PROPERTIES OF MATTER

8th Grade Science

MATTERMATTER is anything that has MASS and TAKES UP SPACE•Everything is made of matter (atoms/particles)•Matter is characterized by its PROPERTIES, or characteristics

KINDS OF MATTER•Different kinds of matter are determined by the arrangement of the atoms that make up a substance•There are three main kinds of matter:•ELEMENTS•COMPOUNDS•MIXTURES

ELEMENTS•Elements are made specific types of atoms•A specific number of protons in the nucleus differentiates each element from the rest

•They cannot be broken down into any other substance. (most “basic” form of matter)•ALL matter is composed of elements

COMPOUNDS•Compounds are made of two or more elements that are chemically combined in a specific ratio

MIXTURES•Mixtures are two or more elements or compounds that are together in the same place but are NOT chemically combined

KINDS OF MATTER

STATES OF MATTER•Particles of matter (molecules) are in constant, random motion•The motion of the particles determines the state of matter

SOLID•Particles vibrate in place (relatively LOW energy)•Packed tightly together, usually arranged in a specific and fixed pattern

•DEFINITE VOLUME•DEFINITE SHAPE

LIQUID•Particles move freely (more energetic)•Fairly close together, but not in a fixed pattern

•DEFINITE VOLUME• INDEFINITE SHAPE (shape of container)•VISCOSITY: resistance to flow•high viscosity = slow flow (honey)• low viscosity = easy flow (water)

GAS•Particles move very energetically in all directions•Very fast and far apart

• INDEFINITE VOLUME (all available space)• INDEFINITE SHAPE (shape of container)

PLASMA•Particles become charged and have extremely high energy•Extremely fast and far apart

•Most of the matter in the universe is plasma

PROPERTIES OF MATTERThere are two types of properties…•PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

characteristics that can be observed without changing the chemical identity of the substanceNOT DEPENDENT ON AMOUNT OF SAMPLE

•CHEMICAL PROPERTIEScharacteristics that describe the ways a substance can react to form new materialsCannot be observed without changing the chemical

composition of the substance (chemical reaction)

PHYSICAL & CHEMICAL PROPERTIESPhysical Properties• Melting/Boiling Point• Density• Texture• Hardness• Malleability• Solubility• Conductivity• Magnetism• Color

Chemical Properties• pH (acidity)• Flammability

• Combustion Point

• Reactivity with other Chemicals

• Chemical Stability• Toxicity

MELTING & BOILING POINTS•MELTING POINT – Temperature at which the solid form of the substance begins to melt into a liquid•BOILING POINT – Temperature at which the liquid form of a substance becomes a gas throughout

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CONDUCTIVITY•CONDUCTIVITY refers to a substances ability to allow energy to flow through it•Electrical Conductivity – electrical charge•Thermal Conductivity – heat

•CONDUCTORS: allow energy to flow easily• Tend to be more dense

• INSULATORS: resist the flow of energy• Tend to be less dense

SOLUBILITY•SOLUBILITY refers to the ability of one substance to dissolve in another (often water)

MALLEABILITY•MALLEABILITY is the ability of a substance to be rolled or pounded into new shapes

MAGNETISM•MAGNETISM refers to a material’s ability to attract or repel iron

FLAMMABILITY•FLAMMABILITY refers to a substances ability to burn or ignite (catch on fire)

REACTIVITY•CHEMICAL REACTIVITY refers to the tendency of a substance to undergo chemical changes within a system