Post on 16-May-2015
REFERENCING STYLES
Presented to SIR TANVEER KHAN
Presented byZAINAB JAVED
MPhil PharmacognosyTHE UNIVERSITY OF LAHORE
WHAT IS REFERENCING
“Referencing is a standardized way of acknowledging the sources of information and ideas that have been used in assignment and allows the sources to be identified”.
WHEN TO REFER
REFER ITQuoting
others words
Paraphrasing other
words and ideas
Using others images and videos
WHY REFERENCE
To avoid plagiarism. To trace origin of ideas. To support our voice in academic
writing. To validate arguments. To acknowledge others work.
REFERENCE STYLES STYLES DISCIPLINESAMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION (APA)
Psychology, nursing, education and other social sciences
MODERN LANGUAGE ASSOCIATION (MLA)
Literature, arts and humanities
CHICAGO MANUAL OF STYLE History, information science and journalism
AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION (AMA)
Health sciences
AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY (ACS)
Chemistry
AMERICAN MATHEMATICAL SOCIETY (AMS)
Mathematics
AMERICAN SOCIETY OF CIVIL ENGINEERS (ASCE)
Engineering
‘APA’ REFERECE STYLE
Abbreviation of
AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION.
Set of specific formatting conventions.
Origin in 1929.
GENERAL
FORMAT
1 INCH MARGIN ON ALL SIDES.
MARGIN:
USE TIMES NEW ROMAN FONT WITH FONT SIZE OF 12 PT.
FONT TYPE AND SIZE:
LINES ARE DOUBLE-SPACED WITH NO EXTRA SPACING BETWEEN PARAGRAPHS.
SPACING:
PAGE NUMBERS:
NUMBER THE PAGES CONSECUTIVELY STARTING WITH PAGE 1.
PAGE 1: TITLE PAGEPAGE 2: ABSTRACTPAGE 3: BEGINNING OF TEXT
APA PAPER SECTIONS
References
Main Body
Abstract
Title page
TITLE PAGE:
PAGE HEADER•Use “Insert Page Header” to set this up.•Title must be flush left + page number flush right.
TITLE:•Centered.•Includes titles, author name and institutional affiliation
ABSTRACT:
MAIN BODY:
APA HEADINGSAPA uses a system of five heading levels
LEVEL OF HEADING
FORMAT
1 Centered, Boldface, Uppercase and Lowercase
2 Left-aligned, Boldface, Uppercase and Lowercase
3 Indented, boldface, lowercase with a period.
4 Indented, boldface, italicized, lowercase with a period.
5 Indented, italicized, lowercase with a period.
IN-TEXT REFERENCE CITATION Parenthetical citation Author-date method of citation
Example 1:
When the APA style was first conceived eighty years ago, the main purpose was to develop standards for the publication of articles in the fields of anthropology and psychology (American Psychological Association, 2001).
Example 2:
According to Fox (2007), the internet has played a significant role in the increase of plagiarism in academia today.
AUTHORS FIRST CITATION IN TEXT
SUBSEQUENT CITATION IN TEXT
PARENTHETICAL FORMAT, FIRST CITATION IN TEXT
PARENTHETICAL FORMAT, SUBSEQUENT CITATION IN TEXT
One author Morse (1996) Morse (1996) (Morse, 1996) (Morse, 1996)
Two authors Ringsven and Bond (1996)
Ringsven and Bond (1996)
(Ringsven & Bond, 1996)
(Ringsven & Bond, 1996)
Three to five authors
Johnson, Brunn and Platt (2002)
Johnson et al. (2002)
(Johnson, Brunn, & Platt, 2002)
(Johnson et al., 2002)
Six or more authors
Arpin et al. (2001)
Arpin et al. (2001)
(Arpin et al., 2001)
(Arpin et al., 2001)
Group (identified abbreviation) as authors
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC, 2009)
CDC (2009) (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2009)
(CDC, 2009)
Group (no abbreviation) as authors
The Michener Institute (2002)
The Michener Institute (2002)
(The Michener Institute, 2002)
(The Michener Institute, 2002)
UNKNOWN AUTHOR: A similar study was done of students learning to format
research paper (“Using APA,” 2001).
MORE THAN ONE WORK BY SAME AUTHOR IN SAME YEAR:
Research by Durgin (2003b) has yielded new findings about the role of counseling in treating childhood obesity.
PARENTHETICAL CITATION WITH 2 OR MORE WORKS:
(Berndt, 2002; Harlow, 1983)
AUTHOR WITH SAME LAST NAME: (E. Johnson, 2001; L. Johnson, 1998)
PERSONAL COMMUNICATION:
(T. K. Lutes, personal communication, September 28,1998). OR T. K. Lutes (personal communication, September 28, 1998)
ELECTRONIC SOURCES: Kenneth (2000) OR (Kenneth, 2000). Global warming 101, (2012) OR ("Global
warming 101," 2012). Smith, (n.d.) OR (Smith, n.d.).
INDIRECT SOURCES: Johnson argued that... (as cited in Smith, 2003).
DIRECT QUOTES:
Less than 40 words:
Critser (2003) noted that despite growing numbers of overweight Americans, many health care providers still “remain either in ignorance or outright denial about the health danger to the poor and the young” (p. 5). OR
(Critser, 2003, p. 5). More than 40 words:
Jones's (1998) study found the following: Students often had difficulty using APA style, especially when it was their first time citing sources. This difficulty could be attributed to the fact that many students failed to purchase a style manual or to ask their teacher for help. (p.199)
REFERENCE PAGE
Alphabetic order Double spacing Hanging indentation Authors Date Title
BOOK
REFERENCES
PRINTED BOOKS:
Author's name, publication year, book title, edition (if any), location of publication and publisher.
EXAMPLE:
Calfee, R. C., & Valencia, R. R. (1991). APA guide to preparing manuscripts for journal publication. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
BASIC BOOK: Calfee, R. C., & Valencia, R. R. (1991). APA guide to
preparing manuscripts for journal publication. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
BOOK WITH EDITION OTHER THAN FIRST:
Ringsven, M. K., & Bond, D. (1996). Gerontology and leadership skills for nurses. (2nd ed). Albany, NY: Delmar.
BOOK WITH REVISED EDITION: Culliney, J. L. (2006). Islands in a far sea: The fate of
nature in Hawai'i (Rev. ed.). Honolulu, HI: University of Hawai'i Press.
BOOK WITH EDITOR AS AUTHOR: Rich, J. M. (Ed.). (1972). Readings in the philosophy of
education (2nd ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
BOOK WITH SOCIETY, ASSOCIATION OR INSTITUTION AS AUTHOR AND PUBLISHER:
American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
EDITED BOOK WITH ONE OR MORE AUTHOR:
Adler, A. (1956). The individual psychology of Alfred Adler: A systematic presentation of selections from his writings. (H. L. Ansbacher & R. R. Ansbacher, Eds.). New York: Basic Books.
TRANSLATED BOOKS:
Laplace, P. S. (1951). A philosophical essay on probabilities. (F. W. Truscott & F. L. Emory, Trans.). New York, NY: Dover. (Original work published 1814)
EDITED BOOK WITH CHAPTERS WITH OWN AUTHOR:
Phillips, S. J., Whisnant, J. (1995). Hypertension and stroke. In J. H. Laragh, & B. Brenner (Eds.), Hypertension: Pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management (pp. 465-78). New York: Raven Press.
ELECTRONIC
BOOKS
ELECTRONIC BOOKS Author names, date, title, location, publisher (with e-
reader book type in square brackets if applicable), and source (URL or DOI).
Example: Post, E. (1923). Etiquette in society, in business, in
politics, and at home. New York, NY: Funk & Wagnalls. Retrieved from http://books.google.com/books.
Hadler .N. M. (2008). Worried sick: A prescription for health in an over-treated America [Net Library version] Retrieved from http://www.netlibrary.com
Conoloff, A. (2012). Salvaging the suburbs. doi:11.8870/6001/2122.442.26
JOURNAL
REFERENCES
PRINTED JOURNAL: Author's name, publication year, journal title written in
full, a comma, volume number issue number in parentheses if available, comma, and the page range, followed by a period.
Examples Scruton, R. (1996). The eclipse of listening. The New
Criterion, 15(3), 5-13. The Cardiac Society of Australia and New Zealand.
(1986). Clinical exercise testing,
Safety and performance guidelines. Medical Journal of Australia, 164, 282-4.
ELECTRONIC JOURNAL: Mates, B. F., & Strommen, L. (1995). Why Ernie can't
read: 'Sesame Street' and literacy. The Reading Teacher, 49(4), 300-306. Retrieved from http://www.reading.org/general/Publications/Journals/RT.aspx
Alejos, A., Weingartner, A. Scharff, D.P., Ablah, E., Frazier, L., Hawley,S.R.,…Wright, K.S. (2008). Ensuring the success of local public health workforce assessments: Using a participatory-based research approach with a rural population. Public Health, 122 (12), 1447-1455. doi:10.1016/j.puhe.2008.06.008
PERIODICAL
REFERENCES
MAGAZINES: Give author's names, publication date, title of article,
name of magazine, volume number, issue number and page number.
Examples: Ives, F., & Lydon, J. (2005, January). Freud's Vienna
revisited. Discover, 26(2), 16-17. Smith, J. (2009, January 21). Obama inaugurated as
President. Time,171, 21-23. Retrieved from http://www.time.com/news/obama_inaugurated.html
NEWSPAPER:Give author's names, publication date, tile of article, title
of publication and page numbers.
For example: Rimer, S. (2003, September 3). A campus fad that’s
being copied: Internet plagiarism seems on the rise. New York Times, p. B7.
Brown, P. L. (1999, September 5).Tiffany glass and other tales from the crypt. The New York Times, pp. 1, 5. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/
WEBPAGE
REFERENCES
WEBPAGE REFERENCESGive author names (if known), date of publication,
copyright date, or date of last update, title of Web site, date of accessing information and web address of the site
For examples:
Kraizer, S. (2005). Safe child. Retrieved February 29, 2008, from http://www.safechild.org/
AMA
REFERENCE STYLE
‘AMA’ REFERENCE STYLE
Abbreviation of AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION.
The first publication came out in 1962 and latest 10th publication came out in 2007
IN-TEXT CITATION:
End notes are given in text to to indicate reference
For example
Duration of surgery, the surgeon's experience ², …
REFERENCE PAGE
Numeric order No indentation Double-spacing No space between authors initials.
BOOK REFERENCES
Give the author's last name then initials, title of book, publication location, publisher and year.
BASICBOOKS:
Lugalla JB. Poverty, AIDS, and Street Children in East Africa. Lewiston, NY: Mellen Press; 2003.
BOOK WITH EDITOR AS AUTHOR:
Brunton LB, Lazo JS, Parker KL, eds. Goodman Gilman's, The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 11th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2005.
•:
EDITED BOOK WITH CHAPTERS WITH OWN AUTHOR:
O'Brien C. Drug addiction and drug abuse. In: Brunton LB, Lazo JS, Parker KL, eds. Goodman & Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 11th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2005: 607-629.
ELECTRONIC BOOKS Give author's names, title of work, place of publication,
publisher name, year of publication, URL, date accessed.
Example:
Fox, M. Including children 3-11 with physical disabilities: Practical guidance for mainstream schools. London: David Fulton; 2003. http://www.netlibrary.com. Accessed December 3, 2007.
JOURNAL REFERENCES Give the author's name, article title, journal title
abbreviation, year, volume, issue number in parentheses if available, comma, and the page range.
Examples
Bakewell J. Choosing support equipment in children's therapy. Int J Ther Rehabil. 2007;14(8): 379-381.
Mao DW, Hong Y, Li JX. Characteristics of foot movement in Tai Chi exercise. Phys Ther. 2006; 86(2): 215-222. http://www.ptjournal.org/cgi/content/full/86/2/215. Accessed December 3, 2007.
NEWSPAPER REFERENCES
Wolf W. State’s mail-order drug plan launched. Minneapolis Star Tribune. May 14, 2004:1B.
WEBPAGE REFERENCES:Give author’s name or responsible body, title of webpage, URL
and date accessed.Example: U.S. National Library of Medicine. Rehabilitation. Medline
Plus. http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/rehabilitation.html. Last updated November 30, 2007. Accessed December 3, 2007.
FOR YOUR ATTENTION