Protozoan Groups

Not quite an animal but close enough

Phyla

• Sarcomastigophora– Flagellate– Ameboid

• Ciliophora– ciliates

• Apicomplexa– sporozoans

General Characteristics

• Unicellular• Mainly microscopic• No organs but have specialized organelles

Habitat

• Found wherever life exists• Highly adaptable

Symbiotic Relationships

• Mutualistic– ++– Both partners benefit

• Commensalistic– +0– One partner benefits, no effect on the other

• Parasitic – +-– One partner benefits at the expense of the other

Nucleus• Control center of the cell• Houses and protects DNA• Contains nucleolus• Surrounded by a nuclear envelope• Protozoans often contain more than one nucleus– Macronucleus– Micronucleus

Cell Membrane

• Cell Membrane (plasma membrane)– Thin and flexible– Protects/ supports– Phospholipid bilayer– Transport proteins– Regulates flow (food, water, and waste)

Cytoplasm

• Extends from nucleus to cell membrane• Jelly like• Helps support the organelles• Cytoskeleton– Microtubules – Micro fibers

Cytoskeleton

• Microtubules and microfilaments • Provide structure– skeleton

• Important for mitosis and organelle movement– Train tracks

Cytoplasm

• Ectoplasm– Cytoplasm which appears granular and contains

the nucleus and organelles– Gel state

• Endoplasm– Cytoplasm which appears transparent and bears

the base of cilia or flagella– Sol state

Locomotion

• Cilia and flagella• Pseudopodia• Sliding microtubule hypothesis

Cillia and Flagella

• Interchangeable terms• 9+2 structure– Axoneme– Kinetosome

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fh_yjLppNAg

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Md0PtdRxXvw

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QGAm6hMysTA

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5QwXiYOBhZU

Pseudopodia• Chief means of locomotion for amebas• Lobopodia– Large blunt extensions of the cell body containing both endo

and ectoplasm• Filopodia– Thin extensions, usually branching and contain only ectoplasm

• Recticulopodia– Repeatedly rejoin to form a netlike mesh

• Axopodia– Thin and supported by axial rods of microtubules

Psuedopodia cont…

• Hyaline cap– Extension of the ectoplasm which starts the

psuedopodia

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7pR7TNzJ_pA

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pvOz4V699gk

Excretion and Osmoregulation

• Contractile vacuole– osmoregulation

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pahUt0RCKYc

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MPnXIvprb_w

Nutrition

• Autotrophs• Heterotrophs– Phagotrophs or Holozoic• Ingests visible food particles

– Osmotrophs or Saprozoic • Ingests food in a soluble form• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fh_yjLppNAg

Asexual Reproduction

• Fission– Binary • Two identical individuals form

– Budding• Progeny is smaller than parent but grows to adult size

– Multiple fission• A number of individuals are produced• Schizogony

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qZ_4PIKsL6c

Sexual reproduction

• Conjugation– Exchange of gametic nuclei between paired organisms

• Gametes– Isogametes– Ansiogametes

• Fertilization– Syngamy– Autogamy – http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TwqBsRtciX8

Survival

• Cysts– Tough dormant forms

Protozoan Phyla

Phyla RetortamonadaPhyla Axostylata

• Largely parasites• Lack both mitochondria and golgi bodies

Giardia lamblia

• Giardiasis (giardia)• Soil, food or water contaminated with feces

from infected humans or animals.

Phylum Chlorophyta

• Plant-like– Autotrophic– Contain chloroplasts

• Colonial forms• Sexual and a sexual reproduction

Phylum Euglenozoa

• Stigma- eyespot• Photosynthetic

Phyla Apicomplexa

• Endoparasites• No special means of locomotion– Toxoplasma gondii

Plasmodium

• Malaria• Carried by Anopholese mosquito• Symptoms– Fever– Chills– Flu-like symptoms

• 2010– 219 cases– 660,000 deaths

Phylum Ciliophora

• Most structurally diverse group• Have cillia • Macronucleus– Day to day activities– Metabolic and developmental functions

• Micronucleus– participate in sexual reproduction

Phylum Dinoflagellata

• Dinoflagellates • Feeding– Photoautotrophic-green– Heterotrophic- clear

• “Red tide”

Amebas

• No classification• 3 types– Rhizopodan– Foraminiferans– Actinopodans

Rhizopodan amoebas

• Slow streams and ponds– Require Substratum

• Feeding– Phagocytosis

• Reproduction– Binary fission

Entamoeba histolytica

• Parasite in humans• Lives in the large intestine• Amebic dysentery• Spread by contaminated food or water

Foraminiferan Amoebas

• Ancient group• Shelled amoebas– Calcium carbonate

• Found in all oceans– Mostly the Atlantic Ocean

• Sand and ocean floor

Actinopodans

• Move by axopodia• Shell – Silica (glass)