Relative reproductive success of hatchery and wild steelhead in the Hood River

Dept. Zoology

Oregon State University

left in wild

taken into hatchery

Demographic boost two generations later

Wild fish

H

H

H

H

Supplementation of wild populations

left in wild

taken into hatchery

Wild fish

H

H

H

H

?

Supplementation assumes fitness of H fish similar to W

Big question: fitness of H fish after one generation through hatchery?

Steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in the Hood River, Oregon

Powerdale dam

Winter-runEgg-laying site

Summer-runEgg-laying site

dang

Hood River Steelhead

Stock History

Winter runOld Big Creek stock (Hold) phased out in 1991Supplementation hatchery (Hnew) program began, first releases in 1992

Summer runOld Skamania stock phased out in 1997 (Hold)Supplementation hatchery program (Hnew) first releases in 1998

Note: all hatchery fish are marked with a stock-specific fin clip before release

91-92

92-93

97-98

96-97

95-96

94-95

93-94

00-01

99-00

98-99

02-03

01-02

30%

4%

5%

61%

2%

64%

31%

First generation of Hnew conservation

hatchery fish created. 

Hnew parental generation released in 92. Returned to spawn in the wild mostly in 95 and 96.

F1 offspring of the 185 Hnew and 276 W parents that

Potentially spawned in the 95 run year

                      

  

H

Example: winter run

Run year

Wild (unmarked fish passed)

Hold fish

passed

Hnew fish passed Adult offspring from that run year

91-92 716 292 0 264

92- 408 5 0

93- 382 2 0

94- 203 0 6

95- 276 0 185 1227

96- 242 0 283 976

97- 226 0 199 860

98- 299 0 220

99- 920 0 267

00- 1013 0 657

01- 1025 0 684

02- 725 0 413

03- 625 0 535

Winter run

New hatchery program begun in 92. Old stock phased out.

Run year

Wild (unmarked fish passed)

Hold fish

passed

Hnew fish passed Adult offspring from that run year

91-92

92- 537 1677 0

93- 240 1108 0

94- 193 1652 0

95- 132 518 0 198

96- 182 1310 0 569

97- 83 447

98- 134 4

99- 182 0

00- 208 0

01- 491 0 115

02- 641 0 482

03- 241 0 189

Summer run

New hatchery program begun in 97. Old stock phased out.

Comparisons:

Winter Run1991 Hold vs. wild

1995 Hnew vs. wild1996 Hnew vs. wild1997 Hnew vs. wild

Summer Run1995 Hold vs. wild1996 Hold vs. wild

Who’s your daddy?

Typed 97.2% of all fish passed

8 microsatellite loci

Highly polymorphic (Na = 40.6, He = 0.92)

Pure exclusion with no mismatches allowed

Relative reprod. success (RRS)* = mean #offspr. assigned per H adultmean #offspr. assigned per W adult

*correction for bias: see Araki and Blouin (2005) Molecular Ecology

120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230

1999-0383_F02_12.f sa 12 Green HEX

20

406080

HMS96-172_C11_04.f sa 4 Green Ssa407 (1:35)

200

400600

HW99-364_K21_11.f sa 11 Green Ssa407 (1:35)

500

1000

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 120

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Frequency distribution of number of offspring

“Traditional” hatchery v.s. Wild (Winter91)

“New” hatchery v.s. Wild (Winter96)

Male Female

Freq. Freq.

N[offspring] N[offspring]

Male Female

Freq. Freq.

N[offspring] N[offspring]

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Hatchery-bornWild-born

Hatchery-bornWild-born

Hatchery-bornWild-born

Hatchery-bornWild-born

Run-Year RRS[H/W]-Male RRS[H/W]-Female

Summer95 0.31** 0.33**

Summer96 0.30** 0.28**

Average 0.30** 0.30**

Winter91 0.06** 0.11**

“Traditional” hatchery v.s. Wild

“New” hatchery v.s. Wild

Run-Year RRS[H/W]-Male RRS[H/W]-Female

Winter95 0.67* 0.77

Winter96 1.05 0.93

Winter97 0.85 1.26

Average 0.87 0.98

Summary

Hold summers ~ 30% fitness of wild fish

Hold winters 6-11% fitness of wild fish

Hnew winters 67-126% (avg. 86-98%) fitness of wild fish

Summary

Hold summers ~ 30% fitness of wild fish

Hold winters 6-11% fitness of wild fish

Hnew winters 67-126% (avg. 86-98%) fitness of wild fish

Angling correction

Hold summers ~ 40% fitness of wild fish

Hold winters 6-11% fitness of wild fish

Hnew winters 71-156% (avg. 106-118%) fitness of wild fish

Taken into hatchery

Success of Hood River supplementation program?

5-10X

0.85X

H

H

H

H

H

H

H

H

Supplementation a good idea?

Ecological issues

Effective size

When do you stop?

steelhead (this study)

steelhead

Atlantic salmon (farmed)

steelhead

steelhead Brown trout

From: Travis et al., 2004. Salmon Recovery Science Review Panel Report for NMFShttp://www.nwfsc.noaa.gov/trt/rsrp.htm

Decline in fitness with generations through hatchery

91-92

92-93

97-98

96-97

95-96

94-95

93-94

00-01

99-00

98-99

02-03

01-02

3%

77%

20%

29%

4%

6%

61%

08-09

07-08

06-07

05-06

03-04

04-05

09-10

                         

Returning Hnew adults mixed with wild broodstock in

Hatchery beginning in 1995

3%

77%

20%

Future workEffects of incorporating Hnew into broodstock (i.e. effects of more than one generation through hatchery)?

Acknowledgements

Hitoshi ArakiBill ArdrenBecky CooperCharles CriscioneRod French Kathryn KostowODFW Staff at Powerdale DamErik OlsenRuben Van Dam

Funding

BPAODFW