Post on 24-Feb-2016
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PROMOTING HEALTH
Feldman: Modules 4-3 4-4
ASSESSING HEALTHThe Bio-psycho-social Model
Biological: body, brain, genetic factors
Psychological: Lack of self-control, emotional turmoil, negative thinking/emotions, emotional stress
Social: social, economic, technological, religious aspects of cultures
TAKING CARE OF YOURSELF IN ADULTHOOD Nutrition/obesity
Exercise
Substance Abuse
INFLUENCES ON PHYSICAL GROWTH & HEALTH
Genetics Infectious disease Childhood injuries Hormones Emotional well-being Nutrition
NUTRITION IN INFANCY Infants need about 50 calories per
pound per day: about twice the nutritional needs of adults
Breast feeding is better than formula and is recommended by the American Academy of Pediatrics for up to one year
Advantages of breast feedingCorrect balance of fat &
proteinProtects against disease & tooth decay
Easily digestedBetter cognitive development & visual acuity
NUTRITION IN INFANCY
Breast feeding lowers risk of:later obesity
allergiesinfections including diarrhea and otitis media
cancer & breast cancer in mother
SIDS
NUTRITION IN INFANCY
NUTRITION IN INFANCY Why mothers don’t breast feed.
Inability Ignorance Inconvenience Illness (e.g., AIDS)Use of drugs
• leads to smaller body size
• leads to learning & behavior problems Attention, fine motor coord., IQ scores (effects
may be long-term or permanent.)
More of a problem in developing countriesMarasmus and Kwashiorkor
MALNUTRITION
marasmusdue to insufficient calorie intakeshrunken, wasted appearance
Kwashiorkorprotein deficiencyfeet and abdomen swell with water
MALNUTRITION
Some studies found iron, zinc, & vitamin D deficiencies
WIC – Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women , Infants, and Children (7,500,000 low-income participants)
MALNUTRITION IN CHILDHOOD: UNITED STATES
TEENAGE NUTRITION Overall poor Iron deficiency most common Calcium deficiency due to bone growth Obese children do not outgrow weight
problems Adolescent girls - fad dieting Obesity also a problem
ANOREXIA NERVOSA
Usually begins early to middle teens Starts with serious dieting & life stress.
Most are female, high SES, white Competitive & high achieving
Suffer malnutrition 6% die of physical complications or
suicide Family therapy most successful treatment
ANOREXIA NERVOSA
Weigh less than 85% of normal for age and height
Intense fear of gaining weight that does not decrease with weight loss
Distorted image of body shape. Appear fat to themselves even when very thin.
BULIMIA NERVOSA Binge and purge pattern Fear of overweight Depressed & anxious 90% women
Damage throat, stomach, teeth Some perfectionists, lack self-control Guilty and desperate to get help About 70% recover
OBESITY: U. S. & WESTERN NATIONSThere has been a marked rise in obesity in
the U.S. and other Western nations. Percentage doubled since 1980; quadrupled since 1965
U.S. may have 2nd highest rate15% of U.S. children 6-11 overweight
Less common in African American than white children; trend reverses in adolescence
CONSEQUENCES OF OBESITY Problems with social acceptance
Stereotyped as lazy, sloppy, ugly, stupid, self-doubting, deceitful
Depressed, unhappy, bullied
Risk for high blood pressure, cholesterol, adult-onset diabetes, gallbladder disease, some cancers, early death, sleep apnea, hip problems
TREATING OBESITY Individual/clinical programs work best
(not school based) Exercise is key Moderate calorie restriction produces
best long-term results Behavioral therapy (e.g., keeping food
diaries) also effective
NUTRITION ADULT DIETING People who lost weight and maintain the loss
become less depressed and reduce health risks.
Studies comparing weight-loss programs shows about equal effectiveness.
The most effective programs include exercise.
Yo-Yo dieting may increase health risks.
NUTRITION: VITAMINS & AGING Those who take supplements show improved
health & physical functioning
Protein supplements may increase muscle mass
Taking prescription drugs changes nutritional needs, rates of absorption
Effective doses, side-effects not known
NUTRITION: VITAMINS & AGING Antioxidants (A,C, beta carotene) may slow
aging & improve older adult health Vitamin C deficiency associated with earlier
death Vitamin E associated with reduced heart risk Calcium, vitamin D delay osteoporosis. Zinc, B6, C, and E improve immune function B vitamins improve cognitive function
EPIDEMICS
Otitis media Asthma ADHD Autism Alzheimer’s Macular Degeneration Adult-onset Diabetes Cardiovascular disease - etc.
NEGATIVE ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGES Pollution of air Water pollution (fluoridation) Depletion of soil nutrients Electromagnetic exposure Genetic engineering Exposure to chemicals
FOODS REPORTED AS BAD FOR YOU
Trans fat MSG (monosodium glutamate) High fructose corn syrup GMO corn/soybean, etc. GMO wheat (amylopectin A, gluten) Hormones ( in meat, dairy, etc. ) Chemical preservatives Pesticides, etc. (used on produce)
EXERCISE
EXERCISE - CHILDREN
Only 22 % of U.S. children in grades 4-12 are physically active for at least 30 minutes every day.
Television & computer games are part of the problem.
Also other lifestyle issues The problem tends to increase as children
become adolescents.
PHYSICAL EDUCATION
The average American school child gets only 20 minutes of physical education per week.
Informal games should be emphasized rather than organized sports.
EXERCISE - ADULTHOOD Only 15-20% of Americans get 20 minutes of
exercise 5 times per week.
Experts recommend that adults engage in 45 minutes or more of moderate physical activity on most or all days.
Some experts stress aerobic exercise – sustained activity that stimulates heart & lung function (jogging, cycling, swimming)
EXERCISE & LONGEVITY In one study, people who were less fit
were more likely to die during the 8-year course of the study.
In another study of people in their 40s to the 80s, beginning an exercise program was associated with a 23% lower risk of death.
BENEFITS OF EXERCISE enhances the immune system. reduces body fat and builds muscle. linked with reduced rates of cancer, especially
colon cancer. strengthens the heart muscle and produces
HDL cholesterol reduces anxiety and depression, improves
mood, and enhances alertness and energy.
EXERCISE & AGING Strength training as well as aerobic
exercise is recommended for older adults.
Endurance training produces gains in vital capacity to age 80 (oldest tested).
Weight-bearing exercise promotes muscle size and strength, blood flow to muscles to age 90 (oldest tested).
Exercise increases blood circulation to the brain & reduces cognitive declines.
EXERCISE & AGING (SINGH, 2000) Minimizes aging, contributes to health Optimize body composition (muscle v. fat) Prevents common diseases Improves treatment of some diseases Helps prevent & treat disabilities Counteracts side-effects of standard
medical care Linked to increased longevity
SUBSTANCE ABUSE & ADDICTION
Smoking is related to many deaths30% of cancer deaths21% of heart disease deaths82% of chronic pulmonary disease deaths
SUBSTANCE USE & ABUSE By HS graduation, 22 % of teens smoke, 60%
have engaged in heavy drinking at least once, 50+% have experimented with illegal drugs
Experimenters usually quit
Abusers are more likely to be troubled and tend to become addicted
SMOKING Decreases delivery of oxygen to tissues
Limited night vision, skin wrinkling, loss of bone mass, lower sperm count, male impotence
Causes heart rate and blood pressure to rise
Increased risks of heart attack, stroke, and cancer of the mouth, throat, larynx, esophagus, lungs, pancreas, kidneys, and bladder
Considered the single most important preventable cause of death in industrialized nations
SUBSTANCE ABUSE
Half of all smokers have quit. U.S. men 50% in 1965 to 25%.
Most of the drop is among college graduates,
Decline among high-school students, but smoking among college students has risen.
Link between smoking and mortality is dose related
TRENDS IN DRUG USE: UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN INSTITUTE FOR SURVEY RESEARCH
Drug use among high-school students in the U.S. declined (1980s), increased (1990s), and has recently leveled off.
U.S. still has the highest rate of adolescent drug use of any industrialized nation.
Increasing abuse of prescription and OTC medications (oxycontin, vicodin, adderal)
HOW CAN DRUG USE BE PREVENTED?
Parental involvementSetting limitsMonitoring
Early risk factors (kindergarten)MaleSubstance-abusing parentLow level of parental reasoningLow level of problem-solving skills
DRINKING IN COLLEGE & EARLY ADULTHOOD
Almost half of U.S. college students drink heavily.
They report problems with missed classes, grades, the police, physical injuries, & unprotected sex
About 44% binge drink, including 70% living away from home
SUBSTANCE ABUSE & ADDICTION
13 million people in the U.S. are alcoholicsYearly 25.000 people are killed and 1.5 million
injured by drunk driversAlcohol is implicated in 65% of aggressive acts
by males against females
SUBSTANCE ABUSE SLOWS BY MID-20S
College students drink more than their age counterparts.
Those who don’t attend college smoke more.
Singles use marijuana more than married.
Drinking is heaviest among singles and divorced.
Religious people are less likely to take drugs.