Post on 27-Oct-2014
ANALYSIS OF RAIN WATER HARVESTING AND METHODS OF WATER SUPPLY IN SIVAKASI(VIRUDHUNAGAR DISTRICT)
MINOR RESEARCH PROJECT REPORT
on
ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES (E2S01)
Submitted to
AYYA NADAR JANAKI AMMAL COLLEGE, SIVAKASI
(Autonomous college with potential for Excellence by UGC)
Affiliated to Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai.
Submitted by
R.VETRI VEL 10ud24
Guided by
Mrs. K.DHANALAKSHMI MBA.,
Assistant Professor in Business Administration (SF)
DEPARTMENT OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION (SF)
AYYA NADAR JANAKI AMMAL COLLEGE, (Autonomous)SIVAKASI-626 124
Mrs. B. MAHESWARI MBA., M.Phil., PGDCA., (Ph.D)
Head, Department Of Business Administration (SF),
Ayya Nadar Janaki Ammal College (Autonomous),
Sivakasi – 626 124.
1
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that this minor research project report entitled, “ANALYSIS OF RAIN
WATER HARVESTINGAND METHODS OF SUPPLYING WATER IN SIVAKASI” being
submitted by the following students of the Department of Business Administration (SF), Ayya
Nadar Janaki Ammal College (Autonomous), Sivakasi, Affiliated to the Madurai Kamaraj
University, is a bonafide work carried out by them under the guidance and supervision of
Assistant professor of Mrs.K.Dhanalakshmi MBA.
R.VETRI VEL 10UD24
Place: Sivakasi Signature of the Head
Date:
Mrs.K.DHANALAKSHMI MBA.,
Assistant professor in Business Administration(SF)
Ayya Nadar Janaki Ammal College (Autonomous).
Sivakasi-626 124.
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that this minor research project report entitled, “ANALYSIS OF
RAIN WATER HARVESTINGAND METHODS OF SUPPLYING WATER IN SIVAKASI”
2
being submitted by the following students of the Department of Business Administration,(SF)
Ayya Nadar Janaki Ammal College (Autonomous), Sivakasi, Affiliated to the Madurai Kamaraj
University is a bonafide work carried out by them under my guidance and supervision.
R.VETRI VEL 10ud24
Place: Sivakasi Signature of the Guide
Date:
TABLE OF CONTENT
CHAPTERS CONTENT PAGE NO.
I INTRODUCTION 1-5
II RAIN WATER STORING PLACES IN SIVAKASI 6-8
IIIBUILDING WHICH ADOPT RAIN WATER HARVESTING
9
IVWATER SUPPLY AND IMPROVEMENT SCHEME
10-15
3
V CONCLUSION 16
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURES PARTICULARS PAGE NO
1 ROOF TOP CATCHMENT SYSTEM 2
2 GROUND CATCHMENT SYSTEM 2
3 A MODEL FOR RAIN WATER HARVESTING5
4 PERIYAKULAM 6
5 CHINNAKULAM 7
6 VEMBAKKOTTAI DAM 8
7 VEMBAKKOTTAI DAM 8
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE NO PARTICULARS PAGE NO
1 MUNICIPAL BUILDING 9
2RAIN WATER HARVESTING STRUCTURE
9
3LOCAL WATER SUPPLY SOURCES
12
4 WATER SUPPLY 12
5 FEEDER MAIN 13
4
6 SERVICE RESERVOIER 14
7 TYPES OF CARRIER 14
8 HOUSE CONNECTION 15
CHAPTER-I
AIM:
To analyse about rain water harvesting and methods of supplying water in sivakasi.
INTRODUCTION
Rain Water Harvesting
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The process of augmenting the underground water table by artificial infiltration of rainwater
and surface run off is known as Rain Water Harvesting Mechanism.
Rainwater harvesting is a technology used for collecting and storing rainwater from rooftops,
the land surface or rock catchments using simple techniques such as jars and pots as well as more
complex techniques such as underground check dams. The techniques usually found in Asia and
Africa arise from practices employed by ancient civilizations within these regions and still serve
as a major source of drinking water supply in rural areas. Commonly used systems are
constructed of three principal components; namely, the catchment area, the collection device,
and the conveyance system.
a) Catchment Areas
i) Rooftop catchments: In the most basic form of this technology, rainwater is collected in simple
vessels at the edge of the roof. As the rooftop is the main catchment area, the amount and quality
of rainwater collected depends on the area and type of roofing material. Reasonably pure
rainwater can be collected from roofs constructed with galvanized corrugated iron, aluminium or
asbestos cement sheets, tiles and slates, although thatched roofs tied with bamboo gutters and
laid in proper slopes can produce almost the same amount of runoff less expensively (Gould,
1992). However, the bamboo roofs are least suitable because of possible health hazards.
Similarly, roofs with metallic paint or other coatings are not recommended as they may impart
tastes or colour to the collected water. Roof catchments should also be cleaned regularly to
remove dust, leaves and bird droppings so as to maintain the quality of the product water (see
figure 1).
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ii) Land surface catchments: Rainwater harvesting using ground or land surface catchment areas
is less complex way of collecting rainwater. It involves improving runoff capacity of the land
surface through various techniques including collection of runoff with drain pipes and storage of
collected water. Compared to rooftop catchment techniques, ground catchment techniques
provide more opportunity for collecting water from a larger surface area. By retaining the flows
(including flood flows) of small creeks and streams in small storage reservoirs (on surface or
underground) created by low cost (e.g., earthen) dams, this technology can meet water demands
during dry periods. There is a possibility of high rates of water loss due to infiltration into the
ground, and, because of the often marginal quality of the water collected, this technique is
mainly suitable for storing water for agricultural purposes. Various techniques available for
increasing the runoff within ground catchment areas involve: i) clearing or altering vegetation
cover, ii) increasing the land slope with artificial ground cover, and iii) reducing soil
permeability by the soil compaction and application of chemicals (see figure 2).
Clearing or altering vegetation cover: Clearing vegetation from the ground can increase surface
runoff but also can induce more soil erosion. Use of dense vegetation cover such as grass is
usually suggested as it helps to both maintain an high rate of runoff and minimize soil erosion.
iii) Increasing slope: Steeper slopes can allow rapid runoff of rainfall to the collector. However,
the rate of runoff has to be controlled to minimise soil erosion from the catchment field. Use of
plastic sheets, asphalt or tiles along with slope can further increase efficiency by reducing both
evaporative losses and soil erosion. The use of flat sheets of galvanized iron with timber frames
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to prevent corrosion was recommended and constructed in the State of Victoria, Australia, about
65 years ago (Kenyon, 1929; cited in UNEP, 1982).
iv) Soil compaction by physical means: This involves smoothing and compacting of soil surface
using equipment such as graders and rollers. To increase the surface runoff and minimize soil
erosion rates, conservation bench terraces are constructed along a slope perpendicular to runoff
flow. The bench terraces are separated by the sloping collectors and provision is made for
distributing the runoff evenly across the field strips as sheet flow. Excess flows are routed to a
lower collector and stored (UNEP, 1982).
V) Soil compaction by chemical treatments: In addition to clearing, shaping and compacting a
catchment area, chemical applications with such soil treatments as sodium can significantly
reduce the soil permeability. Use of aqueous solutions of a silicone-water repellent is another
technique for enhancing soil compaction technologies. Though soil permeability can be reduced
through chemical treatments, soil compaction can induce greater rates of soil erosion and may be
expensive. Use of sodium-based chemicals may increase the salt content in the collected water,
which may not be suitable both for drinking and irrigation purposes.
b) Collection Devices
i) Storage tanks: Storage tanks for collecting rainwater harvested using guttering may be either
above or below the ground. Precautions required in the use of storage tanks include provision of
an adequate enclosure to minimise contamination from human, animal or other environmental
contaminants, and a tight cover to prevent algal growth and the breeding of mosquitos. Open
containers are not recommended for collecting water for drinking purposes. Various types of
rainwater storage facilities can be found in practice. Among them are cylindrical ferrocement
tanks and mortar jars. The ferrocement tank consists of a lightly reinforced concrete base on
which is erected a circular vertical cylinder with a 10 mm steel base. This cylinder is further
wrapped in two layers of light wire mesh to form the frame of the tank. Mortar jars are large jar
shaped vessels constructed from wire reinforced mortar. The storage capacity needed should be
calculated to take into consideration the length of any dry spells, the amount of rainfall, and the
per capita water consumption rate. In most of the Asian countries, the winter months are dry,
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sometimes for weeks on end, and the annual average rainfall can occur within just a few days. In
such circumstances, the storage capacity should be large enough to cover the demands of two to
three weeks. For example, a three person household should have a minimum capacity of 3
(Persons) x 90 (l) x 20 (days) = 5 400l
ii) Rainfall water containers: As an alternative to storage tanks, battery tanks (i.e.,
interconnected tanks) made of pottery, ferrocement, or polyethylene may be suitable. The
polyethylene tanks are compact but have a large storage capacity (ca. 1 000 to 2 000 l), are easy
to clean and have many openings which can be fitted with fittings for connecting pipes. In Asia,
jars made of earthen materials or ferrocement tanks are commonly used. During the 1980s, the
use of rainwater catchment technologies, especially roof catchment systems, expanded rapidly in
a number of regions, including Thailand where more than ten million 2 m3 ferrocement
rainwater jars were built and many tens of thousands of larger ferrocement tanks were
constructed between 1991 and 1993. Early problems with the jar design were quickly addressed
by including a metal cover using readily available, standard brass fixtures. The immense success
of the jar programme springs from the fact that the technology met a real need, was affordable,
and invited community participation. The programme also captured the imagination and support
of not only the citizens, but also of government at both local and national levels as well as
community based organizations, small-scale enterprises and donor agencies. The introduction
and rapid promotion of Bamboo reinforced tanks, however, was less successful because the
bamboo was attacked by termites, bacteria and fungus. More than 50 000 tanks were built
between 1986 and 1993 (mainly in Thailand and Indonesia) before a number started to fail, and,
by the late 1980s, the bamboo reinforced tank design, which had promised to provide an
excellent low-cost alternative to ferrocement tanks, had to be abandoned.
PURPOSE
River water; water in lakes, ponds and wells; water that seeps into the ground, collecting
in the belly of the earth; tapwater; even bottled water! The source of all water is rain.
i) In areas where there is inadequate groundwater supply or surface resources are either
lacking or insufficient, rainwater harvesting offers an ideal solution.
ii) Helps in utilizing the primary source of water and prevent the runoff from going into
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sewer or storm drains, thereby reducing the load on treatment plants.
iii) Reduces urban flooding.
iv) Recharging water into the aquifers help in improving the quality of existing groundwater
through dilution.
Figure:3 A model for rain water harvesting
CHAPTER-II
RAIN WATER STORING PLACES IN SIVAKASI
Based on sivakasi rain water or mainly stored in periyakulam in sivakasi an chinnakulam
sivakasi and vempakkottai dam
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Figure:4 Periyakulam
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Figure:5 chinnakulam
And there are 28 canals, 4756 tanks, 7797 tube bore wells, 721 ordinary wells and 358 other sources in sivakasi from this sources about 13660 hectare of lands get irrigated
CLIMATE WHICH BRINGS RAINFALL IN SIVAKASI
The weather in this region is primarily semi-arid tropical monsoon type with high mean
temperatures and a low humidity. Temperature ranges from 20.c to 37.c. The month of April to
June is the hottest period of the year. Sivakasi receives scanty rainfall with an annual average of
812 m.m. The South west monsoon with an onest in June and lasting until August brings scanty
rain . Bulk of the rainfall is received during the North East monsoon in the months of October,
November and December
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Figure:6 Vembakkottai dam
Figure:7 Vembakkottai dam
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CHAPTERIII
THE BUILDINGS WHICH ADAPOT RAIN WATER HARVESTING.
TABLE:1-Municipal Building
Sl.No. Name of the Department Total No. of Buildings No. of buildings covered with RWH structures
1 Sivakasi Municipality 44 44
TABLE:2-Rain Water Harvesting Structures Created In Non Government Buildings (Urban)
Sl.No. Category Total No. of BuildingsNo. of buildings covered
with RWH structures
1 Private Houses 23456 23266
2 Commercial Buildings 677 677
3 Private Institutions 41 41
Total 24174 23984
Consider a building with a flat terrace area of 100 sq.m. The average annual rainfall in sivakasi
is approximately 1100 mm (44 inches). In simple terms, this means that if the terrace floor is
assumed to be impermeable, and all the rain that falls on it is retained without evaporation,
then, in one year, there will be rainwater on the terrace floor to a height of 1100mm.
Area of plot = 100sq.m.
Height of rainfall= 1.1. (1100 mm or 44 inches)
Volume of rainfall over the plot= Area of plot x Height of rainfall = 100 sq.m.
1.1cu.m.110cu.m.(1.10.000 liters)
Assuming that only 60% of that total rainfall is effectively harvested.
Volume of water harvested= 66,000 liters
This volume is about four times the annual drinks water requirement of a five member family.
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The average dally water requirement per person is 10 liters according to IS172: Indian standard
code of Basic Requirement for Water Supply, Drainage and Sanitation.
CHAPTER-IV
WATER SUPPLY AND IMPROVEMENT SCHEME
The source of water supply to Sivakasi Municipality is the Vaipar River developed in
1960’s which is the subsurface source in the form of infiltration gallery and wells at
Vembakottai about 14 KM from Sivakasi town . The water supply headworks of this
scheme– I was constructed to tap 3.10 MLD of water to supply to a population of 50,000
expected in 1991 at Lpcd . This water is collected in a collection cum suction well of 3.6 m in
diameter situated on the bank of river and pumped to the town through 300 mm dia C.I main
with centrifugal pumps of duly 2160 Lpm against 60m head . At Sivakasi town this quantity
of water is received in an overhead tank of 9 lakhs liters capacity and distributed through a
water distribution network of about 30 Km length with CI pipes of sizes ranging from
300mm to 8 mm. In 1990 the water supply improvement scheme to Sivakasi Town was
implemented with abstraction of surface water from Vembakottai dam of 398.7 Mcft capacity
and 7 m storage depth constructed across the Vaipar river by Public Works Department
The dam is situated at about 1 K M from upstream of the existing water supply
headworks . The quantity of water allotted from the dam to water supply to Sivakasi Town
is 50 Mcft which is equal to 3.15 Mld . The raw water from the dam is drawn through an
intake well of 3.6m in dia with three intake pipes at different levels. The bottom most intake
pipe is extended well in to the deepest portion of the dam . The pump sets 2 Nos. ( 1 No.
standby ) of duty 3587 Lpm. Against a head of 15m and conveyed through a raw water
transmission main of 1 k.m. length 315mm outer dia PVC pipe to the water treatment plant
(WTP ) . The WTP is situated in a site adjacent to site where the suction well and pump house
of Scheme – I.
There are 10194 water supply House Service Connection to supply water to the
consumers and 147 Public Fountains on to serve the population below poverty line . The
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population of the town as per the 2001 census is 72170 with recommended per capita water
supply rate of 90 lpcd the total daily water demand is in the order of 6.5 Mld. But the present
water supply is 4.5 MLD during the normal season with good rain fall , 1.8 MLD during
the worst season with inadequate rainfall.
Today with meager water potential supply to the public is effected once in 10 days for 2
Hours only ( once in 3 days for 2 Hours in normal season ) . Further the Municipality is
possessing the Five numbers mobile water tanker for supplying water to the public who
are not afforded with Water Supply House service connections and not served with Public
Fountains and slum area throughout the year . To mitigate the water scarcity situation 206
bore wells of 30 m to 125m depth drilled and fitted with India mark II hand pump but water
from these borewells are Brackish and the public is unsing this only for non – portable
purposes. Affluent people are managing with their own arrangements. Private tanker
operations are also selling water in small quantities of tanker.
It is proposed to supply bulk quantity of 5.0 MLD water from the combined water
supply scheme from MANNUR and few other habitation with an estimated cost of Rs. 13.85
Crores . For which Council has passed the resolution to implement the scheme through
TWAD Board. If the above scheme is implemented , the water problem in Sivakasi
Municipal area can be solved .
There are 6 water supply zones in this town. They are in the west of Railway line.
Zone-I and Zone-II are covered with the wards 25, 30, 29, 31 and Zone III to the east of the
Sattur Road and Southern wards like 22, 2 , 1 etc. Zone IV covers the wards to the west of the
Srivilliputtur road and those towards the North like 3, 4, 5 etc., Zone 5 covers east of the
Thiruthangal Road which covers the wards 10, 11, 12 and 13.Ward 3, 20, 21, 27 and 28 which
are to the east of the railway line towards the hills are yet to be provided. Water is supplied to
these wards are through water tankers.
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LOCAL WATER SUPPLY SOURCES
TABLE:3-Local water supply sources
Name of the River Vaipar River
Location of river Vembakottai village
Name of the Dam Vembakottai Dam
Date of Commencement 30.12.1986
Irrigation area 8100 Sq.km
Production of food 6273 Tonnes
Full water level 87.50 mts
Sea level 80.500 mts
Full depth of water 7.00 mts
Transmission Main
Two transmission mains , 300mm CI and 400 mm AC for scheme- I and scheme-II
respectively has been installed to pump the water to Sivakasi Municipality from the water
supply headworks .
TABLE:4 Water supply
Scheme Raw water transmission
main
Clear water transmission
Main
I 150 mm CI / 250 m 300 CI / 14,360 m
II 315 mm PVC / 1000 m 400 AC / 14, 360 m
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TABLE:5-Feeder Main
Sl. NoLocation of
OHT
Capacity
(LL)
Booster
station
Feeding
from
Pumping
HP
Detail
Duty
1Kamarajar
Road9.00 I 50 HP
2160 lpm
X60m head
2Gandhi Nagar
3.00 II Direct 7.5 HP450lpmX29
m
3Kamarajar
Road12.00 III Booster 15 HP
1980 lpm X
22 m
4M.G.R.
Thidal3.00 IV Booster 20 HP
1956
lpmX22 m
5Coronation
colony3.00 V Booster 20 HP
1956 lpm X
27 m
6Palaniandavar
colony3.00 VI Booster 10 HP
738 lpm X
26 m
Details of existing services
Details of reservoirs and its capacity , year of construction , staging height , average
ground level , lowest water level (LWL) and maximum water level (MWL) are furnished below
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TABLE:6-Service Reservoir
No. Location of Service reservoir
CapacityLL
Year of Construction
Aug LWL MWL StagingHeight
1 Gandhi Nagar 3.00 1990 108.23 119.23 123.23 11.00
2 KamarajarRoad 12.00 1990 102.70 115.00 118.00 12.30
3 Kamarajar Road 9.00 1960 102.45 108.30 110.80 5.85
4 MGR Thidal
Road
3.00 2001 102.85 114.85 118.00 12.00
5 Coronation
Colony
3.00 2001 104.29 116.29 119.44 12.00
6 Palaniyandavar
Colony
5.00 1990 102.93 113.93 117.93 11.00
7 Cattle Shed 3.00 2001 101.43 113.43 116.58 12.00
Details of distribution and transmission system
Sivakasi Municipality maintains mobile water tankers for supplying water to
unserved and slum areas year round. Details of water supply facility provided by this
Municipality to various areas which is furnished below :
TABLE:7-Types of carrier
Type of Carrier Capacity
(Litres)
Units Trips per day Water supply/ day
Lorry 9,000 2 6 108,000
Lorry 6,000 1 6 36,000
Tractor with
trailer5,000 2 6 60,000
Power Tiller 1,000 2 10 20,000
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House Service connections
A total of 11290 House Service Connections have been provided of which 8348
connections are domestic and remaining are commercial / industrial. All non-domestic
connections are metered . Details of existing water supply connection are furnished in the
following table :
TABLE:8-House connection
Water supply Improvement Schemes
Now the Manur Combined Water Supply Scheme is being executed by TWAD board,
with municipal contribution of Rs.13.71 crores. Now it is informed by the E.E. TWAD, that
the works is nearing completion with a due of 8.5 km length pumping main laying and will be
completed before the end of the month of June 2006. On completion of this scheme, the daily
water supply will be achieved to 90 LPCD.
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Details Water supply
connection
Tarrif rate Rs. /Month
Total HSC’s 11290 --
Domestic 10410 61.00
Commercial 292 301.00
Industrial 588 301.00
CHAPTER-V
CONCLUSION
Sometimes, you have to grab an existing problem by the scruff of its neck. It will cringe and cry.
It will bring tears to your eyes. Give it a hard shake. To its demands, say "NO!"
In this way, you stop focusing on the problem, and move on to the solution. You say: "YES!"
You move from "NO!" to "YES!” From despair to problem-solving. From now to the future. It is
a very useful process during rainy season and during the scarcity of water.by doing this process
we can safe water for domestic purpose,drinking purpose and for future needs.it is a very simple
and affordable process.with the decreasing availability of water, rain water harvesting is the best
option .
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REFERENCE:
WWW.GOOGLE.COM
WWW.GOOGLE MAP.COM
WWW.PHOTO BUCKET.COM
WWW.SIVAKASI MUNICIPALITY.COM
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