Transcript of Reading Comprehension - Weebly
Reading Comprehension Directions Read the following selections and
examine the visual representation. Then answer the questions that
follow.
An episode of War stephen Crane
The lieutenant’s rubber blanket lay on the ground, and upon it he
had poured the company’s supply of coffee. Corporals and other
representatives of the grimy and hot- throated men who lined the
breastwork had come for each squad’s portion.
The lieutenant was frowning and serious at this task of division.
His lips pursed as he drew with his sword various crevices in the
heap until brown squares of coffee, astoundingly equal in size,
appeared on the blanket. He was on the verge of a great triumph in
mathematics and the corporals were thronging forward, each to reap
a little square, when suddenly the lieutenant cried out and looked
quickly at a man near him as if he suspected it was a case of
personal assault. The others cried out also when they saw blood
upon the lieutenant’s sleeve.
He had winced like a man stung, swayed dangerously, and then
straightened. The sound of his hoarse breathing was plainly
audible. He looked sadly, mystically, over the breastwork at the
green face of a wood where now were many little puffs of white
smoke. During this moment, the men about him gazed statue-like and
silent, astonished and awed by this catastrophe which had happened
when catastrophes were not expected—when they had leisure to
observe it.
As the lieutenant stared at the wood, they too swung their heads so
that for another moment all hands, still silent, contemplated the
distant forest as if their minds were fixed upon the mystery of a
bullet’s journey.
The officer had, of course, been compelled to take his sword at
once into his left hand. He did not hold it by the hilt. He gripped
it at the middle of the blade, awkwardly. Turning his eyes from the
hostile wood, he looked at the sword as he held it there, and
seemed puzzled as to what to do with it, where to put it. In short
this weapon had of a sudden become a strange thing to him. He
looked at it in a kind of stupefaction, as if he had been
miraculously endowed with a trident, a sceptre, or a spade.
Finally, he tried to sheath it. To sheath a sword held by the left
hand, at the middle of the blade, in a scabbard hung at the left
hip, is a feat worthy of a sawdust ring. This wounded officer
engaged in a desperate struggle with the sword and the wobbling
scabbard, and during the time of it, he breathed like a
wrestler.
But at this instant the men, the spectators, awoke from their
stone-like poses and crowded forward sympathetically. The
orderly-sergeant took the sword and tenderly placed it in the
scabbard. At the time, he leaned nervously backward, and did not
allow even his finger to brush the body of the lieutenant. A wound
gives strange dignity to him who bears it. Well men shy from this
new and terrible majesty. It is as if the wounded man’s hand is
upon the curtain which hangs before the revelations of all
existence, the
10
20
30
C op
yr ig
76
Unit 4, test A COntinUeD
meaning of ants, potentates, wars, cities, sunshine, snow, a
feather dropped from a bird’s wing, and the power of it sheds
radiance upon a bloody form, and makes the other men understand
sometimes that they are little. His comrades look at him with large
eyes thoughtfully. Moreover, they fear vaguely that the weight of a
finger upon him might send him headlong, precipitate the tragedy,
hurl him at once into the dim grey unknown. And so the
orderly-sergeant while sheathing the sword leaned nervously
backward.
There were others who proffered assistance. One timidly presented
his shoulder and asked the lieutenant if he cared to lean upon it,
but the latter waved them away mournfully. He wore the look of one
who knows he is the victim of a terrible disease and understands
his helplessness. He again stared over the breastwork at the
forest, and then turning went slowly rearward. He held his right
wrist tenderly in his left hand, as if the wounded arm was made of
very brittle glass.
And the men in silence stared at the wood, then at the departing
lieutenant—then at the wood, then at the lieutenant.
As the wounded officer passed from the line of battle, he was
enabled to see many things which as a participant in the fight were
unknown to him. He saw a general on a black horse gazing over the
lines of blue infantry at the green woods which veiled his
problems. An aide galloped furiously, dragged his horse suddenly to
a halt, saluted, and presented a paper. It was, for a wonder,
precisely like an historical painting.
To the rear of the general and his staff, a group, composed of a
bugler, two or three orderlies, and the bearer of the corps
standard, all upon maniacal horses, were working like slaves to
hold their ground, preserve their respectful interval, while the
shells bloomed in the air about them, and caused their chargers to
make furious quivering leaps.
A battery, a tumultuous and shining mass, was swirling toward the
right. The wild thud of hoofs, the cries of the riders shouting
blame and praise, menace and encouragement, and, last, the roar of
the wheels, the slant of the glistening guns, brought the
lieutenant to an intent pause. The battery swept in curves that
stirred the heart; it made halts as dramatic as the crash of a wave
on the rocks, and when it fled onward, this aggregation of wheels,
levers, motors, had a beautiful unity, as if it were a missile. The
sound of it was a war-chorus that reached into the depths of man’s
emotion.
The lieutenant, still holding his arm as if it were of glass, stood
watching this battery until all detail of it was lost, save the
figures of the riders, which rose and fell and waved lashes over
the black mass.
Later he turned his eyes toward the battle where the shooting
sometimes crackled like bush-fires, sometimes sputtered with
exasperating irregularity, and sometimes reverberated like the
thunder. He saw the smoke rolling upward and saw crowds of men who
ran and cheered, or stood and blazed away at the inscrutable
distance.
He came upon some stragglers and they told him how to find the
field hospital. They described its exact location. In fact these
men, no longer having part in the battle,
40
50
60
70
C op
yr ig
77Assessment File American Literature
Unit 4, test A COntinUeD
knew more of it than others. They told the performance of every
corps, every division, the opinion of every general. The
lieutenant, carrying his wounded arm rearward, looked upon them
with wonder.
At the roadside a brigade was making coffee and buzzing with talk
like a girls’ boarding-school. Several officers came out to him and
inquired concerning things of which he knew nothing. One, seeing
his arm, began to scold. “Why, man, that’s no way to do. You want
to fix that thing.” He appropriated the lieutenant and the
lieutenant’s wound. He cut the sleeve and laid bare the arm, every
nerve of which softly fluttered under his touch. He bound his
handkerchief over the wound, scolding away in the meantime. His
tone allowed one to think that he was in the habit of being wounded
every day. The lieutenant hung his head, feeling, in this presence,
that he did not know how to be correctly wounded.
The low white tents of the hospital were grouped around an old
school-house. There was here a singular commotion. In the
foreground two ambulances interlocked wheels in the deep mud. The
drivers were tossing the blame of it back and forth, gesticulating
and berating, while from the ambulances, both crammed with wounded,
there came an occasional groan. An interminable crowd of bandaged
men were coming and going. Great numbers sat under the trees
nursing heads or arms or legs. There was a dispute of some kind
raging on the steps of the school-house. Sitting with his back
against a tree a man with a face as grey as a new army blanket was
serenely smoking a corn-cob pipe. The lieutenant wished to rush
forward and inform him that he was dying.
A busy surgeon was passing near the lieutenant. “Good morning,” he
said with a friendly smile. Then he caught sight of the
lieutenant’s arm and his face at once changed. “Well, let’s have a
look at it.” He seemed possessed suddenly of a great contempt for
the lieutenant. This wound evidently placed the latter on a very
low social plane. The doctor cried out impatiently. What
mutton-head had tied it up that way anyhow. The lieutenant
answered: “Oh, a man.”
When the wound was disclosed the doctor fingered it disdainfully.
“Humph,” he said. “You come along with me and I’ll ’tend to you.”
His voice contained the same scorn as if he were saying: “You will
have to go to jail.”
The lieutenant had been very meek but now his face flushed, and he
looked into the doctor’s eyes. “I guess I won’t have it amputated,”
he said.
“Nonsense, man! nonsense! nonsense!” cried the doctor. “Come along,
now. I won’t amputate it. Come along. Don’t be a baby.”
“Let go of me,” said the lieutenant, holding back wrathfully. His
glance fixed upon the door of the old school-house, as sinister to
him as the portals of death.
And this is the story of how the lieutenant lost his arm. When he
reached home his sisters, his mother, his wife, sobbed for a long
time at the sight of the flat sleeve. “Oh, well,” he said, standing
shamefaced amid these tears, “I don’t suppose it matters so much as
all that.”
80
90
100
110
C op
yr ig
78
from Company Aytch Sam R. Watkins
And while my imagination is like the weaver’s shuttle, playing
backward and forward through these two decades of time, I ask
myself, Are these things real? did they happen? are they being
enacted today? or are they the fancies of the imagination in
forgetful reverie? . . . Surely they are but the vagaries of mine
own imagination. Surely my fancies are running wild to-night. But
hush! I now hear the approach of battle. That low, rumbling sound
in the West is the roar of cannon in the distance. That rushing
sound is the tread of soldiers. That quick, lurid glare is the
flash that precedes the cannon’s roar. And listen! that loud report
that makes the earth tremble and jar and sway, is but the bursting
of a shell, as it screams through the dark, tempestuous night. That
black, ebon cloud, where the lurid lightning flickers and flares,
that is rolling through the heavens, is the smoke of battle;
beneath is being enacted a carnage of blood and death. Listen! the
soldiers are charging now. The flashes and roaring now are blended
with the shouts of soldiers and the confusion of battle.
© Jonathan Ernst / Reuters / Corbis
NA_L11ASu04_A.indd 78 12/13/10 3:37:30 PM
C op
yr ig
79Assessment File American Literature
Comprehension Directions Answer the following questions about the
story “An Episode of War.”
1. What is the social context of the story?
A. the Civil War
A. including insignificant details
B. featuring unique characters
C. depicting ordinary people
D. focusing on nature
3. The word assault comes from the Latin word assalire, which means
“to jump on.” What is the most likely meaning of assault as it is
used in line 9?
A. surprise C. attack
B. response D. identity
4. Based on the details in lines 20–25, you can best make the
inference that the lieutenant is
A. extremely happy
C. extremely funny
D. in shock
5. The repetition of the phrase “leaned nervously backward”
suggests a tone that is
A. reverent C. modest
B. thoughtful D. anxious
6. Which lines best reflect the naturalist theme of the
insignificance of the individual?
A. “A wound gives strange dignity to him who bears it.” (lines
33–34)
B. “The power of it sheds radiance upon a bloody form” (line
37)
C. “men understand sometimes that they are little” (line 38)
D. “hurl him at once into the dim, grey unknown” (line 40)
NA_L11ASu04_A.indd 79 12/13/10 3:37:28 PM
C op
yr ig
80
Unit 4, test A COntinUeD
7. The word spectators comes from the Latin word spectare, which
means “to watch.” What is the most likely meaning of spectators as
it is used in line 30?
A. reactions C. followers
B. invitations D. observers
8. What connotation does the word dragged have in line 53?
A. forceful C. skillful
B. uncertain D. nervous
9. The setting in lines 55–59 forces the characters to
A. behave quietly
D. act quickly and strongly
10. Lines 60–66 present a social context that shows the
A. precise organization of the troops
B. necessity of fighting for a cause
C. grim, chaotic reality of war
D. need to save the natural landscape
11. Lines 88–96 reinforce the story’s social context by showing
how
A. war was terrible
B. schools were abandoned
C. roadways were primitive
D. medicine was important
12. What connotation does the word groan have in line 92?
A. painful C. triumphant
B. determined D. sarcastic
13. The description of the hospital in lines 88–96 suggests a
setting that is
A. dirty C. harmless
B. professional D. chaotic
C op
yr ig
81Assessment File American Literature
Comprehension
Directions Answer the following questions about the excerpt from
Company Aytch.
14. Which incident shows the naturalists’ use of irony?
A. the lieutenant dividing coffee among his corporals
B. the ambulance drivers causing suffering instead of helping
soldiers
C. the soldiers standing around helplessly after the lieutenant is
shot
D. the lieutenant telling the doctor he didn’t want his arm
amputated
15. Which tone is created by words such as maniacal, furious, and
quivering in lines 55–59?
A. sympathetic C. frightening
B. weary D. sorrowful
16. The surgeon’s rough manner helps you infer that the surgeon
is
A. friendly only to other doctors
B. used to seeing many wounded men
C. lacking medical training
D. unsure how he will help the lieutenant
17. Which tone is conveyed by the sentence “And this is the story
of how the lieutenant lost his arm”?
A. distracted C. uplifting
B. compassionate D. unemotional
18. An example of an external conflict in the story is the
A. lieutenant rationing coffee
C. lieutenant’s feelings about his injury
D. doctor insisting on treating the lieutenant
19. The speaker’s questions help you infer that, today, he finds
his war experiences
A. haunting C. simple
B. hazy D. fatal
20. Which statement conveys the naturalist theme that the
individual lacks control over events and feelings?
A. “Listen! the soldiers are charging now.”
B. “That quick, lurid glare is the flash that precedes the cannon’s
roar.”
C. “Surely my fancies are running wild to- night.”
D. “That rushing sound is the tread of soldiers.”
NA_L11ASu04_A.indd 81 12/13/10 3:37:27 PM
C op
yr ig
82
Unit 4, test A COntinUeD
Comprehension Directions Answer the following questions about the
short story “An Episode of War” and the excerpt from Company
Aytch.
21. The word vagary comes from the Latin word vagari, which means
“to wander.” What is the most likely meaning of vagaries as it is
used in line 4?
A. outings C. decisions
B. solid details D. odd ideas
22. After the speaker says, “But hush! I now hear the approach of
battle,” the speaker’s interpretation of the environment reflects
the naturalist attitude that people act
A. with powerful concern for the welfare of others
B. on instinct rather than by choice
C. in ways that will save them from suffering
D. through logical free will
23. Which internal conflict does the speaker experience?
A. His reminiscences about the war exclude his wife and
children.
B. Nothing protects him from the cannons that continually go off
nearby.
C. He still experiences the sensations of a battle that happened
twenty years ago.
D. He regrets that he is no longer a soldier carrying out heroic
rescues.
24. The repetition of the word battle helps create a tone that
is
A. bullying C. appreciative
B. unsettled D. noble
25. From the behavior of the lieutenant in the short story and the
“fancies” of the speaker in Company Aytch, you can best infer that
these soldiers became
A. defiant in the face of the enemy
B. disoriented by threats to their safety
C. unable to recall physical details
D. wise as they overcame obstacles
26. The fact that both writers choose words related to storms to
describe battle creates a tone that is
A. lively C. intense
B. respectful D. disgusted
C op
yr ig
83Assessment File American Literature
Comprehension Directions Answer the following questions about the
visual representation.
Written response short response Directions Write two or three
sentences to answer each question on a separate sheet of
paper.
29. How does the setting in lines 60–66 of “An Episode of War”
reflect naturalist ideas? Give one example to support your
response.
30. Identify the conflict that the men face in lines 30–41 of “An
Episode of War.” Is this conflict internal or external? Explain
your response.
extenDeD response Directions Write two or more paragraphs to answer
this question on a separate sheet of paper.
31. A common theme in naturalism is that human destiny is beyond
the control of the individual. How is this theme reflected in the
story and the excerpt from Company Aytch? Provide three examples to
support your answer.
27. The rows and rows of graves create a visual impression of
A. texture C. depth
B. focus D. light
28. The composition of this photograph suggests that the
photographer wanted to emphasize the
A. contrast between life and death
B. vast numbers of soldiers who have died
C. power of nature over people’s wishes
D. hopefulness of springtime
C op
yr ig
84
Unit 4, test A COntinUeD
Revising and Editing Directions Read this excerpt from an
analytical essay and answer the questions that follow.
(1) It was 1893. (2) The Gilded Age was about to end in an economic
depression, but in Chicago, a big fair was being put on, the
World’s Columbian Exposition. (3) Some popular writers took the
fair for their subject. (4) At the same time, writers were already
weaving social issues into their otherwise popular sentimental
entertainments. (5) Lurking under the simple stories of the day
were a cluster of social issues that will be recognized by anyone
who is studying this period of U.S. history.
(6) For example, in 1892, the African-American writer Frances
Harper published her novel Iola Leroy. (7) Today, people describe
the book as a convoluted plot about crossing the color line and
living an unsettled life. (8) At the time, however, the book
reflected the mood of many women in the country. (9) Many wants the
vote and many believes in education for women as a way forward.
(10) This novel took those themes seriously.
(11) Then there was Clara Louise Burnham. (12) Her 1894 book Sweet
Clover: A Romance of the White City used the setting of the 1893
fair to say some things about marriage. (13) In this case, a
teenager who had to support her sick, widowed mother and three
siblings decides to marry an old rich man. (14) You can see where
this social issue is similar to others.
(15) Also there is Frances Hodgson Burnett, famous author of The
Secret Garden. (16) Burnett used the Columbian Exposition as a
setting for her 1895 novel Two Little Pilgrims’ Progress: A Story
of the City Beautiful. (17) This book is about twin orphans who are
not offered many opportunities by their tough old aunt’s farm. (18)
A review in The New York Times on October 19, 1895, said that the
book was “free from any mere sentimentality,” yet it also said that
“Mrs. Burnett’s command of pathos is extraordinary.” (19) Pathos is
a feeling of pity. (20) All three books mentioned so far played on
people’s feelings of pity.
(21) Finally, one more example is L. Frank Baum, whose most famous
book is The Wonderful Wizard of Oz. (22) Baum’s Emerald City may be
modeled on the World’s Columbian Exposition, often called “the
White City” because of the color of its buildings. (23) Baum’s
mother-in-law was a famous activist for women’s voting rights. (24)
In many of his works and in his life as well, Baum promoted women’s
rights through entertaining.
NA_L11ASu04_A.indd 84 12/13/10 3:37:26 PM
C op
yr ig
85Assessment File American Literature
Unit 4, test A COntinUeD
1. Changing the verbs in sentences 1 and 2 to present tense would
make the introduction
A. passive C. less choppy
B. more immediate D. informal
2. Which statement summarizes the thesis of this essay?
A. The 1893 Columbian Exposition produced numerous popular
writers.
B. People who know about the themes of the 1890s will recognize
them in literature of the era.
C. Some popular writers of the 1890s addressed social issues
through their stories.
D. Without the Columbian Exposition, many social issues would not
have come to light.
3. Which two sentences should the writer combine into a clear
thesis statement?
A. sentences 2 and 3
B. sentences 3 and 4
C. sentences 3 and 5
D. sentences 4 and 5
4. Which revision of sentence 5 corrects an error in subject-verb
agreement?
A. change Lurking to Lurked
B. change were to was
C. change will be to would be
D. change is studying to are studying
5. Which revision to the end of sentence 5 changes passive voice to
active voice?
A. will be recognized by students of U.S. history
B. anyone studying this period of U.S. history will recognize
C. would become recognized by anyone studying this period of U.S.
history
D. U.S. history of this period could be recognized by
6. Which sentence contains gerund phrases?
A. sentence 7 C. sentence 13
B. sentence 9 D. sentence 16
7. Which sentence contains two errors in subject-verb
agreement?
A. sentence 6 C. sentence 14
B. sentence 9 D. sentence 17
8. To use the present verb tense effectively in sentence 13,
change
A. had to has
B. support to supports
C. decides to decided
D. marry to marries
C op
yr ig
86
Unit 4, test A COntinUeD
Writing Directions Read the following quotation. Then read the
prompt that follows and complete the writing activity.
“I find that principles have no real force except when one is well
fed.” Mark Twain
Prompt: Write an analytical essay in which you discuss how an
author or a work from this unit portrays the principles, or values,
of people from a region of the United States. Include details that
support your thesis statement.
Now write your essay. The following reminders will help you.
Reminders • Be sure your writing does what the prompt asks.
• Clearly state a thesis about the author or the work.
• Use transitions to link ideas.
• Maintain an appropriate analytical tone.
• Check for correct grammar, spelling, and punctuation.
9. To improve the way sentence 10 gives evidence to support the
thesis, the writer should
A. describe the themes in greater detail
B. change the word novel to writer
C. connect the themes to the book’s plot
D. give statistics to support the claim
10. Which sentence contains passive voice?
A. sentence 17 C. sentence 19
B. sentence 18 D. sentence 20
11. To connect the paragraph about Frances Hodgson Burnett to the
thesis statement, the writer should
A. give background for readers unfamiliar with the book The Secret
Garden
B. remove the references to pathos and sentimentality
C. tell more about what happens to the twin orphans in “the City
Beautiful”
D. identify social issues covered in the book Two Little Pilgrims’
Progress
12. Which word from the last paragraph is a gerund?
A. modeled C. rights
B. activist D. entertaining