Post on 22-Jan-2016
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Punctuation 1: Comma, Series
• Separate three or more equally ranked words, phrases, or short clauses with commas. Place a comma between each item and before the conjunction and, but, or nor.
Example with words:
Example with phrases:
Example with short clauses:
Comma, Parenthetical
Set off with commas any words that are unnecessary for the grammatical completeness of the sentence and that interrupt its natural flow. A partial listing of these parenthetical expressions are:
Accordingly Indeed
Also Nevertheless
Consequently Of course
Furthermore On the other hand
Hence Perhaps
However Secondly
In addition Therefore
In fact Too
In the meantime Yes
Comma, Parenthetical
Beginning
Middle
End
Comma, Direct Address
Set off with commas nouns used in direct address. Capitalize only proper nouns.
Beginning of a sentence
Middle of a sentence
End of a sentence
Comma, Appositive
An appositive renames or explains the noun that appears directly before it. Set off with commas appositive expressions.
Within a sentence
End of a sentence
Comma, Appositive
When appositive expressions are needed to identify the nouns they rename or explain, omit the commas. Also, omit the commas with one-word appositives.
Indicates which one
One-word appositive
Comma, Appositive
Another appositive form is a college degree that follows directly after the name of an individual. Set off the degree in commas.
Degree abbreviated
Degree written in full
Comma, Dates
Separate combinations of weekday, calendar date, and year with commas. No commas are used, however, with a calendar date expressed alone.
Calendar date—no commas
Calendar date and year—commas
Weekday and calendar date—commas
Weekday, calendar date, and year—commas
Comma, Dates
Expressions of month and year are written without commas.
Without commas
Comma, Addresses
Use commas to set off a state name following the name of a city.
Within a sentence
Commas, Addresses
In the body of a document, spell out and separate with commas the parts of an address.
Name and complete address
Comma, Coordinating Conjunctions
When two complete independent thoughts are joined by a coordinating conjunction (and, but, or, nor), place a comma before the conjunction.
Comma, Independent Adjectives
When two or more independent adjectives modify a noun, separate the adjectives with commas. Reverse the adjectives and insert the word and to test whether or not the adjectives are independent.
Independent adjectives
Adjectives not independent
Comma, Introductory Phrases and Clauses
A sentence appearing in normal order follows a subject-verb-object pattern.
Normal order
However, when a sentence is inverted, it contains an introductory phrase or clause.
Comma, Introductory Phrases and Clauses
Place a comma after an introductory expression that contains any verb form.
Comma, Restrictive Phrases and Clauses
Restrictive phrases and clauses are essential to the meaning of a sentence. If they are removed, the meaning of the sentence would be altered or unclear.
Essential for identification or meaning
Comma, Nonrestrictive Phrases and Clauses
Nonrestrictive phrases and clauses add an additional idea but do not substantially modify the meaning of a sentence. If they are were removed, the meaning of the sentence would not be altered.
Use commas to set off nonrestrictive word groups from the remainder of the sentence.
Additional idea
Comma, Contrasting or Contingent Expressions
Contrasting or contingent expressions should be set off by commas. Come words often used to introduce contrasting expressions are but, never, not, seldom, and yet.
Comma, Clarity
Separate with a comma two identical verbs that appear together in a sentence.
Comma, Clarity
Words repeated for emphasis are separated by a comma.
Comma, Short Quotations
Use a comma to separate from the rest of the sentence a complete sentence set off in quotation marks.
Beginning Quotation
Ending Quotation
Interrupted Quotation
Comma, Short Quotations
No comma is needed when a quotation at the beginning of a sentence ends with a question mark or exclamation mark.