Post on 18-Nov-2014
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PRESENTATION ON
PRODUCTION ANALYSIS
Ashutosh Srivastava 11 A
Ayushi 12 A
Bhoopendra Tiwari 13 A
Chandan Kumar 14 A
Debmalya Das 15 A
Deepika Mishra 16 A
Garima Manchanda 17 A
Gaurav Kr. Varshney 18 A
Gaurav Sarin 19 A
Gurdeep Singh 20 A
By:- THE GO GETTERS
INTRODUCTION
q Every organization uses labor,capital and land or raw materials for the purpose of producing goods and services.
q Whole and sole aim is to maximize total profit.
PRODUCTION AND PRODUCTION FUNCTION
q PRODUCTION:- Refers to the transformation of input resources into outputs of goods and services.
q Inputs are resources used in the production of goods and services.
q Types of inputs: a) FIXED INPUT
b)VARIABLE
PRODUCTION FUNCTION
q Mathematical representation of the relationship:
q Q = f (K, L, La)q Output (Q) is dependent upon the amount of
capital (K), Land (L) and Labour (La) used
PRODUCTION FUNCTION
q States the relationship between inputs and outputsq Inputs – the factors of production classified as:q Land – all natural resources of the earth – not just ‘terra firma’!
q Price paid to acquire land = Rent q Labour – all physical and mental human effort involved in
productionq Price paid to labour = Wages
q Capital – buildings, machinery and equipment not used for its own sake but for the contribution it makes to production
q Price paid for capital = Interest
TYPES OF PRODUCTION FUNCTION
q SHORT RUN: time period during which at least one input is fixed.
q LONG RUN:- time period during which all inputs are variable.
Analysis of Production Function:Short Run
q In the short run at least one factor fixed in supply but all other factors capable of being changed
q Reflects ways in which firms respond to changes in output (demand)
q Can increase or decrease output using more or less of some factors but some likely to be easier to change than others
q Increase in total capacity only possible in the long run
ANALYSIS OF PRODUCTION FUNCTION:SHORT RUN
In times of rising sales (demand) firms can increase labour and capital but only up to a certain level – they will be limited by the amount of space. In this example, land is the fixed factor which cannot be altered in the short run.
ANALYSIS OF PRODUCTION FUNCTION:SHORT RUN
If demand slows down, the firm can reduce its variable factors – in this example it reduces its labour and capital but again, land is the factor which stays fixed.
Analysing the Production Function: Long Run
q The long run is defined as the period of time taken to vary all factors of productionq By doing this, the firm is able to increase its total capacity –
not just short term capacityq Associated with a change in the scale of productionq The period of time varies according to the firm
and the industryq In electricity supply, the time taken to build new capacity
could be many years; for a market stall holder, the ‘long run’ could be as little as a few weeks or months!
Analysis of Production Function:Long Run
In the long run, the firm can change all its factors of production thus increasing its total capacity. In this example it has doubled its capacity
Production FunctionWith Two Inputs
K Q6 10 24 31 36 40 395 12 28 36 40 42 404 12 28 36 40 40 363 10 23 33 36 36 332 7 18 28 30 30 281 3 8 12 14 14 12
1 2 3 4 5 6 L
Q = f(L, K)
Production FunctionWith Two Inputs
Continuous Production Surface
TOTAL PRODUCT (TP)It is derived by holding the quantity of one input constant and changing the quantity of the other input .
MARGINAL PRODUCT (MP)
It is the change in the total product or extra output per unit change in an input used.
For per unit change in labor it is calculated as
MPL = ∆TP ∆L
AVERAGE PRODUCT (AP)
It is the ratio of total product and total unit of the input which is changed to derive the total product.
For per unit change in labor it is calculated as:
APL = TP
L
PRODUCTION OR OUTPUT ELASTICITY (E)
It is the ratio of the percentage change in output and the percentage change in the input which is changed to derive the total product.
For per unit change in labor it is calculated as: For per unit change in labor it is calculated as:
EL = ∆Q∆Q
∆L
LAW OF DIMINISHING RETURN
As we go on using more more units of variable input along with a given amount of fixed input after a point we start getting diminishing returns for the variable input. This is called the law of diminishing return.
Production FunctionWith One Variable Input
Total Product
Marginal Product
Average Product
Production orOutput Elasticity
TP = Q = f(L)
MPL =TP L
APL =TP L
EL =MPL
APL
Production FunctionWith One Variable Input
L Q MPL APL EL
0 0 - - -1 3 3 3 12 8 5 4 1.253 12 4 4 14 14 2 3.5 0.575 14 0 2.8 06 12 -2 2 -1
Total, Marginal, and Average Product of Labor, and Output Elasticity
Production FunctionWith One Variable Input
Production FunctionWith One Variable Input
The declining portion of the marginal product
curve reflects the law of diminishing return.
Optimal Use of theVariable Input
Marginal RevenueProduct of Labor
MRPL = (MPL)(MR)
Marginal ResourceCost of Labor
MRCL =TC L
Optimal Use of Labor MRPL = MRCL
Optimal Use of theVariable Input
L MPL MR = P MRPL MRCL
2.50 4 $10 $40 $203.00 3 10 30 203.50 2 10 20 204.00 1 10 10 204.50 0 10 0 20
Use of Labor is Optimal When L = 3.50
Optimal Use of theVariable Input
Production With TwoVariable Inputs
Isoquants show combinations of two inputs that can produce the same level of output.
Firms will only use combinations of two inputs that are in the economic region of production, which is defined by the portion of each isoquant that is negatively sloped.
Production With TwoVariable Inputs
Isoquants
Production With TwoVariable Inputs
Economic Region of Production
Production With TwoVariable Inputs
Marginal Rate of Technical Substitution•It is the absolute value of the slope of isoquants.
•MRTS = -dK/dL
•We multiply dK/dL -1 in order to express the MRTS as a positive number.
•The MRTS is the rate at which the firm would be willing to give up capital in exchange for labor.
Production With TwoVariable InputsMRTS = -(-2.5/1) = 2.5
Optimal Combination of Inputs
Isocost lines represent all combinations of two inputs that a firm can purchase with the same total cost.
C wL rK= +
C wK L
r r= −
C Total Cost=
( )w WageRateof Labor L=
( )r Cost of Capital K=
Optimal Combination of InputsIsocost Lines
AB C = $100, w = r = $10
A’B’ C = $140, w = r = $10
A’’B’’ C = $80, w = r = $10
AB* C = $100, w = $5, r = $10
Optimal Combination of Inputs
MRTS = w/r
Optimal Combination of Inputs
Effect of a Change in Input Prices
EMPIRICAL PRODUCTION FUNCTION
•Cobb-Douglas Production function
Q = A KaLb
where, Q = quantities of output K = capital L = labor
A, a, b = parameters to be estimated empirically
Useful Properties of Cobb-Douglas Production Function
•The marginal product of of capital & the marginal product of labor depend on both the quantity of capital & the quantity of labor used in production.•The exponents of K & L (that is a, b) represent, respectively, the output elasticity of labor & capital and the sum of the exponents measures the returns to scale.
If a+b=1 then Constant Return of Scale
a+b>1 then Increasing Return of Scale
a+b<1 then decreasing Return of Scale
CONT…
• Cobb-Douglas Production Function can be estimated by regression analysis by transforming it into
logQ = logA + alogK + blogL
Returns to Scale
Constant Returns to
Scale
Increasing Returns to
Scale
Decreasing Returns to
Scale
Innovations and Global Competitiveness
• Product Innovation
• Process Innovation
• Product Cycle Model
• Just-In-Time Production System
• Competitive Benchmarking
• Computer-Aided Design (CAD)
• Computer-Aided Manufacturing (CAM)