Presented To: Dr Rania Al Masri

Presented By: Carla AounDiana Mikati

Hamdan Hamdan

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American University of BeirutSpring 2010 - 2011

LDEM 630Natural resource management

June 8th, 2011

Table of contents:

Literature review

The Bwarej Case Study

Methodology

Sustainable Livelihood Approach

Problem tree analysis

Discussion

Conclusion and Recommendations

References

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Literature review 1

1.

One of the most important sectors in the country.

Contributes about 7% to GDP and employs around 12% full time farmers of the active population.

Main agricultural crops: Cereals, fruits, vegetables, olives, grapes, and tobacco

Livestock production: mostly sheep and goat herding

Variety of agricultural lands, from the interior plateau of the Bekaa Valley to the narrow valleys leading downward to the sea farmers can grow both European and Tropical crops.

(US Library of Congress, Federation of International Trade Associations, 2008; Charara, 2010)http://www.fita.org/countries/lebanon.html

(2004المنتجات الزراعية، ) 3

http://images.nationmaster.com/images/motw/middle_east_and_asia/lebanon_econ_1979.jpg

4

Map showing the distribution of the agricultural lands and crops in Lebanon.

Literature review 2

Situated between Mount Lebanon and the Anti-Lebanon Mountains.

120 km in length with an average width of about 16 km.

Characterized by a Mediterranean climate of wet, often snowy winters and dry, warm summers.

The Northern region receives limited rainfall.

The most fertile agricultural land where most of the agricultural practices take place. (40% of Lebanon's arable land)

(Global Eye, 2006) 5

Literature review 3

(MoA, 2007) 6

Distribution of crop areas (hectares) by Mohafaza in 2005.

Literature review 4

The valley also produces hashish and cultivates opium poppies exported as part of the illegal drug trade.

the Litany hydroelectricity project

7(Global Eye, 2006)

Literature review 5

Revived after the civil war (1975-1990)

The Bekaa area houses a dozen of vineyards or wineries which produce around 6 million bottles a year and export 2 million bottles especially to France.

Wine tasting has taken a touristic portrait.

(Global Eye, 2006) 8

The Bwarej Case Study 1

a Lebanese village located on the Eastern side of the Knaysse Mountain, Bekaa.

accessible from different areas via two main entrances: Daher Al Baydar or Chtoura.

41 km away from Beirut

stretches over an area of 347 hectares (3.47 km²).

(MOA, 1999) 9

(Google Maps, satellite) 10

Satellite picture of Bwarej from Google maps, retrieved on March 9, 2011

The Bwarej Case Study 2

This village is between 1,350 and 1,600 m above sea level

The weather is generally cold and dry even in the summer.

The village overlooks an amazing panoramic view of the Bekaa Valley from every corner.

(Al Bast, M. personal communication, May 1st, 2011)

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Panoramic view of the Bekaa valley, picture taken by Diana Mikati, May 15,2011

The Bwarej Case Study 3

The Municipality counted 1,312 registered voters in 2010 elections, but

The number of villagers ranges from 4,000 to 5,000 people, according to the head of municipality.

Bwarej's five main families are: Jaber, El bast, Chahine, Kattan, and Jabre.

The municipality of Bwarej is a part of the Kaza of Zahleh. It is an independent local administration.

.Al Bast, M) (الدوليًة للمعلومات 2010)personal communication, May 1st, 2011)

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The Bwarej Case Study 4

After the first round of elections in 1998, the municipality was revived after being suspended for ~50 years.

The municipality takes care of most of the services in the village : infrastructure, maintenance , solid waste management and collection of fees and taxes.

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Picture of the Municipality taken by Carla Aoun, May 15th, 2011

The Bwarej Case Study 5

“The municipality is trying to control everything as much as it can, even though there is a lack of archives and accessible data to the population”- Mr. Al-Bast

No records or data available in the municipality

Few private companies/firms from outside the village pass by to conduct surveys

(Al Bast, M. personal communication, May 1st, 2011)

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The Bwarej Case Study 6

vulnerabilities

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Methodology 1

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Methodology 2

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Methodology 3

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Sustainable livelihood approach 1

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Sustainable livelihood approach 2

(Al Bast, M. Personal communication, May 1st, 2011)

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Sustainable livelihood approach 3

(Chahine, M. Personal communication, May 1st, 2011)

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Sustainable livelihood approach 4

(Al Bast, M. Personal communication, May 1st, 2011)

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Sustainable livelihood approach 5

.

(Al Bast, M. Personal communication, May 1st, 2011)

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Pictures 1, 2 and 3represent differentwater sources,taken by CarlaAoun, April 1st, 2011.

Sustainable livelihood approach 6

(Al Bast, M. Personal communication, May 1st, 2011)

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26Pictures 1,2,3&4 of old and current water canals, taken by Carla Aoun on May 15th, 2011

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These are the pipes that are openedduring the drought seasons so thatwater flows in them and irrigates theagricultural lands.

Picture of water canals takenby Carla Aoun on may 15th, 2011

Sustainable livelihood approach 7

.

(Al Bast, M. Personal communication, May 1st, 2011)

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Sustainable livelihood approach 8

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Column1 SRB building; cooler

drinking water; 18/5/2011

Bwarej water

spring

notes

pH 7.66 7.73

total

dissolved

solids

397 156 EPA's recommended maximum of TDS

in water is 500ppm, more is bad taste

calcium

hardness

2.03 0.93 ml of EDTA to neutralize hardness in

10ml sample

total hardness 3.17 1.49 ml of EDTA to neutralize hardness in

10ml sample

chlorides 3.428 0.93 ml of silver nitrate to neutralize

chlorides in 10ml sample

conductivity 832

microSiemens

308

microSiemens

drinking water range 30 to 1500

microSiemens, lower is better

ammonia 0 0 mg/L

Sustainable livelihood approach 9

(Jaber, M. Personal communication, May 1st, 2011)

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31

Pictures taken by Carla Aoun and Diana Mikati on April 1st and May 15th, 2011

Sustainable livelihood approach 10

(MoA, 2004) 32

Pictures taken by Carla Aoun and Diana Mikati on April 1st and May 15th, 2011

Sustainable livelihood approach 11

.

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Pictures taken by CarlaAoun and Diana Mikati onApril 1st and May 15th, 2011

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Pictures taken by CarlaAoun and Diana Mikati onApril 1st and May 15th, 2011

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Pictures taken by Carla Aoun and Diana Mikati on April 1st and May 15th, 2011

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Pictures taken by CarlaAoun and Diana Mikati onApril 1st and May 15th, 2011

Field mouse burrows

Sustainable livelihood approach 12

(Al Bast, M. Personal communication, May 1st, 2011)

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Sustainable livelihood approach 13

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Unfortunately, on the 2nd of June 2011, it was announced on TV and in newspapers, by the head of Municipality, that the village has been suffering from deficiency in electricity, as well as water availability due to theft of electrical cables for 3 consecutive days.

Unknown people stole 2,200 meters of cables by cutting down six wooden electrical poles.

A villager showing the brokenelectrical poles. Picture retrievedfrom assafir newspaper on June 2nd,2011.

Sustainable livelihood approach 14

(Al Bast, M. Personal communication, May 1st, 2011)

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Sustainable livelihood approach 15

40Pictures 1 and 2 represent the dairy plant found in Bwarej. Pictures taken by Carla Aoun, April 2, 2011

Sustainable livelihood approach 16

(Al Bast, M. Personal communication, May 1st, 2011)

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Sustainable livelihood approach 17

(Al Bast, M. Personal communication, May 1st, 2011)

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Picture of the school’s sign, taken by Carla Aoun on April 1st, 2011.

Sustainable livelihood approach 18

(Al Bast, M. Personal communication, May 1st, 2011)

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Sustainable livelihood approach 19

(Al Bast, M. Personal communication, May 1st, 2011)

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All the buildings clustered in 1 area of the village.Picture taken by Carla Aoun on May 15th, 2011.

Sustainable livelihood approach 20

(Al Bast, M. Personal communication, May 1st, 2011)

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Sustainable livelihood approach 21

(Al Bast, M. Personal communication, May 1st, 2011)

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Sustainable livelihood approach 22

(Al Bast, M. Personal communication, May 1st, 2011)

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Sustainable livelihood approach 23

(Al Bast, M. Personal communication, May 1st, 2011)

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Sustainable livelihood approach 24

(Al Bast, M. Personal communication, May 1st, 2011)

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Problem tree analysis 1

dumpsite

sanitary landfill sorting facility

(ELARD, 2004) 50

(ELARD, 2004) 51

MSW Generation project for 2004 (ELARD, 2004)

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Zahlé sanitary landfill. Retrieved from: http://libanconsult.com/landfill2L.html

Problem tree analysis 2

(Al Bast, M. Personal communication, May 1st, 2011)

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54

Pictures taken by DianaMikati on May 15th, 2011

55Pictures taken by Carla Aoun and Diana Mikati on April 1st and May 15th, 2011

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Pictures taken by Carla Aoun and Diana Mikati on April 1st and May 15th, 2011

Problem tree analysis 3

(Al Bast, M. Personal communication, May 1st, 2011)

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Problem tree analysis 4

(Al Bast, M. Personal communication, May 1st, 2011)

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Solid wastes

Uncontrolled expansion of

buildings

No proper SWM plans

Not enough garbage

containers

Recreational activities with

no collection of SW

People thinking that nature can

clean itself

No awareness concerning the consequences

of SW

Causes of the solid waste problem in Bwarej

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Solid wastes

Pollution of surface and

underground water

Pollution of soil

Air pollution

Bad scenery and smell (aesthetic damage)

Pests and diseases

Effects of the solid wastes problem in Bwarej

Discussion

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62Pictures taken by Carla Aoun and Diana Mikati on April 1st and May 15th, 2011

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Pictures taken by CarlaAoun and Diana Mikati onApril 1st and May 15th, 2011

Conclusion

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65Pictures taken by Carla Aoun and Diana Mikati onApril 1st and May 15th, 2011

References

http://www.globaleye.org.uk/secondary_spring06/eyeon/bekaavalley.html

http://www.localiban.org/IMG/pdf/Municipal_elections_2010-ar.pdf

http://www.agriculture.gov.lb/french_file/CD_ZAH_Final/zoneshomogenes.htm

http://countrystudies.us/lebanon/71.htm

http://ia600509.us.archive.org/11/items/AgricultureSectorInLebanon/AgricultureSectorInLebanon.pdf

http://www.agriculture.gov.lb/ATLAS_%20AGRICOLE/atlas.html 66

References

http://www.agriculture.gov.lb/english_file/Production_Final_05_En.pdf

http://www.cnrs.edu.lb/info/darwiche3.pdf

http://www.metap-solidwaste.org/fileadmin/documents/National_activities/studies/R5-NWS2-Training_Manual-FINAL.pdf

http://www.fita.org/countries/lebanon.html

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