Reservoir Fluid Properties Course (1st Ed.)

1. About This Course

2. Resources

3. Training Outline (beta)

4. Petroleum Engineering & Its Importance

2013 H. AlamiNia Reservoir Fluid Properties Course: Introduction 2

Course Description

This course is prepared for: 2 semester (or credit) hours and meets for a total of 2

hours a week.

Sophomore or junior level students (BS degrees)

(Major) Petroleum engineering students

(Minors) Production, Drilling and reservoir engineering students

Prerequisites :Thermodynamic 1 and lab.

Main objective: to describe how oil and gas behave under various

conditions and how this behavior can be modeled

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Lectures

Each session Consists of different sections (about 4-5 sections)

Consists of about 50 slides

Is divided into 2 parts with short break time

Would be available online

2013 H. AlamiNia Reservoir Fluid Properties Course: Introduction 5

Timing

Last Session (Review)

session Outlook

Presentation A

Break Time

Presentation B

Next Session Topics

Roll Call

Last session (Review), 5

Session Outlook , 5

Presentation A, 45

Break Time, 5

Presentation B, 45

Next Session Topics, 5

Roll Call, 5

TIME (MIINUTE)

2013 H. AlamiNia Reservoir Fluid Properties Course: Introduction 6

Assessment Criteria

Class activities5%

Mid-term exam25%

Final exam70%

Class activities,

5 Mid-term exam, 25

Final exam, 70

PERCENT OF GRADE

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Syllabus

1390 edition

1378 edition

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1390 Edition

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1390 Edition (Cont.)

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1390 Edition (Cont.)

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1378 Edition

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1378 Edition (Cont.)

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Class Lectures

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Major References

Pedersen, K.S., Christensen, P.L., and Azeem, S.J. (2006). Phase behavior of petroleum reservoir fluids (CRC Press).

Poling, B.E., Prausnitz, J.M., John Paul, O., and Reid, R.C. (2001). The properties of gases and liquids (McGraw-Hill New York).

Tarek, A. (1989). Hydrocarbon Phase Behavior (Gulf Publishing Company, Houston).

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Syllabus Proposed References:

McCain, W.D. (1989). The properties of petroleum fluids.

Pedersen, K.S., Christensen, P.L., and Azeem, S.J. (2006). Phase behavior of petroleum reservoir fluids (CRC Press).

Poling, B.E., Prausnitz, J.M., John Paul, O., and Reid, R.C. (2001). The properties of gases and liquids (McGraw-Hill New York).

Tarek, A. (1989). Hydrocarbon Phase Behavior (Gulf Publishing Company, Houston).

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Class Schedule

Lec. No. Topic

Lec. 1 Introduction

Lec. 2 Petroleum Reservoir Fluids

Lec. 3 Compositional Analyses

Lec. 4 Reservoir Hydrocarbons

(Natural gas & Crude Oil)

Lec. 5 Reservoir Hydrocarbons (Bo

& Bt & Constants)

Lec. 6 PVT Experiments (CME &

CVD & DL)

Lec. 7 PVT Experiments (DL &

Other Experiments)

Lec. 8 Equations of State and

Compressibility Factor

Lec. No. Topic

Lec. 9Advanced EoS and C7+

Characterization

Lec. 10 Equilibrium

Lec. 11 Flash and Equilibrium Ratios

Lec. 12Separators and Phase

Envelope Calculations

Lec. 13 Thermodynamic Properties

Lec. 14 Physical Properties

Lec. 15Solid Components and

Formation Water

Lec. 16 Relevant Software

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Lec. 1: Introduction

About This Course

Resources

Training Outline (beta)

Petroleum Engineering & Its Importance

2013 H. AlamiNia Reservoir Fluid Properties Course: Introduction 20

Lec. 2: Petroleum Reservoir Fluids

Reservoir Fluids

Phase Behavior of Hydrocarbons

Phase Envelopes

HC Classifications

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Lec. 3: Compositional Analyses

Samples

Sample Analysis

Samples Quality Control

K-Factor as A QC

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Lec. 4: Reservoir Hydrocarbons (Natural gas & Crude Oil)Reservoir Fluid Course

HC Alteration

Properties of Natural Gases

Properties of Crude Oilsdensity

Gas Solubility

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Lec. 5: Reservoir Hydrocarbons(Bo & Bt & Constants)Formation Volume Factor

Oil

Total (two phase)

Property Constants

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Lec. 6: PVT Experiments(CME & CVD & DL)Constant-mass expansion Experiment

Constant-Volume Depletion Experiment

Differential Liberation Experiment: Procedure

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Lec. 7: PVT Experiments (DL & Other Experiments)Differential Liberation Experiment: Data set

Separator Experiment

Swelling Experiment

Other Experiments

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Lec. 8: Equations of State and Compressibility Factor General Notes about EoS

Ideal Gas EoS

Compressibility Factor

Van Der Waals EoS

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Lec. 9: Advanced EoS and C7+ CharacterizationCubic EoS:

SRK EoS

PR EoS

Other Cubic EoS

Non Cubic EoS

EoS for Mixtures

Hydrocarbons Components

Mixtures

Heavy Oil

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Lec. 10: Equilibrium

Cubic EoS:SRK EoS

PR EoS

Other Cubic EoS

Non Cubic EoS

EoS for Mixtures

Hydrocarbons Components

Mixtures

Heavy Oil

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Lec. 11: Flash and Equilibrium Ratios

PT-Flash Process

Equilibrium Ratios

PT-Flash Calculations

Mixture Saturation Points

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Lec. 12: Separators and Phase Envelope CalculationsMixture Saturation Points Calculation

Surface Separation

Phase Envelope

Phase Identification

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Lec. 13: Thermodynamic Properties

The Estimation of Physical Properties

EoS Applications

Thermodynamic Properties

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Lec. 14: Physical Properties

Viscosity

Surface and Interfacial Tension

Applications of the Natural Gas PVT Properties

Applications of the Crude Oil PVT Properties

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Lec. 15: Solid Components and Formation WaterAsphaltene

Gas Hydrates

Hydrate Structures

Formation Water

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Lec. 16: Relevant Software

PVT Simulation

CMG

IPM

PVTi

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Petroleum Engineering

Definition Petroleum Engineering, by definition, is finding crude oil

and natural gas in the ground and devising a way to bring it out of the ground.

Petroleum Engineer RolePetroleum Engineers supply society with crude oil and

natural gas for energy. This energy fuels our cars and planes, heats our homes, powers our plants and generates electricity.

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What Is Petroleum?

Crude oil, or petroleum, is an organic substance derived from the remains of prehistoric plant and animal matter.

It is a mixture of hydrocarbons, i.e. molecules containing hydrogen and carbon, which exist sometimes in liquid form (crude oil) and sometimes as a vapor (natural gas).

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Fish and Plant Fossil

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Petroleum Formation

Millions of years ago, rains washed prehistoric plant and animal remains into the seas along with sand and silt, and layer upon layer piled up on the sea bottom.

These layers were compressed under the weight of these sediments, and the increasing pressure and temperature changed the mud, sand and silt into rock and the organic matter into petroleum. This rock is known as source rock.

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Oil Sources

Because oil and gas are lighter than water, they float on top of water.

Oil and gas that formed in the source rock deep within the earth floated up through tiny pore spaces in the rock. Some seeped out at the surface of the earth.

Some was trapped by dense, non-porous rock, called shale. These underground traps of oil and gas are called reservoirs.

Reservoirs contain porous rocks which allow fluids to flow through the pore spaces, i.e. which are permeable.

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An Example of Porous Rocks

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Petroleum Extraction

Courtesy OEOC, Ahvaz, 2011

Petroleum Extraction: Drilling

Once the geoscientists analyze a prospective oil field and the land is leased, a wildcat well is drilled to obtain more information about the reservoir. In late 1800's, oil wells were drilled by hammering steel

pipes into the rock.

Today, rotary drilling rigs are used, where a drill bit is turned around and around, deeper and deeper, cutting into the rock.

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Drilling: Top Drive

Courtesy GPTK, Tabnak, 2008 Courtesy GPTK, Tabnak, 20082013 H. AlamiNia Reservoir Fluid Properties Course: Introduction 46

Rotary Drilling

Drilling fluid, or drilling mud, is used to lubricate the bit so it doesn't get stuck, and to flush the rock pieces to the surface. These cuttings are examined by a mud logger, who looks for signs of oil and gas.

Not all wells are straight and vertical. Horizontal drilling has become a very profitable way to increase production by having the wellbore contacting more of the formation.

When the drilling is completed, the rigs can be disassembled for assembly at another drill site. Some rigs are on ships and barges for drilling offshore.

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Drilling Mud System

Courtesy OEOC, Ahvaz, 2011

Well Completion

After drilling, steel pipe called casing is set in the hole and is cemented into place.

A heavy-duty system of valves called a Christmas Tree is set into place at the wellhead to control the flow of the oil, gas and water and prevent a blowout.

Then the well casing is perforated at the right depths to make holes for the oil and gas to flow into the wellbore and up to the surface.

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Christmas Tree

Courtesy ICOFC, Khangiran, 2011

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Casing & Cementing

Courtesy OEOC, Ahvaz, 2011

Petroleum Extraction: Production

Because oil, gas and water underground are under a lot of pressure at first, these fluids flow up a wellbore all by themselves, much like a soft drink that has been shaken up. When oil and gas are produced this way, it is called primary recovery.

When the initial pressure is spent, sucker rod pumps are used to pull the oil out of the reservoir rock and up the well.

Sometimes gas is injected at the bottom of the well, and as it expands, it lifts the oil up to the surface. This is called gas lift.

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Producing the Well

Opening up new channels in the rock for the oil and gas to flow through is called stimulation.

Three stimulation treatments are commonly used: Explosives to break up the rock,

Injection of acid to partially dissolve the rock, and

Hydraulic fracturing to split the rock and prop it open with proppants.

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Secondary Recovery

After primary recovery, only a portion of the oil and gas has been produced, so secondary recovery, or waterflooding is done. Water and oil do not mix; oil is generally lighter than

water and floats on top of it in the reservoir.

During a waterflood, water is injected into the water zone of some of the wells to push the oil and gas up the other wells.

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Consumption of Oil: Fuels

Fuel from produced oil and gas is used variously as gasoline for cars, jet fuel, kerosene, propane gas for cooking, heating oils for home furnaces, diesel fuels for trucks and buses and trains, industrial fuels for boilers in factories and ships, and solid coke for burning.

Many electricity generating plants are also run on oil or natural gas.

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Consumption of Oil: Plastics, Rubber, Other Products and Fibers Plastics, Rubber, Other Products

Many plastics and polymers are made from petroleum feedstocks.These are used to manufacture things like food wrap, toys,

containers, and automobile tires.

Other products include lubricating oils for machinery, grease, wax for candles, asphalt for roads and roofs, agricultural pesticides and fertilizers, and white oils and petrolatum for medicinal purposes.

Fibers Polyester and nylon are petrochemicals that are made

into thousands of consumer products like panty hose, nylon thread, and polyester.

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Careers in Oil Industry: Engineers and Scientists There are many careers in the oil industry. Nearly

every type of engineer can be found upstream or downstream, including Chemical, industrial, mechanical, civil, electrical,

bioengineers, and of course, petroleum engineers.

Natural and earth sciences are also prevalent in the oil business. Chemists, biologists, physicists, geologists, geophysicists,

and computer scientists work together on multi-disciplinary teams with engineers to research and optimize oil field and refinery operations.

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Careers in Oil Industry: Other ProfessionalThere are also other professional and support

careers, as in any business.These include business administration, accounting, law

and tax, advertising, sales and marketing, secretarial and library functions, trucking, public and employee relations, and a host of other positions to keep operation smooth.

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1. ONGC Videsh (2003). Petroleum Engineering & Its Importance.

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1. Reservoir Fluids

2. Phase Behavior of Hydrocarbons

3. Phase Envelopes

4. HC Classifications

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