dwarves & hunchbacksexperimental surgeries without anesthesia; blood transfusions from one to other twin; isolation endurance; injections with lethal germs; sex change operations; organ & limb removals; eye drops to change colour
kill and autopsy both twins
300/330 - appleby 8
Eva and Miriam Mozes
The Stern sisters – twin survivors;
later in life, in Israel
founded CANDLES: Children of Auschwitz Nazi Deadly Laboratory Experiments Survivors
the story of Eva & Miriam Mozes
http://www.pbs.org/wnet/religionandethics/episodes/july-13-2007/holocaust-forgiveness-advocate-eva-kor/3126
9
High Altitude experiments
Dachau concentration camp
research for the German Air Force
to investigate the limits of human endurance and existence at extremely high altitudes
used a low-pressure chamber in which atmospheric conditions and pressures prevailing at high altitude (up to 68,000 feet) could be duplicated
subjects were placed in the low-pressure chamber; the simulated altitude was raised
many victims died as a result of these experiments and others suffered grave injury
300/330 - appleby
A prisoner in a compression chamber loses consciousness (and later dies) during an experiment to determine altitudes at which aircraft crews could
survive without oxygen
300/330 - appleby 10
Dachau
Hypothermi
a
Experiments
investigate the most effective means of treating persons who had been severely chilled or frozen
subjects were forced to remain in a tank of ice water for periods up to 3 hours
extreme rigor developed in a short time; many victims died
survivors were subject to rewarming attempts
other subjects were kept naked outdoors for many hours at temperatures below freezing
300/330 - appleby 11
Malaria
Experiment
s
February 1942 to April 1945
experiments were conducted at the Dachau concentration camp
purpose: to investigate immunization for and treatment of malaria
healthy concentration-camp inmates infected by mosquitoes or by injections of extracts of the mucous glands of mosquitoes
subjects who contracted malaria were treated with various drugs to test their relative efficacy
over 1,000 involuntary subjects were used in these experiments
300/330 - appleby 12
Mustard
Gas
Experiment
s
September 1939 to April 1945
experiments were conducted in concentration camps for the benefit of the German Armed Forces
to investigate the most effective treatment of wounds caused by mustard gas
wounds were deliberately inflicted on subjects, then infected with gas
300/330 - appleby 13
The Doctors Trial,
held in Nuremberg, Germany,
from 9 December 1946 to
20 August 1947
300/330 - appleby 14
24 defendants
were charged
with
(1) crimes
against peace,
(2) war crimes,
(3) crimes
against
humanity, and
(4) conspiracy
Representatives from the United States, Great Britain, the Soviet Union, and France acted as prosecutors and judges
Count #(3) included “medical experiments, without the subjects' consent, upon German civilians and nationals of other countries, in the course of which experiments the defendants committed murders, brutalities, cruelties, tortures, atrocities, and other inhuman acts”
12 sentenced to death
3 sentenced to life imprisonment
4 sentenced to prison terms
ranging from 10 to 20 years
3 acquitted of charges
2 committed suicide prior to
the trial or before sentencing
http://www.ushmm.org/research/doctors/three.htm
300/330 - appleby 15
Defendants claimed that “no international law
or informal statement
differentiated between legal and
illegal human experimentation.”
http://www.ushmm.org/research/doctors/code_expl.htm
Was it permissible to undertake medical experiments on human
persons?
“certain types of medical experiments on human beings . . . conform to the
ethics of the medical profession generally . . . such experiments yield
results for the good of society that are unprocurable by other methods or means of study . . . However . . .
certain basic principles must be observed in order to satisfy moral,
ethical and legal concepts” http://www.ushmm.org/research/doctors/Nuremberg_Code.htm
300/330 - appleby 16
THE NUREMBERG CODE 1947
1. The voluntary consent of the human subject is absolutely essential.
legal capacity to give consent
able to exercise free power of choice
no force, fraud, deceit, duress, over-reaching, or other ulterior form of constraint or coercion
300/330 - appleby 17
sufficient knowledge and comprehension to make an understanding and enlightened decision
nature, duration, purpose of experiment
method & means of its conduct inconveniences and hazards
reasonably expected effects upon health or person from
participation
personal responsibility for ensuring voluntary consent rests on every individual person involved in conducting the experiment
300/330 - appleby 18
2. The experiment should be such as to yield fruitful results for the good of society, unprocurable by other methods or means of study, and not random and unnecessary in nature.
3. The experiment should be so designed and based on the results of animal experimentation and a knowledge of the natural history of the disease or other problem under study that the anticipated results will justify the performance of the experiment.
http://ohrp.osophs.dhhs.gov/irb/irb_appendices.htm#j5
300/330 - appleby 19
4. The experiment should be so conducted as to avoid all unnecessary physical and mental suffering and injury.
5. No experiment should be conducted where there is an a priori reason to believe that death or disabling injury will occur; except, perhaps, in those experiments where the experimental physicians also serve as subjects
300/330 - appleby 20
6. The degree of risk to be taken should never exceed that determined by the humanitarian importance of the problem to be solved by the experiment.
7. Proper preparations should be made and adequate facilities provided to protect the experimental subject against even remote possibilities of injury, disability, or death.
http://ohrp.osophs.dhhs.gov/irb/irb_appendices.htm#j5
300/330 - appleby 21
8. The experiment should be conducted only by scientifically qualified persons. The highest degree of skill and care should be required through all stages of the experiment of those who conduct or engage in the experiment.
9. During the course of the experiment the human subject should be at liberty to bring the experiment to an end if he has reached the physical or mental state where continuation of the experiment seemed to him to be impossible.
http://ohrp.osophs.dhhs.gov/irb/irb_appendices.htm#j5
300/330 - appleby 22
10. During the course of the experiment the scientist in charge must be prepared to terminate the experiment at any stage, if he has probable cause to believe, in the exercise of the good faith, superior skill and careful judgment required of him that a continuation of the experiment is likely to result in injury, disability, or death to the experimental subject.
http://ohrp.osophs.dhhs.gov/irb/irb_appendices.htm#j5
300/330 - appleby 23
1. …voluntary consent…no force, fraud, deceit, duress, over-reaching…constraint or coercion…knowledge…comprehension
2. …yield fruitful results for the good of society3. …based on the results of animal experimentation and a knowledge of the natural
history of the disease… justify the… experiment4. …avoid all unnecessary physical and mental suffering and injury5. no experiment… death or disabling injury…except…where the experimental
physicians also serve as subjects6. …degree of risk… should never exceed…the humanitarian importance of the
problem7. …protect the experimental subject against even remote possibilities of injury,
disability, or death8. …experiment should be conducted only by scientifically qualified persons9. …the human subject should be at liberty to bring the experiment to an end10.…terminate the experiment at any stage, if… likely to result in injury, disability, or
death to the experimental subject