Post on 15-Oct-2021
Reactive Transport through Carbonates
Wen Song, Folake Ogunbanwo, Marianne Steinsbø, Martin Fernø, Hamdi Tchelepi, and Anthony R. Kovscek
SUPRI-A
Department of Energy Resources Engineering
Stanford University
May 25, 2017SCCS Annual Affiliates Meeting 2017
Reservoir engineering at the pore scale
2
http://www.spe.org/industry/images/different-scales-involved-in-hydrocarbon-production.png
3
Transport in carbonates
[Jordan and Wilson (1994) AAPG Memoir 60]
https://www.slb.com/~/media/Files/resources/mearr/num4/stimulate_flow.pdf
4
Damkohler number
Dissolution as a function of acid flow rate and concentration
C. N. Fredd and H. S. Fogler, Alternative Stimulation Fluids and Their Impact on Carbonate Acidizing, SPE J., 1998, 34-41.
5
http://www.kgs.ku.edu/Publications/Oil/gifs/fig2d.jpg
Grain Pore
space
Direct visualization of dissolution dynamics
Single-channel calcite microfluidic platform
6
(a) Silicon
mold
(b) PDMS
channel
(c) PDMS
plate
(d) Calcite-embedded
microchannel
Channel
dimensions:
L = 3 cm
W = 1.5 mm
h = 200 μm
Calcite
dimensions:
W = 500 μm
h = 300 μm
W =
1.5
mm
Wcalcite = 500 μm
Calcite post
PDMS channel
Produced CO2
Acidic fluid
Calcite dissolution in 1D flow
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HClConcentration
[%]0.5%HCl 1%HCl 2%HCl
Fluid
velocity[m/day]
10
NomacroscopicbubblesRe=0.0576
Pe=31.11Dissolutionrate=62.5μm
2/s
Da=1.080e-3
PeDa=0.03360
SlowreactionRe=0.0576
Pe=31.11
GasphaseengulfmentRe=0.0576
Pe=31.11Dissolutionrate=323.1μm
2/s
Da=5.583e-3
PeDa=0.1739
50
Slowreaction
Re=0.2882Pe=155.56
Dissolutionrate=63.8μm2/s
Da=2.206e-4
PeDa=0.03441
Gasphaseengulfment
Re=0.2882Pe=155.56
Dissolutionrate=77.9μm2/s
Da=2.694e-4
PeDa=0.04202
Gasphaseengulfment
Re=0.2882Pe=155.56
Dissolutionrate=329.6μm2/s
Da=1.139e-3
PeDa=0.1777
100
Gasphaseengulfment
Re=0.5764Pe=311.13Dissolutionrate=56.8μm
2/s
Da=9.809e-5
PeDa=0.03051
Rapiddissolution
Re=0.5764Pe=311.13Dissolutionrate=202.5μm
2/s
Da=3.499e-4
PeDa=0.1088
Rapiddissolution
Re=0.5764Pe=311.13Dissolutionrate=373.5μm
2/s
Da=6.454e-4
PeDa=0.2007
Calcite dissolution in 1D flow
8
HClConcentration
[%]0.5%HCl 1%HCl 2%HCl
Fluid
velocity[m/day]
10
NomacroscopicbubblesRe=0.0576
Pe=31.11Dissolutionrate=62.5μm
2/s
Da=1.080e-3
PeDa=0.03360
SlowreactionRe=0.0576
Pe=31.11
GasphaseengulfmentRe=0.0576
Pe=31.11Dissolutionrate=323.1μm
2/s
Da=5.583e-3
PeDa=0.1739
50
Slowreaction
Re=0.2882Pe=155.56
Dissolutionrate=63.8μm2/s
Da=2.206e-4
PeDa=0.03441
Gasphaseengulfment
Re=0.2882Pe=155.56
Dissolutionrate=77.9μm2/s
Da=2.694e-4
PeDa=0.04202
Gasphaseengulfment
Re=0.2882Pe=155.56
Dissolutionrate=329.6μm2/s
Da=1.139e-3
PeDa=0.1777
100
Gasphaseengulfment
Re=0.5764Pe=311.13Dissolutionrate=56.8μm
2/s
Da=9.809e-5
PeDa=0.03051
Rapiddissolution
Re=0.5764Pe=311.13Dissolutionrate=202.5μm
2/s
Da=3.499e-4
PeDa=0.1088
Rapiddissolution
Re=0.5764Pe=311.13Dissolutionrate=373.5μm
2/s
Da=6.454e-4
PeDa=0.2007
Calcite dissolution in 1D flow
9
HClConcentration
[%]0.5%HCl 1%HCl 2%HCl
Fluid
velocity[m/day]
10
NomacroscopicbubblesRe=0.0576
Pe=31.11Dissolutionrate=62.5μm
2/s
Da=1.080e-3
PeDa=0.03360
SlowreactionRe=0.0576
Pe=31.11
GasphaseengulfmentRe=0.0576
Pe=31.11Dissolutionrate=323.1μm
2/s
Da=5.583e-3
PeDa=0.1739
50
Slowreaction
Re=0.2882Pe=155.56
Dissolutionrate=63.8μm2/s
Da=2.206e-4
PeDa=0.03441
Gasphaseengulfment
Re=0.2882Pe=155.56
Dissolutionrate=77.9μm2/s
Da=2.694e-4
PeDa=0.04202
Gasphaseengulfment
Re=0.2882Pe=155.56
Dissolutionrate=329.6μm2/s
Da=1.139e-3
PeDa=0.1777
100
Gasphaseengulfment
Re=0.5764Pe=311.13Dissolutionrate=56.8μm
2/s
Da=9.809e-5
PeDa=0.03051
Rapiddissolution
Re=0.5764Pe=311.13Dissolutionrate=202.5μm
2/s
Da=3.499e-4
PeDa=0.1088
Rapiddissolution
Re=0.5764Pe=311.13Dissolutionrate=373.5μm
2/s
Da=6.454e-4
PeDa=0.2007
Calcite dissolution in 1D flow
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Reactive transport through porous media
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How does the grain-engulfment
effect translate to systems with
more realistic pore geometry?
Calcite-functionalized 2D microfluidics
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Sporosarcina pasteurii
200 μm
bacteria
grain
pore
Calcite-functionalized 2D microfluidics
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Cementation fluid:- 1M urea- 1M CaCl2
200 μm
grain
pore
Bacteria induced calcite-functionalization of micromodel
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200 μm
calcite
100 μm
calcite
Carbonate dissolution in 2D
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2% HCl in DI water
Superficial velocity 50 m/day
5 psi, 35°C
Sped up 60x
200 μm
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Grain-engulfment due to CO2 wettability
Sped up 35x
50 μm
CO2(g)
Calcite grain
Silicongrain
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Grain-engulfment on dissolution
50 μm
t = 0 s
t = 125 s
t = 250 s
t = 375 s
t = 500 s
CO2(g)
Engulfed calcite grain
Silicongrain
Exposedcalcite grain
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Grain-engulfment on dissolution
Exposed calcite grains
Engulfed calcite grains
Acid in preferentialflow path
Dissolving calcite grain
CO2Calcite grain
Pressure effects on Grain-Engulfment
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Does CO2 come out of
solution at reservoir
conditions?
If so, does grain-
engulfment still play a
role?
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2% HCl in DI water
Superficial velocity 50 m/day
1200 psi, 35°C
Sped up 60x
200 μm
High pressure carbonate dissolution in 2D
Dissolution rate ~ 60 μm2/s
Da ~ 7.3e-2
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200 μm
High pressure carbonate dissolution with CO2-saturated acid
2% HCl in DI water saturated with CO2
at 1200 psi
Superficial velocity 50 m/day
1200 psi, 35°C
Sped up 60x
22
200 μm
High pressure carbonate dissolution in 2D
scCO2
Calcite grain
CO2-saturated acid 2% HCl in DI water saturated with CO2
at 1200 psi
Superficial velocity 50 m/day
1200 psi, 35°C
Sped up 60x
Reservoir modeling
23
How does the pore-scale grain-
engulfment effect translate to
the reservoir?
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Porosity change and CO2 concentration due to reaction
1
0
15
0
Porosity evolution over time Separate CO2 phase evolution over time
Development of calcite-based microfluidics
Experiments demonstrate impact of separate-phase CO2 and grain-
engulfment on carbonate dissolution
Two-phase flow modeling in reactive transport
Conclusion & Future work
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Direct visualization of carbonate dissolution
Hone method to coat micromodel grains with calcite
Study directly the mechanisms related to subsurface flow phenomena in
carbonate reservoirs using calcite-functionalized micromodels
Pore-scale study of flow through carbonates
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Acknowledgement
Professor Anthony R. Kovscek
Professor Martin Fernø
Dr. Steinar Sorne, Dr. Marianne Steinsbø, Sunniva
Fredriksen
SUPRI-A Industrial Affiliates
NorTex STEP scholarship
SUPRI-A Team