RELATIONSHIP IN NATURESpecies Interaction

Group 5Willesa GoJonalyn JavinarAnne LaraRacquel LiporadaAngelica Lopez

BCFMA3-1

INTERACTIONS BETWEEN TWO SPECIES

INTERACTION

SPECIE A SPECIE B

Mutualism + +Commensalism

+ 0

Parasitism + -Predation + -Competition - -

POSITIVE RELATIONSHIP

Mutualism and Commensalism

MUTUALISM

Relationship between individuals of different species where both individuals benefit

When two organisms of different species "work together," each benefiting from the relationship

IMPORTANCE OF MUTUALISM

Coevolution

Mutualism plays a key part in ecology.

IMPORTANCE OF MUTUALISM

Biodiversity Sustainability

IMPORTANCE OF MUTUALISM

EXAMPLES OF MUTUALISM

Ungulates (such as Bovines) and bacteria within their intestines

Bee and flower

EXAMPLES OF MUTUALISM

Bacteria and human

EXAMPLES OF MUTUALISM

Oxpecker (a kind of bird) and rhinoceros or zebra

EXAMPLES OF MUTUALISM

Ocellaris clownfish and Ritteri sea anemones

EXAMPLES OF MUTUALISM

Goby fish and shrimp

EXAMPLES OF MUTUALISM

TYPES OF MUTUALISM

Facultative Mutualism

Both species benefit from the interaction but each can live without the other, if necessary.

Plants (Pollination)

TYPES OF MUTUALISM - Facultative

Ants and aphids

Small fish of several families

TYPES OF MUTUALISM - Facultative

Obligate Mutualism

Neither one of two interacting species can survive for long without the other.

TYPES OF MUTUALISM

Yucca moth and yucca plant

Bees (pollen and nectar)

TYPES OF MUTUALISM - Obligate

Lichens

TYPES OF MUTUALISM - Obligate

Relationship between two living organisms where one benefits and the other is not significantly harmed or helped

Derived from the Medieval Latin commensalis, meaning "sharing a table", from the prefix com-, meaning "together", and mensa, meaning "table" or "meal"

COMMENSALISM

EXAMPLES OF COMMENSALISM

Cattle egrets foraging in fields among cattle or other livestock

EXAMPLES OF COMMENSALISM

Birds following army ant raids on a forest floor

EXAMPLES OF COMMENSALISM

Kol-bal jackals and tigers

Inquilinism

It involves one species using the body or a body cavity of another organism as a platform or a living space while the host organism neither benefits nor is harmed.

TYPES OF COMMENSALISM

Barnacles and whales

TYPES OF COMMENSALISM - Inquilinism

TYPES OF COMMENSALISM

Metabiosis

This is a form of commensalism that occurs when one species unintentionally creates a home for another species through one of its normal life activities.

Gila woodpecker and Saguaro

cacti

TYPES OF COMMENSALISM - Metabiosis

Hermit crabs and gastropod shells

TYPES OF COMMENSALISM

Phoresy

This takes place when one organism attaches to another organism specifically for the purpose of gaining transportation.

Seed spreading

TYPES OF COMMENSALISM - Phoresy

TYPES OF COMMENSALISM

Ammensalism

This is the opposite of commensalism, wherein the other is harmed by the presence of the other.

The bread mold penicillium

TYPES OF COMMENSALISM - Ammensalism

Black walnut tree (Juglans nigra)

TYPES OF COMMENSALISM - Ammensalism

Sheep or cattle trampling on grass

TYPES OF COMMENSALISM - Ammensalism

NEGATIVE RELATIONSHIP

Parasitism, Predation and Competition

PARASITISM One in which one organism, the

parasite, lives off of another organism, the host, harming it and possibly causing death

EXAMPLES OF PARASITISM

Tapeworms Fleas

EXAMPLES OF PARASITISM

Barnacles

EXAMPLES OF PARASITISM

Brood Parasitism Mosquito on Humans

KINDS OF PARASITES

-Animal Parasites-Resulting to lice on humans, mosquitos on

humans, leech on mammals, round worms/nematodes in most vertebrates, fasciola

in humans, tapeworms in cow, ticks on dogs, fleas on dogs, barnacles on crabs.

KINDS OF PARASITES

-Bacterial Parasites-Resulting to bacterial infections, such as sore

throat,E coli in intestine

KINDS OF PARASITES

-Worm Infestations-Resulting to having Hookworms or

tapeworms

KINDS OF PARASITES

-Protist Parasites-Resulting to protist infections, such as

amoebic dysentery

KINDS OF PARASITES

-Viral Parasites-Resulting to viruses such as that causes

the flu or AIDS

KINDS OF PARASITES

-Plant Parasites-Mistletoe is plant parasite

TYPES OF PARASITES

-Ectoparasites-Parasites that lives outside the host’s

body

Mites

TYPES OF PARASITES

-Endoparasites-Parasites that lives inside the host’s body

Hookworm inside its host body

TYPES OF PARASITES

-Parasitoids-(or necrotroph) Parasites that use

another organism’s tissue for their own nutritional benefit until the host dies

from loss of needed tissues or nutrients

TYPES OF PARASITES

-Biotrophic-Parasites that cannot survive in a dead host

and therefore keep their hosts alive

Many viruses

TYPES OF PARASITES

-Social Parasites-Parasites that take advantage of interactions between members of a social host species to

their detriment

TYPES OF PARASITISM

-Epiparasites-(or hyperparasitoids) Parasites that feed on

another parasite

PREDATION Describes a biological interaction where

a predator (an animal that is hunting) feeds on its prey (the animal that is attacked)

EXAMPLES OF PREDATION

Lions and Zebras

EXAMPLES OF PREDATION

Galapagos tortoises and cactus plants

TYPES OF PREDATION

-Herbivory-consumption of plant or algal tissue

TYPES OF PREDATION

-Carnivory-consumption of animal tissue

TYPES OF PREDATION

-Mycophagy-consumption of parts of fungi

TYPES OF PREDATION

-Omnivory-consumption of both plant and animal

tissues

TYPES OF PREDATION

-Detritivory-consumption of dead organic material

COMPETITION A rivalry of two or more parties over

something. It is an interaction between individuals brought about by a shared requirement for a resource in limited supply (e.g. food, space, shelter, mate, ecological status, etc.), leading to a reduction in survivorship, growth, and/or reproduction of the individuals concerned.

SPECIFIC WAYS THAT INDIVIDUALS MAY COMPETE

1. Exploitation--depleting resources2. Pre-emptive--using space3. Overgrowth--species growing over

another and depriving the other of light4. Chemical--production of toxins5. Territorial--behavior or fighting in

defense of space6. Encounter--transient interactions

directly over a specific resource

KINDS OF COMPETITION

Interspecific Competition

This is a competition where individuals of one species suffer a reduction in fecundity, survivorship, or growth as a result of resource (e.g. food or nutrients, space, mates, nesting sites) exploitation or interference by individuals of a second species. Survival is the key in this type of situation.

KINDS OF COMPETITION

Intraspecific Competition

This competition is the struggle between members of a population for scarce resources. This competition has 2 types:

KINDS OF COMPETITION – Intraspecific

(1) Adapted or programmed intraspecific competition

Results from aggressive social behavior such as dominance hierarchies and territoriality. Here only certain individuals high in the peck-order, or holding territories, succeed in breeding. This is sometimes called contest competition because it involves aggressive contests between competing individuals.

(2) Unadapted or incidental intraspecific competition

Results from the accidental interaction between individual organisms utilizing the same resources, for resources used by one are unavailable to others. This is sometimes called scramble competition because everybody is involved in a mad scramble for the scarce resources.

KINDS OF COMPETITION – Intraspecific

TYPES OF COMPETITION

Interference Competition

This occurs directly between individuals via aggression etc. when the individuals interfere with foraging, survival, reproduction of others, or by directly preventing their physical establishment in a portion of the habitat.

Male-male competition in red deer during rut

TYPES OF COMPETITION - Interference

TYPES OF COMPETITION

Exploitation Competition

This occurs indirectly through a common limiting resource which acts as an intermediate. For example, the use of the resource(s) depletes the amount available to others, or they compete for space.

Canopy of taller trees

TYPES OF COMPETITION - Exploitation

TYPES OF COMPETITION

Apparent Competition

This occurs indirectly between two species which are both preyed upon by the same predator.

Nettle aphids (prey A) and grass aphids (prey B) are prey to

Coccinellidae (predator)

TYPES OF COMPETITION - Appparent

DEFENSE MECHANISMS

Camouflage, Aposematism and Mimicry

CAMOUFLAGE Is often referred to as cryptic

coloration Is an important defensive strategy

utilized by many organisms in nature Structural adaptation that

enables species to blend colors and patterns with their surroundings to avoid detection by predators

EXAMPLES OF CAMOUFLAGE

Praying mantises sit in flowers of a similar color and ambush visiting

insects.

EXAMPLES OF CAMOUFLAGE

White ermines (a type of weasel) and snowy owls hunt in snow

covered areas.

APOSEMATISM Is commonly known as warning

coloration Is a strategy used by some animals to

alert potential predators of their presence with bold colors with patters to promote avoidance.

EXAMPLES OF APOSEMATISM

Black-and-white stripes of the

skunk

Bright orange of the monarch

butterfly

EXAMPLES OF APOSEMATISM

Yellow-and-black coloration of many bees and wasps and some snakes.

MIMICRY The resemblance of one organism to

another or to an object in its surroundings for concealment or protection from predators.

TYPES OF MIMICRY

Aggressive Mimicry

A form of mimicry in which a predator (the mimic) closely resembles another organism (the model) that is attractive to a third organism (the dupe) on which the mimic preys.

The bright leaves of the venus flytrap (Dionaea muscipula) attract insects in the same way as flowers.

TYPES OF MIMICRY - Aggressive

The Alligator Snapping Turtle uses its tongue to lure fish.

TYPES OF MIMICRY - Aggressive

TYPES OF MIMICRY

Batesian Mimicry

A form of protective mimicry in which an unprotected species (the mimic) closely resembles an unpalatable or harmful species (the model), and therefore is similarly avoided by predators.

The Syrphid fly mimics the colors and markings of honey bees.

TYPES OF MIMICRY - Batesian

The Monarch would be the

model and the Viceroy the

mimic.

TYPES OF MIMICRY - Batesian

TYPES OF MIMICRY

Müllerian Mimicry

A form of protective mimicry in which two or more poisonous or unpalatable species closely resemble each other and are therefore avoided equally by all their natural predators.

Poison dart frogs of South America and Madagascar.

TYPES OF MIMICRY - Müllerian

Heliconius erato and Heliconius

melpomene

TYPES OF MIMICRY - Müllerian