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A
PROJECT ONINTELLIGENT DIGITAL SECURITY SYSTEM
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A
Project Report
On
INTELLIGENT DIGITAL SECURITY SYSTEM
Batchelor of Technology
in
Electronics & Communication Engineering
By
Chandana Atikam (10UK1A0410)
Nagaraj Gunda (11UK5A0401)
Divya Chanda (10UK1A0414)
Sneha Sambari (10UK1A0463)
Under the guidance of
Mrs.V.Sabitha
Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering
VAAGDEVI ENGINEERING COLLEGE
(Affiliated to JNTU, hyderabad)
P.o Bollikunta, Warangal 506 005
2011-2014
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VAAGDEVI ENGINEERING COLLEGE
P.o Bollikunta, Warangal 506 005
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that project work entitled INTELLIGENT DIGITAL SECURITY
SYSTEMis being submitted by
Chandana Atikam (10UK1A0410)
Nagaraj Gunda (11UK5A0401)
Divya Chanda (10UK1A0414)
Sneha Sambari (10UK1A0463)
In B.tech IV-I semister Electronics & Communication Engineering is a record bonafide work
carried out by them. The results embodied in this report have not been submitted to any
other University for the award of any degree
Mrs.V.Sabitha Dr.P.Prasad Rao Dr.K.Prakash Rao
Guide Head of the Department Principal
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Contents:
1. Introduction.
2. Resistor.
3. Transistor.
4. Seven Segment Display.
5. CD 4511 I.C.
6. CD 4000 I.C.
7. Piezo Buzzer.
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Introduction:
There are many digital security systems but we can use this simple and reliable
security system as a watch dog by installing the sensing loops around your building. You
have to stretch the loop wire one to two feet above the ground or attach to the door to sense
the incoming of the unauthorized into your premises.
The entry of the unauthorized person can be easily traced out through a seven segment
display which is placed in your bed room. The speaciality of this system is that it will display
the door no which is authorized by the unauthorized person in your premises. so, with no late
you can catch the unauthorized person who is trying to acess into your property.
It is very simple to construct and use. Its cheap
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In all Electrical and Electronic circuit diagrams and schematics, the most commonly
used symbol for a fixed value resistor is that of a "zig-zag" type line with the value of its
resistance given in Ohms, . Resistors have fixed resistance values from less than one ohm, (
10M) in value. Fixed resistors have only
one single value of resistance, for example 100'sbut variable resistors (potentiometers) can
provide an infinite number of resistance values between zero and their maximum value.
Standard Resistor Symbols
Fig1.2
The symbol used in schematic and electrical drawings for a Resistor can either be a "zig-zag"
type line or a rectangular box.
The Standard Resistor Colour Code Chart.
Fig 1.3
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Another type of film resistor commonly known as a Thick Film Resistor is manufactured by
depositing a much thicker conductive paste of CERamic and METal, called Cermet, onto an
alumina ceramic substrate. Cermet resistors have similar properties to metal film resistors and
are generally used for making small surface mount chip type resistors, multi-resistor
networks in one package for pcb'sand high frequency resistors. Theyhave good temperature
stability, low noise, and good voltage ratings but low surge current properties. Metal Film
Resistors are prefixed with a "MFR" notation (eg MFR100k) and a CF for Carbon Film
types. Metal film resistors are available in E24 (5% & 2% tolerances), E96 (1%
tolerance) and E192 (0.5%, 0.25% & 0.1% tolerances) packages with power ratings of
0.05 (1/20th) of a Watt up to 1/2 Watt. Generally speaking Film resistors are precision low
power component
2.Transistor:
Transistors have infiltrated virtually every area of science and industry, from the
family car to satellites. Even the military depends heavily on transistors. The ever increasing
uses for transistors have created an urgent need for sound and basic information regarding
their operation.
Fig 2.1
2.1Transistor Coding:
Information for a particular transistor is shown as a code on the body of the transistor.
According to the European systemof coding, there are two alphabets before the number.
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First alphabet represents the type of semiconductor used and the second alphabet represents
the use of transistor
First letter
AGermanium
BSilicon
CGallium Arsenide
DIndium Antimide
Second letter
CAudio frequency Amplifier
DAudio frequency power amplifier
FLow power Radio frequency amplifier
PHigh power Radio frequency amplifier
Thus the transistor BC548 is
BSilicon C- Audio frequency amplifier
BD 140BSilicon, D- Audio frequency power amplifier
AD 140AGermanium, D- Audio frequency power amplifier
AC 187A- Germanium, C- Audio frequency amplifier
According to the American system, the code begins with 2Nfollowed by a number that
indicates the time of design. A higher number indicates recent design.
Eg. 2N 2222A.
There are two parts to transistor amplifier design.
1) DC biasing. 2) AC amplifier design.
To ensure linear amplification by a transistor amplifier, the amplifier is normally designed so
that under quiescent (no input or dc) conditions it will be operating at the centre of a linear
region, as normally determined from the transistor output characteristics (Ic vs Vce). The dc
bias design part of the amplifier design will ensure that the amplifier operates about an
appropriate quiescent point. Subsequent to this the ac amplifier design ensures that the
amplifier provides the correct ac signal gain.
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The current, Ie, can be determined by writing Kirchhoff's loop equation for the base-emitter
ground loop.
Vbb = Ib Rbb + Vbe + Ie RE (3)
and using the equation Ib = Ie/(b + 1) (4)
Ie=Vbb -V be (5)RE + Rbb
b +1
To make Ie insensitive to temperature and b variations, we design the circuit to satisfy the
following constraint:
RE >> Rbb/(b+1) (6)
Ve = Ie RE 0.1 Vcc (7)
Equation (6) shows that to make Ie insensitive to variations in b we could choose to make
Rbb small (i.e. lower values for R1 and R2). However this will result in a higher current drain
from the power supply through R1 and R2 and a lowering of the amplifier input resistance.
The amplifier ac input resistance being Rin = R1 || R2 || [(b+1) (re+Re)].
re =base-emitter resistance (usually small).A good compromise is to select R1 and R2 such that Rbb 5 RE.
The best solution may take a number of iterations to find. However, a rough first
guess can be made by setting the collector voltage, Vc Vcc/2.
Thus Rc = (Vcc - Vc)/IQ or Rc = Vcc/2IQ
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Fig 2.4
The equations for the two load lines then become:
DC Load line: VCE = VCC - IC RDC (10)
AC Load line: Vce = VAC - RAC Ic (11)
where, in this case, RDC = Rc + RE and RAC = Rc || RL + Re.
2.3 CLASSICAL SINGLE-STAGE COMMON EMITTER AMPLIFIER:
A signal source Vs with output resistance Rs is coupled via Cin to the base of the
transistor. Cin should be chosen large enough so that it appears as an ac short circuit over the
frequency band of interest. The output from the collector is coupled to the load RL via the
coupling capacitor Cout.Cout should also appear as a short circuit over the frequency band of
interest. The detrimental effect of RE on the ac performance of the amplifier is eliminated by
Ce. Ce acts as a short circuit to the frequencies of interest, effectively shorting RE as far as ac
signals are concerned. Thus while the dc emitter current will continue to flow through RE,
the ac signal current will flow through, bypassing for this reason is called an
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"Emitter bypass capacitor" and the circuit is called a "Grounded emitter" or "Common-
emitter amplifier".
Fig 2.5
We shall analyze the circuit of Figure 5 to determine the amplifier gain and input
resistance for ac signals in the frequency range of interest. Note in this circuit the emitter
resistance has been split in two. One part,, is shunted by an ac bypass capacitor Ce and
will not play a role in the ac circuit analysis. The total resistance in the emitter ,
will need to be considered in the dc biasing design though.
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Fig 2.6
2.4 Input Resistance:
To determine the fraction of the input signal Vs appearing at the base (vb) we first
need to evaluate the input resistancedefined such that
(9)
Looking into the amplifier from, an ac signal would see R1||R2||base resistance looking
into the base. (N.B. a power supply appears as a signal ground). The base resistance
= (10)
As = (11)
Where re is the base-emitter resistance and is approximately equal to
= 26mV/IE at 25oC.
Also = /(+1) (12)
then = (b + 1)(+) (13)
therefore, = (R1||R2||[(+ 1)(+)]) (14)
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2.5 Voltage Gain:
Starting with the signal at the base, , we find
= (+) (15)
Therefore the collector current will be
ic = ie = / (re + RE1)
To obtain the output voltage we multiply the total ac resistance between collector and ground
(which will be Rc||RL) by ic. Thus
= = - i.e, (Rc||RL) (16)
(17)
as 1,
(18)
and the overall gain is
GAIN=
=
(19)
3. A seven-segment L.E.D. display:
Seven-segment display is a form of electronic display device for displaying decimal
numerals that is an alternative to the more complex dot matrix displays. Seven-segment
displays are widely used in digital clocks, electronic meters, and other electronic devices for
displaying numerical information. Concept and visual structure.
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Fig 3.1
The segments of a 7-segment display are referred to by the letters A to G, where the
optional DP decimal point (an "eighth segment") is used for the display of non-integer
numbers. Seven-segment displays may use a liquid crystal display(LCD), a light-emitting
diode(LED) for each segment, or other light-generating or controlling techniques such as
cold cathode gas discharge, vacuum fluorescent, incandescent filaments and others. Seven-
segment displays can be found in patents as early as 1908.In 1910, a seven-segment display
illuminated by incandescent bulbs was used on a power-plant boiler room signal panel. They
did not achieve widespread use until the advent of LEDs in the 1970s
A seven-segment display may have 7, 8, or 9 leads on the chip. Usually leads 8 and 9
are decimal points. The figure below is a typical component and pin layout for
sevensegmentdisplay.
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Fig 3.2
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3.1 7 SEGMENT DISPLAY:
The light emitting diodes in a seven-segment display are arranged in the figure below.
DIODE
Fig 3.3
To convert the binary numbers to signals that can drive the L.E.D.s in the display you need a
display driver. In the lab we use an MC14511 chip. The pin outs are shown below.
Fig 3.4
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A, B, C, and D are the binary inputs.
a, b, c, d, e, f, and g are the driver signals to the display elements.
LT is the Light Test control, turns all segments on, active low.
BL blanks all the segments when activated, active low.
LE is the latch enable control.
The truth table shown below is used to confirm that the digital signal sent to the display lights
up the correct segment.
INTERNAL CIRCUITRY AND LOGIC GATES FOR 7 SEG DISPLAYFig 3.5
4. CD4511BC:
4.1 BCD-to-7 Segment Latch/Decoder/Driver:
The CD4511BC BCD-to-seven segment latch/decoder/driver is constructed with
complementary MOS (CMOS) enhancement mode devices and NPN bipolar output drivers in
a single monolithic structure. The circuit provides the functions of a 4-bit storage latch, an
8421 BCD-to-seven segment decoder, and an output drive capability. Lamp test (LT),
blanking (BI), and latch enable (LE) inputs are used to test the display, to turn-off or pulse
modulate the brightness of the display, and to store a BCD code, respectively. It can be used
with seven-segment light emitting diodes (LED), incandescent, fluorescent, gas discharge, or
liquid crystal readouts either directly or indirectly.
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Truth table:
*Depends upon the BCD code applied during the 0 to 1 transition of LE.
Display
Fig 4.3
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4.2 Absolute Maximum Ratings:
DC Supply Voltage (VDD) -0.5V to +18V
Input Voltage (VIN) -0.5V to VDD +0.5V
Storage Temperature Range (TS) -65C to +150C
Power Dissipation (PD)
Dual-In-Line 700 mW
Small Outline 500 mW
Lead Temperature (TL)
(Soldering, 10 seconds) 260C
4.3 Recommended operating conditions:
DC Supply Voltage (VDD) 3V to 15V
Input Voltage (VIN) 0V to VDD
Operating Temperature Range (TA) -40C to +85C
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4.4 Applications:
Applications include instrument (e.g., counter, DVM, etc.) display driver
computer/calculator display driver,
cockpit display driver,
and various clock,
watch, and
timer uses
4.5 Features:
Low logic circuit power dissipation
High current sourcing outputs (up to 25 mA)
Latch storage of code
Blanking input
Lamp test provision
Readout blanking on all illegal input combinations
Lamp intensity modulation capability
Time share (multiplexing) facility
Equivalent to Motorola MC14511.
5. CD 4000 IC:
The 4000B IC is a monolithic integrated circuit, available in 14-lead dual in line
plastic or ceramic package and plastic micropackage. The HCC/HCF4000B nor gate provide
the system designer with direct implementation of the nor function and supplement the
existing family of COS/MOS gates. All inputs and outputs are buffered.
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PIN CONNECTIONS:
Fig 5.1
5.1 ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATING:
Symbol Parameter Value Unit
VDD Supply Voltage: HCC Types -0.5to+20 V
HCF Types -0.5to+18 V
Vi Input Voltage -0.5 to VDD + 0.5 V
II DC Input Current (any one input) 10
mA
Ptot Total Power Dissipation (per package) 200 mW
Dissipation per Output Transistor 100 mW
for Top = Full Package Temperature Range
Top Operating Temperature: HCC Types -55to+125 oC
HCF Types -40to+85 oC
Tstg Storage Temperature -65 to +150 oC
Stressesabove those listedunder Absolute Maximum Ratingsmay cause permanent damage
to thedevice. This isa stress ratingonly and functional operation of the device at these or any
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other conditions above those indicated in theoperational sections of this specification is not
implied. Exposure to absolute maximum rating conditions for external periods may affect
device reliability. All voltage values are referred to VSS pin voltage.
5.2 RECOMMENDED OPERATING CONDITIONS:
Symbol Parameter Value Unit
VDD Supply Voltage: HCC Types 3to18 V
HCF Types 3to15 V
VI Input Voltage 0 to VDD V
Top Operating Temperature: HCC Types -55to+125
HCFTypes -40to+125 oC
SCHEMATIC AND LOGIC DIAGRAMS:
Fig 5.2
PROPAGATION DELAY TIME = 60 ns (typ.) AT CL = 50 pF, VDD = 10 V.
BUFFERED INPUTS ANDOUTPUTS.
STANDARDIZED SYMMETRICAL OUTPUT CHARACTERISTICS.
QUIESCENT CURRENT SPECIFIED TO 20 V FOR HCC DEVICE.
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5V, 10V AND 15V PARAMETRIC RATINGS INPUT CURRENTOF 100nA AT
18V AND25 oC FOR HCC DEVICE.
100% TESTEDFOR QUIESCENT CURRENT.
MEETSALLREQUIREMENTSOFJEDECTENTATIVE STANDARD N. 13A, STANDARD
SPECIFICATIONS FOR DESCRIPTION OF B
SERIESCMOS DEVICES .
6. BUZZER:
In this we used piezoceramic buzzer. FDK piezoceramic buzzers generate sound
through the bending vibrations of a thin metalplate adhered to a piezoceramic disc. These
buzzers feature a low power consumption, a safe, spark-free and non-contact structure, and a
small size and light weight for an easy mounting to printed circuit boards. As a result, an
increasing number of piezoceramic buzzers are now used to generate an artificial voice in
combination with voice
synthesizing ICs. To produce high-quality piezoceramic buzzers, FDK has capitalized on
many
years of piezoceramics production and outstandingceramic processing technologies and thin
film forming techniques.
By adding a sophisticated audio know-how to this manufacturing expertise, FDK
offers a large array of electronic tone generating products, such as piezoceramic diaphragms,
sounders and buzzers, to meet loud sound outputs, wide frequency ranges, and many other
requirements
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6.1 Makeup of piezoceramic buzzer products:
Fig 6.1
6.2 How to use piezoceramic buzzers:
Piezoceramic diaphragms have a simple structure consisting of a piezoceramic disc
(piezoceramic element) adhered to a thin metal (or plastic) plate. When a voltage is charged
in the polarization direction, the piezoceramic element contracts, and expands when voltage
is charged in the reverse direction. The quick contraction-expansion motions of the
piezoceramic element cause the elastic disk underneath to vibrate and generate sound waves.
Fig 6.2
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6.3 How the piezoceramic diaphragm generates
sound:
The piezoceramic diaphragm generates sound by either the external-drive or the self-drive oscillation technique.
Fig 6.3
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Fig 6.4
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6.4 Piezoceramic buzzer measurement meth
Fig 6.5
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6.5 Features:
Use of high-performance piezoceramic elements to meet loud sound volume and wide
frequency range needs.
High quality achieved by integrated in-house production, from piezoceramic materials
to buzzers.
Clear, pleasant electronic tone.
Reliable, effective operation in a wide variety of equipment and ambient conditions.
A wide, convenient selection from elements to complete buzzer products
6.6 Applications:
Consumer electronic appliances: Refrigerators, microwave ovens,washing
machines, electric fans, VCRs, air conditioners, bath heaters, sewing machines
Clocks and toys: Digital clocks and watches, alarm clocks, calculators, game
machines, greeting cards
Office equipment: Photocopiers, typewriters, cash registers, personal computers,
facsimiles
Automotive instruments: Speed alarms; reverse drive buzzers; light,oil, battery,
seatbelt check sounders, keyless entry
Safety and security equipment: Fire alarms, burglar alarms, gas leakage alarms
Other electronic equipment: Vending machines, automatic controllers, bicycle
horns, telephones, cameras.