Radiofrequency exposure in the general population: sources ...

ICNIRP 8th INTERNATIONAL NIR WORKSHOP

Cape Town, South Africa, 9-11 May 2016

Radiofrequency exposure in the general population:sources and exposure levels

Martin Röösli; Swiss Tropical and Public Health Insitute (Swiss TPH),University of Basel, Switzerland

Content

� Exposure assessment approaches

� Measurement surveys

� Personal exposure studies

� From exposure to dose

� Exposure trends in the last 10 years

Population RF exposure Martin Röösli

RF-EMF: Two types of exposure

(near field) (far field)

mobile phone (uplink)

cordless phone

broadcast transmitter

mobile phone base station (downlink)

close to body environmental

Other people’s mobile and cordless phones (uplink)

Radiofrequency exposure measure

• Near-field exposureSAR in W/kg: Specific absorptionrate.Regulatory limits for mobile phones: 2 W/kg

• Far-field exposureElectric field (E) in V/m (sometimes called incident field)ICNIRP regulatory limits formobile phone radiation: <61 V/m

How to combine to one single exposure measure?

• Complex, depends on the relevant exposure metric

– Spatial average vs. Spatial peak

– Temporal average vs. Temporal peak

– Frequency dependence of absorbtion

– etc.

1. Simplified approach: measured exposure = E-field at the place of a person if the person not were there

2. A cumulative dose approach

Three approaches for environmental EMF exposure assessment

+ efficient, illustrative

- no hotspots (W-Lan), femto/nano cells

- No individual behavior

2. Modeling of fixed site transmitters

+ accurate temporal resolution

- elaborate

- Low spatial resolution

1. Stationary Measurements

3. Portable measurements

3b. Microenvironmental survey3a. Personal volunteer measurements

+ all sources including behavior

- data quality, manipulation

- selection bias

- No differentiation between own and other

people’s mobile phone

- body shielding

+ data quality, efficient,

+ minimized body shielding

- No individual behavior

- Private place measurements challenging

Overview measurement survey

Rowley et al., JESEE, 2012

E-field

0.6 V/m

0.06 V/m

0.006 V/m

60 V/m

Microenvironmental survey

• Measurements conducted between 2010 and 2012

• EME SPY 120: 12 frequency bands from 88 to 2500 MHz

Amsterdam Basel Gent and Brussels

Outdoor:• Residential

areas• Downtown

Public transports:• Trains• Bus• Tram/Metro

Indoor:• Train station• Airport• Shopping

centers

Reproducibility of microenvironmental measurements

Urbinello et al., Env Int, 2014

Exposure vs. Regulatory limits

Summary of 51 outdoor microenvironments in CH (+ public transport)conducted in 2014

Sagar et al., under review

Pilot measurements in South Africa from May 2016

See poster of Sagar et al.

Overview personal measurements

Gajsek et al. JESEE, 2015

ZüMe: Population based personal radiofrequency electromagnetic field exposure measurements in Zurich

� Random population sample from 12 communities from canton of Zürich (Switzerland) with various degrees of ubanity

� 42 pairs of one parent and adolescent (12-15 years) and 30 young adults(18-30 years)

� Measurements conducted: 21 Feb. – 2. Nov. 2015

� Measurement device ExpoM-RF: 14 frequency bands between 88 MHz –2690 MHz

� Electronic diary app, GPS recorded by Expom-RF

� Full report (in German): Röösli et al., 2016: http://www.awel.zh.ch/content/dam/baudirektion/awel/luft_asbest_elektrosmog/elektrosmog/dokumente/PersMeas_AWEL_2016.pdf

Average source contributions (mean=0.18 V/m)

Uplink Downlink Broadcast DECT WLAN

Röösli et al, 2016

Comparison of the 3 study groups

Parents (n = 42)

Adolescents (n = 43)

YoungAdults

(n = 30)

0.16 V/m

0.22 V/m

Parents (n = 42)

YoungAdults

(n = 30)

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200

Power flux density [µW/m²]

0 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.27

Electric field [V/m]

RF-EMF per activity

Others

(409 h, n = 91)

Car (190 h, n = 69)

Bus (43 h, n = 34)

(28 h, n = 30)

Train (75 h, n = 44)

Outdoor (387 h, n = 109)

Work place (561 h, n = 46)

School

(465 h, n = 49)

At home (5089 h, n = 115)

0.32 V/m

0.29 V/m

0.39 V/m

0.33 V/m

0.55 V/m

0.30 V/m

0.22 V/m

0.15 V/m

0.11 V/m

Others

(409 h, n = 91)

Car (190 h, n = 69)

Bus (43 h, n = 34)

(28 h, n = 30)

Train (75 h, n = 44)

Outdoor (387 h, n = 109)

Work place (561 h, n = 46)

School

(465 h, n = 49)

At home (5089 h, n = 115)

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000

0 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6

Weekend (WE) vs. workday (WD) exposure

0.15 V/m

0.21 V/m

0.16 V/m

0.15 V/m

0.22 V/m

0.16 V/m

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200

0 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.27

Parents(n = 17)

Adolescents(n = 19)

YoungAdults(n = 12)

All participants:Mean weekend: 0.18 V/mMean workday:0.18 V/m

Day vs night exposure

0.18 V/m

0.09 V/m

0.18 V/m

0.11 V/m

0.26 V/m

0.12 V/m

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200

0 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.27

Partents (n = 42)

YoungAdults (n = 30)

Uplink exposure

Mobile internet use Call duration (per day)

No mobileinternet use

(n = 14)

Mobile internet use

(n = 101)

0.05 V/m

0.11 V/m

No mobileinternet use

(n = 14)

Mobile internet use

(n = 101)

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200

0 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.27

Never (n = 38)

1-5 min

(n = 54)

6-15 min (n = 16)

16-30 min (n = 3)

31-60 min (n = 2)

>60 min (n = 2)

0.09 V/m

0.10 V/m

0.13 V/m

0.08 V/m

0.09 V/m

0.14 V/m

Never (n = 38)

1-5 min

(n = 54)

6-15 min (n = 16)

16-30 min (n = 3)

31-60 min (n = 2)

>60 min (n = 2)

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200

0 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.27

Combine near and far field by dosimetric approach

RF-EMF dose

Roser et al., IJERPH, 2015RF-EMF = radiofrequency electromagnetic fields

Near-field Far-field

brain whole body

��

�� ∗ �� ∗ ��

SAR = normalized Specific Absorption Rate

��

�� ∗ �� ∗ ��

Average use in Züme

Population RF exposure23

� Calls with mobile phones: 5.2 Min/day (8% with headset/speaker)� Calls with cordless phones: 4.8 Min/day� Mobile data traffic on mobile phone: 19.0 Min/day� WLAN data traffic on mobile phone : 33.3 Min/day� Mobile phone transmission on the body in stand-by mode: 1.2 Min/day� WLAN Use on computer: 9.8 Min/day; with Laptop: 50.2 Min/day;

withTablet: 15.6 Min/day game console: 2.4 Min/day.� Mean measured far field exposure as presented before

Martin Röösli

SAR values from the literature

Roser et al., IJERPH, 2015

Average cumulative dose

Brain Whole body

Dose [

Mobile phone callsCordless phone callsMobile data traffic

Mobile phone stand-by data trafficWLAN Computer, laptops, tablets

BroadcastingMobile phone base stationsWLAN access points

DECT cordless phone base stationsMobile phones

Close to body Far field

Uncertainties

Seawind, Final Report, FP7-ENV-2009-1

UMTS phones emit 100-500 times less than GSM phones!

Population RF exposure27

Persson et al., BioEM, 2012

Adapted from Vreiheid, OEM, 2009

Martin Röösli

Dose Züme: assuming UMTS call only

Dose [

Brain Whole body

Dose Züme: assuming max. downlink (0.51 V/m)

Dose [

Brain Whole body

Exposure change over time

Mobile phone subscribers per 100 inhabitants(ITU, 2015)

Temporal trends in measurement surveys

Rowley et al., JESEE, 2012

E-field

Temporal Variability in microenvironmental surveys (Total RF-EMF)

Urbinello et al., Env Res, 2014

Outdoor areas Public transport

Comparison of adult exposure in Qualifex and Zürich study

Mean HF-EMF: 117 µW/m² (0.21 V/m)

Mean Downlink: 26 µW/m² (0.10 V/m)

Mean Uplink: 46 µW/m² (0.16 V/m)

Mean HF-EMF: 90 µW/m² (0.18 V/m)

Mean Downlink: 32 µW/m² (0.11 V/m)

Mean Uplink: 38 µW/m² (0.12 V/m)

Qualifex (Basel), 2007/2008 (n=131)

Zürich 2014/2015 (n=72)

Uplink

Downlink

Broadcast

mW /m²

FM TV Tetrapol Uplink Downlink DECT W-LAN * without own phone use*

Conlusions

� Far field exposure levels considerably below ICNIRP guidelines.

� Environmental exposure levels remarkably constant in the last 10 years.

� Own use of devices close to body most relevant for cumulative dose.

� For head dose: mobile phone use most relevant, but highly dependenton technology and connection quality.

� For whole body dose: data transmission very relevant.

� Several aspects of exposure not well understood: stand-by, different datatransmission technology, etc.

� A better understanding of the link between technology and exposurewould allow efficient exposure reduction.

Radiofrequency exposure in the general population: sources ...

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