Post on 29-Jan-2016
Professor Veronica Emilia Nuzzolo
INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY
© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
CultureEnduring values, beliefs, behaviors, and traditions that are shared by a large group of people and passed from one generation to the next.
© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
CultureSociocultural Perspective:
+ Combines social psychology and cultural psychology
Culture and Abnormality: + How your culture affects the definition of abnormal behavior
Individualistic and Collective Cultures:+ Working together or working alone
Culture Fair Tests: + Developing tests that are not affected by culture
© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Introductory Psychology Concepts: Profession of Psychology
Psychologists view behavior from several perspectives.• Psychological
Understanding behavior in terms of psychological events• Behavioral• Neuroscience• Cognitive• Group
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Introductory Psychology Concepts: Profession of Psychology
Psychologists view behavior from several perspectives.• Psychological• Behavioral
Understanding behavior in terms of the principles of learning• Neuroscience• Cognitive• Group
© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 1-6
Introductory Psychology Concepts: Profession of Psychology
Psychologists view behavior from several perspectives.• Psychological• Behavioral• Neuroscience
Understanding behavior in terms of biology• Cognitive• Group
© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 1-7
Introductory Psychology Concepts: Profession of Psychology
Psychologists view behavior from several perspectives.• Psychological• Behavioral• Neuroscience• Cognitive
Understanding behavior in terms of cognitive events• Group
© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 1-8
Introductory Psychology Concepts: Profession of Psychology
Psychologists view behavior from several perspectives.• Psychological• Behavioral• Neuroscience• Cognitive• Group
Understanding abnormal behavior in terms of the effects of groups on behavior
© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 1-9
Areas of Specialty in Psychology• Clinical
Diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders, research on causes of disorders and treatment effectiveness
• Counseling• Developmental• Educational• Experimental• Cognitive• Personality• Quantitative• Industrial/Organizational• Social
Introductory Psychology Concepts: Profession of Psychology
© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 1-10
Areas of Specialty in Psychology• Clinical• Counseling
Consultation with clients on issues of personal adjustment; vocational and career planning; interest and aptitude testing
• Developmental• Educational• Experimental• Cognitive• Personality• Quantitative• Industrial/Organizational• Social
Introductory Psychology Concepts: Profession of Psychology
© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 1-11
Areas of Specialty in Psychology• Clinical• Counseling• Developmental
Study of physical, mental, emotional, and social development across the entire life span
• Educational• Experimental• Cognitive• Personality• Quantitative• Industrial/Organizational• Social
Introductory Psychology Concepts: Profession of Psychology
© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 1-12
Areas of Specialty in Psychology• Clinical• Counseling• Developmental• Educational
Study of psychological aspects of the educational process; curriculum and instructional research; teacher training
• Experimental• Cognitive• Personality• Quantitative• Industrial/Organizational• Social
Introductory Psychology Concepts: Profession of Psychology
© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 1-13
Areas of Specialty in Psychology• Clinical• Counseling• Developmental• Educational• Experimental
Research (typically laboratory experiments, often with non- humans) on basic processes such as learning, perception, and motivation
• Cognitive• Personality• Quantitative• Industrial/Organizational• Social
Introductory Psychology Concepts: Profession of Psychology
© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 1-14
Areas of Specialty in Psychology• Clinical• Counseling• Developmental• Educational• Experimental• Cognitive
Study of mental processes such as memory, problem solving, planning, consciousness, and language (psycholinguistics)
• Personality• Quantitative• Industrial/Organizational• Social
Introductory Psychology Concepts: Profession of Psychology
© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 1-15
Areas of Specialty in Psychology• Clinical• Counseling• Developmental• Educational• Experimental• Cognitive• Personality
Study of individual differences in personality and their effects on behavior; development of personality tests
• Quantitative• Industrial/Organizational• Social
Introductory Psychology Concepts: Profession of Psychology
© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 1-16
Areas of Specialty in Psychology• Clinical• Counseling• Developmental• Educational• Experimental• Cognitive• Personality• Quantitative
Measurement issues and data analysis; development of mathematical models of behavior
• Industrial/Organizational• Social
Introductory Psychology Concepts: Profession of Psychology
© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 1-17
Areas of Specialty in Psychology• Clinical• Counseling• Developmental• Educational• Experimental• Cognitive• Personality• Quantitative• Industrial/Organizational
Examination of behavior in work settings; study of factors related to employee morale and performance, development of tests to select job applicants; development of machines and tasks to fit human capabilities
• Social
Introductory Psychology Concepts: Profession of Psychology
© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 1-18
Areas of Specialty in Psychology• Clinical• Counseling• Developmental• Educational• Experimental• Cognitive• Personality• Quantitative• Industrial/Organizational• Social
Examination of how the social environment—the presence of other people—influences an individual’s behavior, thoughts and feelings
Introductory Psychology Concepts: Profession of Psychology
© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 1-19
Introductory Psychology Concepts: Perspectives in Psychology
Perspectives in PsychologyWays of Understanding Behavior
Issue Neuroscience Psychodynamic Behavioral Cognitive Humanistic
Key issues in psychology and the positions taken by psychologists subscribing to the five major perspectives of psychology.
Nature (heredity) vs. nurture (environment)
Nature(heredity)
Nature(heredity)
Nurture(environment)
Nurture(environment)Both
© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 1-20
Introductory Psychology Concepts: Perspectives in Psychology
Perspectives in PsychologyWays of Understanding Behavior
Issue Neuroscience Psychodynamic Behavioral Cognitive Humanistic
Key issues in psychology and the positions taken by psychologists subscribing to the five major perspectives of psychology.
Conscious vs. unconscious determinants of behavior
Unconscious Unconscious Conscious Both Conscious
© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 1-21
Introductory Psychology Concepts: Perspectives in Psychology
Perspectives in PsychologyWays of Understanding Behavior
Issue Neuroscience Psychodynamic Behavioral Cognitive Humanistic
Key issues in psychology and the positions taken by psychologists subscribing to the five major perspectives of psychology.
Observable behavior vs. internal mental processes
Internal emphasis
Internal emphasis
Observable emphasis
Internal emphasis
Internal emphasis
© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 1-22
Introductory Psychology Concepts: Perspectives in Psychology
Perspectives in PsychologyWays of Understanding Behavior
Issue Neuroscience Psychodynamic Behavioral Cognitive Humanistic
Key issues in psychology and the positions taken by psychologists subscribing to the five major perspectives of psychology.
Free will vs. determinism
Determinism Determinism Determinism Free will Free will
© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 1-23
Introductory Psychology Concepts: Perspectives in Psychology
Perspectives in PsychologyWays of Understanding Behavior
Issue Neuroscience Psychodynamic Behavioral Cognitive Humanistic
Key issues in psychology and the positions taken by psychologists subscribing to the five major perspectives of psychology.
Individual differences vs. universal principles
Universal emphasis
Universal emphasis
Both Individual emphasis
Individual emphasis
© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 1-24
The Scientific Method: The approach used by psychologists to systematically acquire knowledge and understanding about behavior and other phenomena of interest.
Introductory Psychology Concepts : Research Methods and Research Studies
1. Identify questions of interest stemming from
• Behavior and phenomenon requiring explanation
• Prior research findings
•Curiosity, creativity, insight
2. Formulate an explanation
Specify a theory
Develop a hypothesis
3. Carry out research
Operationalize hypothesis
Select a research method
Collect the data
Analyze the data
4. Communicate the findings
© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 1-25
Self Report Psychological Behavioral
Descriptive MethodsMethods of Observing Behavior
Introductory Psychology Concepts : Research Methods and Research Studies
© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 1-26
Researcher Jane Goodall studies the behavior of wild chimpanzees in their native habitat.
Descriptive MethodsNaturalistic Observation: Observing subjects in natural environments
Introductory Psychology Concepts : Research Methods and Research Studies
© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 1-27
In this experiment, preschoolers’ reactions to the puppet are monitored.
Descriptive MethodsLaboratory Observation: Observing subjects in artificially controlled environments
Introductory Psychology Concepts : Research Methods and Research Studies
© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 1-28
The Hmong Sudden Death Syndrome
• Many Hmong refugees who escaped the ravages of war in their homeland experienced great stress and guilt when they resettled in North America.
• This stress, combined with cultural beliefs about angry spirits, may have contributed to the Hmong sudden death syndrome, which eventually claimed more than 40 lives.
Descriptive MethodsCase Studies: In-depth analysis of an individual, group, or event
Introductory Psychology Concepts : Research Methods and Research Studies
© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 1-29
Descriptive MethodsSurveys and Polls: • Methods of gathering information or data from persons in which they provide answers themselves.
• Conclusion from samples are drawn using scientific method.
Population
Unrepresentative sample
Representative sample
Sampling procedure
Introductory Psychology Concepts : Research Methods and Research Studies
© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 1-30
Sample of participants
Experimentalgroup (noisecondition)
Control group(no-noisecondition)
Measure amount of learning
Measure amount of learning
Scientificallycompare
performanceof the two
groups
The logic of designing an experiment. The experimenter manipulates the amount of noise to which participants are exposed, measures their learning, and attempts to treat them equally in every other way.
This creates an experiment group and a control group.
Introductory Psychology Concepts : Research Methods and Research Studies
Experimental Method
© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 1-31
Scientific Method: 5 steps
Perceiving a Question1
Forming a Hypothesis2
Testing the Hypothesis3
Drawing Conclusions4
Reporting Results5
Introductory Psychology Concepts : Scientific Method
© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 1-32
Self Report Psychological Behavioral
Descriptive MethodsMethods of Observing Behavior
Introductory Psychology Concepts : Scientific Method
© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 1-33
Self Report Psychological Behavioral
Introductory Psychology Concepts: Descriptive Methods
Descriptive MethodsMethods of Observing Behavior
© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 1-34
Researcher Jane Goodall uses naturalistic observation to study the behavior of wild chimpanzees.
Descriptive MethodsNaturalistic Observation: Observing subjects in natural environments
Introductory Psychology Concepts: Descriptive Methods
© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 1-35
In this experiment, preschoolers’ reactions to the puppet are monitored.
Descriptive MethodsLaboratory Observation: Observing subjects in artificially controlled environments
Introductory Psychology Concepts: Descriptive Methods
© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 1-36
The Hmong Sudden Death Syndrome
• Many Hmong refugees who escaped the ravages of war in their homeland experienced great stress and guilt when they resettled in North America.
• This stress, combined with cultural beliefs about angry spirits, may have contributed to the Hmong sudden death syndrome, which eventually claimed more than 40 lives.
Descriptive MethodsCase Studies: In-depth analysis of an individual, group, or event
Introductory Psychology Concepts: Descriptive Methods
© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 1-37
Descriptive MethodsSurveys and Polls: • Method of gathering information or data from persons where they provide the answers themselves.
• Conclusion are drawn using scientific method.
Introductory Psychology Concepts: Descriptive Methods
Population
Unrepresentative sample
Representative sample
Sampling procedure