THE

WRITER

THE TEXT

THE

READER

The dialogue

between the

reader and the

writer takes

place via the text

.

THE PSYCHOLINGUISTIC - COGNITIVE APPROACH.

LEARNER -CENTERED.

PRIOR KNOWLEDGE

SCHEMA

READING APPROACHES.

“A series of stages that

proceed in a fixed order

from sensory input to

comprehension”

BOTTOM - UP

INTERACTIVE VIEW Combination of

both.

“Continuum process of

changing hypothesis about

the incoming information”

TOP - DOWN

Purpose

for reading

But … HOW

Writing

conventions

Prior

knowledge

TOP - DOWN

Interpretation/

Understanding

BOTTOM - UP

Language

knowledge

Reading

strategies

Is this text about

advantages or

disadvantages?

Television viewers gradually become

passive in their action. Television may

be a splendid media of

communication, but it prevents us from

communicating with each other or with

the outer world. The world seen

through television is only the restricted

one: It separates us from the real

world.

The reader of this text must be able to

recognize some of the key words and

their exact meanings in order to

understand the point being made by the

author. ( passive, communication,

restricted)

http://www.studymode.com/essays/Advantages-And-

Disadvantages-Of-Tv-199809.html

Writing Reader

Decontextualized Distant

Production Receptor

Time Place

WRITING AS COMMUNICATION

Writing Speaking

Considers and accommodates an absent reading audience to his or her ideas

Reads and comprehends

Developed by Bereiter and Scardamalia in 1987.

Views writing as aiming to produce a text that can be read successfully.The writer has the responsibility of creating a text that accommodates to the

potential reader.The writer has to be fully “committed both to the content and to the form of the written text.

The writer must develop evaluation and reformulation strategies in the writing process.

The Reader based Approach

to Writing

The reader (the audience) and his/ her needs

Background KnowledgePotential content schemata

USE ELABORATION SKILLS

TO CREATE A COMPREHENSIBLE AND

COMMUNICATIVE TEXT

WRITING FOR A READER-

MATCHING THE WRITER’S AND READER’S SCHEMATA

The Reader

Consideration

Process involves

Being Sensitive to...

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THE INTERACTIONIST APPROACH TO WRITING

Reader and Writer develop a deeper understanding of the process through shared experience with various texts

Intertextuality

Cycle of Activities

A preparatory stage

A first draft

Evaluative dialogues

A rewriting of the text

An editing process

THE COMPOSING PROCESS

Berlin’s

Model

Grice’s

Maxims

Writer (Knower)

The Audience (Reader)

Reality

Language of a written text

Top Down

Bottom up

Quantity

Quality

Relevance

Manner

Top Down

Bottom up

The Effective Reader

Information Gap

Difficulties Encountered by Readers While Reading

● Mismatch between the reader´s view of

the world and the view presented in

the text.

● A reader who approaches the text with

preconceived expectations might

misread the message.

● A reader who may not understand

some of the key words.

Global Processing Difficulties

Where did the text

appear and what do

we know about the

book where it

appeared?

Who is the author and what do we

know about him/her ?

When was the article or text

published and what were the issues

of concern at that time ?

Teachers can help students

to recognize some of the

features related to the

interaction between global

coherence and local

coherence by asking these

questions.

Strategies that combine top-

down processing with

scanning the text for key

sentences can help the

reader construct the overall

coherence of the text.

?

?

Grammatical

Features that

cause

Reading

Difficulties

NOUN

PHRASE

ADJECTIVAL

CLAUSES

A Noun Phrase may be due to a multiple

modifiers, relative clauses with deleted relative

pronouns and compound modifier in

prenominal position.

The complexity of the resulting

structure may cause readers

difficulties recognizing the head

noun,affecting the processing of the

text.

Adjectival Clause with deleted subjects

may interfere with the identification of

the modifier and the head.

The grammatical form of the participles

may mislead readers into thinking that

such a construction is a verb phrase.

On one hand, Linguistic

competence is necessary in

order for a reader to

successfully recognize the

internal connections within the

text and be able to relate old to

new information.

On the other hand, General

knowledge of the world is

necessary to connect one´s

background to the ideas

presented in a written text.

Indications of Reference

► The Pronoun System

► The Article System

► Demonstratives

Ambiguity

► Redundant elements,

such as case and

gender are not always

available.

Use of Tense and Aspect Markers

Intersentential

Cohesion

Simple Past Tense

Historical Present Variant

Progressive

Aspect

► Main Events

► Main Actions

► To set the scene within

which the main event is about

to occur.

When I walked into the office, several people were busily typing, some

were talking on the phones, the boss was yelling directions, and customers

were waiting to be helped. One customer was yelling at a secretary and

waving his hands. Others were complaining to each other about the bad

service.

Simple Past Vs. Past Progressive

Historical Present

At the end of the story, Luke becomes a Jedi and defeats Darth Vader.

Lexical Accessibility

The readers combine:

Personal Knowledge + Textual Information

to guess the meaning of unfamiliar words,

only when the context provides them with immediate clues for guessing.

The optimal level of textual support should be derived from:

1) The reader´s general schemata or general knowledge structures extending

beyond the text.

2) The reader´s familiarity with the overall context of the text.

3) Semantic information provided in the paragraph within which the lexical item

appears.

4) Semantic information in the same sentence.

5) Structural constraints in the sentence.

Suggestions for

Developing a

Reading Course

Reading goals

Discourse-based approach

○ Maximize Independent Reading

○ Facilitate Negotiated Interaction

○ Foster Metacognitive Awareness and Learner

Autonomy

○ Expand Access to New Content Areas

Planning a Reading Course.

Effective Reading Strategies.

○ Silent reading in guided situations

○ Shared reading in groups

○ Individual reading inside and outside the

classroom

A Discourse Oriented Reading

Course

Goals /Metacognitive

awareness

Helps readers make decisions and choices before ,during and after their reading of the text.Expose the learner to a variety of texts genres,content areas, and styles of writing.The learner can develop the knowledge component and the processing skills.

Reading Activities that Lead to the

Development of strategic reading

Components For reading effectively.

▪ Language Knowledge(vocabulary-syntax).

▪ Discourse Knowledge and Sociocultural Knowledge.

▪ General (prior) Knowledge or The Knowledge of the world.

Special Activities need to be developed.

▪ Multipurpose reading matter.

▪ Selection of reading passages,stories,articles.

▪ Motivate reading

▪ Dictionary Skills and vocabulary work.

▪ Text organization, of grammatical and logical connectors.

○ Pre Writing a text.

○ Making Predictions

○ Focus on external and internal features of a

text.

Strategies

Younger Learners Reading

Activities Focus on:○ The Purpose of Reading

○ The Development of Reading

Strategies

○ Gaining Information and

Knowledge

Writing Instruction

Breaking Barriers

Choosing Topic and

Genre

Tactics for Planning

The Writing Process

as a Model of

AssigmentsPersonal MessagesEssaysLettersSummaries

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