Post on 25-Dec-2015
preventionprevention
PATH 216PATH 216Mohamed M. B. AlnoorMohamed M. B. Alnoor
SUBSTANCE ABUSESUBSTANCE ABUSE
• Definitions
Contents
• Why do people use alcohol and other drugs
• Symptoms and Signs of substance abuse• Initiation of substance use
• Consequences of substance abuse
• Risk factors & Protective factors of substance abuse
• Prevention of substance abuse
• Substance abuse: is the behavior of excessive use of a substance
Definitions
to modify or control mood or state of mind in a manner that is illegal or harmful to oneself or others.
SUBSTANCE ABUSESUBSTANCE ABUSE
DefinitionsSUBSTANCE ABUSESUBSTANCE ABUSE
Potential consequences of abuse includePotential consequences of abuse include• Accidents or injuries• Blackouts• Legal problems• Poor job performance• Family problems• Sexual behavior that increases
the risk of HIV infection
• The word “substance” in substance abuse, is any chemical agent (natural or artificial) that affects the mind and is abusively used .
• Alcohol • Illegal street drugs • Addictive prescription and over the
counter drugs. • Other mind altering substances , and • Tobacco.
DefinitionsDefinitionsSUBSTANCE ABUSESUBSTANCE ABUSE
“Substance”
Symptoms and Signs Symptoms and Signs SUBSTANCE ABUSESUBSTANCE ABUSE
Abuse of alcohol and other drugs affects people:
• Emotionally• Behaviorally• Physically
Symptoms and Signs Symptoms and Signs SUBSTANCE ABUSESUBSTANCE ABUSE
Emotional effects:
Aggression, burnout , anxiety,
depression, paranoia and denial.
Symptoms and Signs Symptoms and Signs SUBSTANCE ABUSESUBSTANCE ABUSE
Behavioral effects:
Slow reaction time , impaired
coordination , slowed or slurred speech ,
irritability , excessive talking , inability to
sit still , limited attention span and poor
motivation or lack of energy.
Symptoms and Signs Symptoms and Signs SUBSTANCE ABUSESUBSTANCE ABUSE
Physical effects:
Weight loss, sweating , chills
and smell of alcohol
DefinitionsDefinitionsSUBSTANCE ABUSESUBSTANCE ABUSE
“tolerance”• "Tolerance" describes changes in the way an
addict reacts to a drug, where he needs more of the drug to get the same effect as before.
• When after repeated administration, increasingly larger doses of a drug must be administered to obtain the same effects with the original use.
OR
DefinitionsDefinitionsSUBSTANCE ABUSESUBSTANCE ABUSE
“Substance dependence”
The physiological state of neuro-
adaptation produced by repeated
administration of the drug, necessitating
continued administration to prevent the
appearance of the withdrawal syndromeAlcoholism means “alcohol dependence
DefinitionsDefinitionsSUBSTANCE ABUSESUBSTANCE ABUSE
Experiences withdrawal when not using.Seems unable to stop. Preoccupied by “getting” and “using”.Tolerance(needs more to get the same effect).Gives up important things in order to use.Compulsions or cravings to keep using.Rebound.
additional problems: additional problems:
“Substance dependence”
DefinitionsDefinitionsSUBSTANCE ABUSESUBSTANCE ABUSE
withdrawal when not using. (The psychological and physiological reactions to abrupt cessation of a dependence-producing drug.)Rebound. The exaggerated expression of the original condition sometimes experienced by patients immediately after cessation of an effective treatment
additional problems: additional problems:
DefinitionsDefinitionsSUBSTANCE ABUSESUBSTANCE ABUSE
Understanding Addiction
• Terminal/Permanent
• Chronic
Addiction to alcohol and other drugs is:
• Progressive
• Primary
• Characterized by denial
For 10% of people, abuse addiction.
DefinitionsDefinitionsSUBSTANCE ABUSESUBSTANCE ABUSE
Basic components of disease model
Chronic:
Once you have developed an addiction
problem to deal with it, recovery requires
life long abstinence and active participation
in recovery groups.
DefinitionsDefinitionsSUBSTANCE ABUSESUBSTANCE ABUSE
Progressive :
There are signs and symptoms of ddiction, no
known cure, affecting every area of a the
addict's life: physical, mental, emotional, and
spiritual. Addiction gets worse over time - can
be gradual or rapid, depending on the drug.
Repeated use causes progressive damage.
DefinitionsDefinitionsSUBSTANCE ABUSESUBSTANCE ABUSE
. Primary :
It is the main problem that needs to be
treated, not secondary to something else.
. Terminal/Permanent :
once addicted to a drug, always addicted
and to all drugs, not just the drug of choice.
If not stopped, often leads to disease and
possibly death.
DefinitionsDefinitionsSUBSTANCE ABUSESUBSTANCE ABUSE
Denial:
The user often seems to be the last to
know that his life is out of control. There
are effective strategies employed by
professionals for helping to break through
this denial, which must be overcome
before treatment can take place.
• Smoking is the ENTERANCE
• Risk to move on to marijuana is 65 times
greater for persons who smoke or drink
• Risk to move on to cocaine is 104 times
greater for persons who used marijuana
• The more risk factors someone has the
greater likelihood to use substances.
“Initiation of substance use” InternationallySUBSTANCE ABUSESUBSTANCE ABUSE
people use alcoholpeople use alcohol and other drugsand other drugs
• Experimentation• Social/Recreational• As a stress reliever
“use”SUBSTANCE ABUSESUBSTANCE ABUSE
Ways that Ways that
o
o Substance use as outlet for emotional
and physical stressors in life
o Financial and work problems
o Used to boost self image.
o Used to fit in/be accepted o Insufficient knowledge about drugs and
their effects
SUBSTANCE ABUSESUBSTANCE ABUSE people use alcoholpeople use alcohol and other drugsand other drugs
Why do Why do
“Consequences”SUBSTANCE ABUSESUBSTANCE ABUSE
In addition to effects on the body, other consequences occur at
• individual level• family level • community level.
SUBSTANCE ABUSESUBSTANCE ABUSE
At individual level:
Aggressiveness, injuring himself or
others, driving harming himself and others,
infections at injection sites or blood borne
(hepatitis B and C, and HIV), smoking
leading to lung cancer and life revolves
around substance use
SUBSTANCE ABUSESUBSTANCE ABUSE
. At family level:
Money on substance leads to family
conflicts, family conflict becomes destructive
emotionally and/or physically, money on
substance replace other family needs and
money on substance use treatment drains
family resources.
SUBSTANCE ABUSESUBSTANCE ABUSE. At community level:
To get money, substance abusers may
steal, use violence or engage in crime, drug
syndicates may commit violent crimes and/or
recruit youth for illegal activities and violence
and illegal activity that may harm individuals
and/or create a climate of mistrust.
“RISK FACTORS ”
SUBSTANCE ABUSESUBSTANCE ABUSE
“PROTECTIVE FACTORS ”
“Who uses substance ?”
“FACTORS”
SUBSTANCE ABUSESUBSTANCE ABUSE
Risk factors: Factors associated with greater potential to use substances:
1.Chaotic home environment.
2.Ineffective parenting.
3.Little mutual attachment and nurturing.
4.Parental/sibling substance abuse or mental
illness.5. 5. Academic failure
SUBSTANCE ABUSESUBSTANCE ABUSE
. 6. Inappropriate/shy classroom behavior.
7. Poor social coping skills.
8. Perceived external approval of drug
use(peer, family, community).
9. Affiliations with deviant persons
SUBSTANCE ABUSESUBSTANCE ABUSEProtective factors:Factors associated with reduced potential to use substances:1.Strong family bonds. 2.Parental engagement in child's life.3.Clear parental expectations & consequences. 4. Academic success.5. Conventional norms about drugs and alcohol.6. Strong bonds with pro-social institutions (School, Community, Mosque).
“PREVENTION”SUBSTANCE ABUSESUBSTANCE ABUSE
Primary prevention
Secondary prevention
Tertiary prevention
SUBSTANCE ABUSESUBSTANCE ABUSE“PREVENTION”
TWO STRATEGIES
1- to reduce supply
2- to reduce demand
Primary preventionTo prevent initiation of substance use or delaying the age at which use begins.
SUBSTANCE ABUSESUBSTANCE ABUSEPrimary prevention
Actions aimed to reduce supply:
(based on the principle that the decreased
availability of substances reduces the
opportunities for abuse and dependence).
Actions aimed to reduce demand:
(including health promotion and disease
prevention).
SUBSTANCE ABUSESUBSTANCE ABUSE
Secondary prevention
To target individuals in the early
stages of psychoactive substance use,
in order to prevent substance use
becoming a problem and thereby limit
the degree of damage to the individual.