Principles of Principles of EvolutionEvolutionChapters: 12, 13, 14Chapters: 12, 13, 14

How did life How did life begin?begin?

The Bubble Model (1986) The Bubble Model (1986) by Lermanby Lerman

Chemical reactions Chemical reactions of the primordial of the primordial soup took place soup took place inside bubbles of fat inside bubbles of fat molecules.molecules.

See page 255 in See page 255 in bookbook

                                                                        

Primordial Soup (A.I. Primordial Soup (A.I. Oparin)Oparin)

Early Earth atmosphere Early Earth atmosphere (N, Methane, ammonia)(N, Methane, ammonia)

Energy from sun, Energy from sun, volcanoes, lightningvolcanoes, lightning

Chemical reactions Chemical reactions created amino acidscreated amino acids

Rain washed these into Rain washed these into the oceanthe ocean

Created the primordial Created the primordial soup.soup.

A Brief History of LifeA Brief History of Life

animationanimation

Early OrganismsEarly Organisms

Prokaryotes are Prokaryotes are oldest organisms oldest organisms (3.5 billion years old)(3.5 billion years old) CyanobacteriaCyanobacteria – –

photosynthetic photosynthetic bacteriabacteria

Impact on Impact on atmosphere: atmosphere: Oxygen!!!!Oxygen!!!!

Groups of bacteriaGroups of bacteria

EubacteriaEubacteria- “true - “true bacteria”, ex. Ecolibacteria”, ex. Ecoli

ArchaebacteriaArchaebacteria – – ancient bacteria, ancient bacteria,

Then came the Then came the eukaryoteseukaryotes

Appeared 1.5 billion Appeared 1.5 billion years agoyears ago

Life moved onto land!!!Life moved onto land!!!

The Theory of The Theory of EvolutionEvolutionChapter 13Chapter 13

13-1 Where did the theory of 13-1 Where did the theory of natural selection come from?natural selection come from?

Pre Darwin:Pre Darwin: (1809) Jean Baptiste (1809) Jean Baptiste

de Lamarkde Lamark Variation hypothesisVariation hypothesis

– evolution occurs – evolution occurs through acquired through acquired characteristics (body characteristics (body changes over time)changes over time)

Example: giraffe neck Example: giraffe neck lengthlength

Larmark: Aquired Larmark: Aquired CharacteristicsCharacteristics

Evolution by Natural Evolution by Natural SelectionSelection

Charles Darwin Charles Darwin (1859)(1859)

Journey of the Journey of the H.M.S. Beagle – H.M.S. Beagle – recorded all the recorded all the plants and animals plants and animals on journeyon journey

Darwin’s ObservationsDarwin’s Observations

Observed gradual Observed gradual change – found fossils change – found fossils that were similar, but not that were similar, but not identical, to the current identical, to the current day animalday animal

On Galapagos island he On Galapagos island he observed finches that observed finches that resembled those in resembled those in South AmericaSouth America

Darwin’s finches: notice the Darwin’s finches: notice the beaksbeaks

I. Natural Selection- survival I. Natural Selection- survival of the fittest (Darwin)of the fittest (Darwin)

1. Variations exist within populations1. Variations exist within populations

Theory of Natural Theory of Natural SelectionSelection

2. Some variations (mutations) are more 2. Some variations (mutations) are more advantageous for survival and advantageous for survival and reproduction than othersreproduction than others

Theory of Natural Theory of Natural SelectionSelection

3. “fit”organisms 3. “fit”organisms survive and survive and reproduce – genes reproduce – genes are passed to are passed to offspringoffspring

IsolationIsolation- leads to a new species, two - leads to a new species, two population of same species can not population of same species can not breedbreed

ExtinctionExtinction- leads to species replacement- leads to species replacement

AdaptationsAdaptations

Changing of a Changing of a species that results species that results in its being better in its being better suited to its suited to its environment environment (choosen by natural (choosen by natural selection)selection)

MutationsMutations

Peppered Moth ExamplePeppered Moth Example

Structural AdaptationsStructural Adaptations

MimicryMimicry CamouflageCamouflage Warning colorationWarning coloration

Structural Adaptation: 1. Structural Adaptation: 1. MimicryMimicry

                                    

    

Example: Viseroy and Monarch Butterflies

ViceroyMonarch

2. Camouflage2. Camouflage

adaptations that allows an organism to adaptations that allows an organism to "blend" into it's environment"blend" into it's environment

Examples: Examples:

More examples of Camo.: More examples of Camo.: Sea Dragon

Structural Adaptation: Structural Adaptation: Warning: Standing outWarning: Standing out

Poison Arrow Frog

Warning and Mimicry

A regal ring-necked snake displaying its aposematic coloration

Physiological AdaptationPhysiological Adaptation

Changes in metabolic processes: venom, warm vs. cold blooded

More physiological More physiological adaptations: adaptations:

Behavioral Adaptations:Behavioral Adaptations:examples examples

Jaguar – hunting methods – one bite – occipital crunchers

Evidence of Evidence of EvolutionEvolution

Fossil EvidenceFossil Evidence

Missing links Missing links between groups of between groups of organisms.organisms.

Compare fossils with Compare fossils with current day speciescurrent day species

Structures and EvolutionStructures and Evolution

Homologous Homologous structures –structures – agreeing agreeing

Similar structures Similar structures and derived from the and derived from the same body part.same body part.

Ex. Bone structureEx. Bone structure

Vestigial structuresVestigial structures

Remnant of another Remnant of another structurestructure

No function, reduced No function, reduced in sizein size

Ex. Appendix, Ex. Appendix, tailbones,wisdom tailbones,wisdom teeth in humans, teeth in humans, hipbones in whales, hipbones in whales,

Some Alleged Vestigial Organs in Man Some Alleged Vestigial Organs in Man

• TonsilsTonsils

• Coccyx (tail bone)Coccyx (tail bone)

• AppendixAppendix

• Little toeLittle toe

• Wisdom teethWisdom teeth

• Nipples on malesNipples on males

• Nodes on ears "Darwin's points"Nodes on ears "Darwin's points"

• Ear muscles for wigglingEar muscles for wiggling

• Body hairBody hair

Darwin’s PointsDarwin’s Points

Human AppendixHuman Appendix

Human TonsilsHuman Tonsils

Analogous Analogous Structures :oppositeStructures :opposite

Similar in function, Similar in function, but different but different structuresstructures

Wing of butterfly vs Wing of butterfly vs wing of a batwing of a bat

III. Embryo DevelopmentIII. Embryo Development

Theory: aquatic, gill breathing vertebrates Theory: aquatic, gill breathing vertebrates came before land, air breatherscame before land, air breathers

DNA Evidence DNA Evidence (biochemical)(biochemical)

DNA sequence DNA sequence studies are more studies are more reliable than fossil reliable than fossil studies.studies.

Human EvolutionHuman Evolution

Chapter 14Chapter 14

Evolution of PrimatesEvolution of Primates

Includes Monkeys, Includes Monkeys, apes, humansapes, humans

Evolved 40 million Evolved 40 million years agoyears ago

3-D vision3-D vision Flexible Flexible

shoulders/rotating shoulders/rotating forelimbsforelimbs

Primate Characteristics Primate Characteristics cont.cont.

Opposable thumbOpposable thumb Complex brainsComplex brains

Human Ancestors

• - African origins

• - Bipedal locomotion

- Hominid

• - humanlike, bipedal primate

Ardipithecus ramidus Ardipithecus ramidus

4.4 mya4.4 mya Most primitive Most primitive

hominidhominid Discovered 1992Discovered 1992

AustralopithecusAustralopithecus

Australopithecus Australopithecus anamnesis anamnesis

- oldest upright - oldest upright primateprimate

- 4.2 – 3.9 million - 4.2 – 3.9 million years oldyears old

Australopithecus afarensis Australopithecus afarensis

““Lucy” – Lucy” – 3.5 – 2.9 million 3.5 – 2.9 million

years agoyears ago Teeth and pelvis Teeth and pelvis

resemble humansresemble humans                                                                               

Homo habilusHomo habilus

- handy human- handy human - larger brain- larger brain - stone tools- stone tools - 1.5 to 2 million - 1.5 to 2 million

years oldyears old

Homo erectusHomo erectus

upright humanupright human - built fires- built fires - well made stone - well made stone

toolstools - 1.5 million years old- 1.5 million years old

HOMO ERECTUS

Modern Humans - Homo Modern Humans - Homo sapienssapiens

wise humanwise human - 125,000 years ago, - 125,000 years ago,

African originsAfrican origins - - NeanderthalsNeanderthals- heavy - heavy

bodiesbodies - 5 feet tall- 5 feet tall - good hunters- good hunters - lived in caves- lived in caves - buried dead- buried dead - did not make it- did not make it

Cro-MagnonCro-Magnon

slighter build and tallerslighter build and taller - 35,000 years old- 35,000 years old - direct ancestors to - direct ancestors to

humanshumans - out competed - out competed

NeanderthalsNeanderthals - caves- caves - elaborate tools- elaborate tools - artists- artists

Cro-MagnonCro-Magnon