Composition of Matter

Elements• Elements are pure substances that cannot be

broken down chemically into simple kinds of matters.

• In the periodic table there are 114 different elements.

25 elements are used to make up living things.

96% of all living thing is made of only 4 elements: Carbon 18.%(C), Hydrogen 10% (H), Oxygen 65% (O), and Nitrogen 3%(N) (CHON).

Composition of MatterEverything is made of matter.

• Matter is anything that takes up space and has mass. Feeling, emotion, thought are not made of matter

• Mass is the quantity of matter in an object.

• Weight is the pull of gravity on an object. *The same mass will have less weight on the moon than it

would on earth because the moon has less gravitational pull.

Compounds• Compound a pure substance that is made up of atoms of two or

more elements.

• Molecule is the smallest unit of most compounds

Chemical Bonds: • 1. Covalent bonds are formed when two atoms share one or more

pairs of electrons. Example: H20 = water

• 2. Ionic bonds are formed when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another.

Example: NaCl = Sodium Chloride (Table Salt)

The Periodic Table• The Periodic Table first discovered in 1869 by Dmitry I. Mendeleyev,

is an arrangement of the chemical elements ordered by increasing number of atomic number .

• Atomic number is the number of protons in an atom.

• Atomic mass is the number of protons and neutron in the nucleus of an atom.

• Periods are the horizontal rows (1-18).Determine how many energy shell that elements have

• Groups are the vertical rows (1-7).Determine the number of electrons in the outshell.

Noble Gas All the elements of Group 18, the noble

gases, have full valence shells. This means they do not need to react with other elements to attain a full shell, and therefore much less reactive than other groups. Helium is the most inert among the noble gas.

Halogens

• In Group 17, known as the halogens, elements are missing just one electron each to fill their shells. Therefore, in chemical reactions they tend to acquire electrons (the tendency to acquire electrons is called electronegativity). This property is most evident for fluorine (the most electronegative element of the whole table

Periodic Table

• Nonmetals are poor conductors of heat and electricity.

• Metals are good conductors of heat and electricity.

• Metalloids are elements that form a bridge between metals and nonmetals.

Elements

• Natural elements = 92• Man-made elements = 11• Total elements =10396% of all living things is made of only 4

elementsCarbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Nitrogen

CHON

Group 1 2   3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

Period

1 1H

2He

2 3Li

4Be

5B

6C

7N

8O

9F

10Ne

3 11Na

12Mg

13Al

14Si

15P

16S

17Cl

18Ar

4 19K

20Ca

21Sc

22Ti

23V

24Cr

25Mn

26Fe

27Co

28Ni

29Cu

30Zn

31Ga

32Ge

33As

34Se

35Br

36Kr

5 37Rb

38Sr

39Y

40Zr

41Nb

42Mo

43Tc

44Ru

45Rh

46Pd

47Ag

48Cd

49In

50Sn

51Sb

52Te

53I

54Xe

6 55Cs

56Ba * 71

Lu72Hf

73Ta

74W

75Re

76Os

77Ir

78Pt

79Au

80Hg

81Tl

82Pb

83Bi

84Po

85At

86Rn

7 87Fr

88Ra

**

103Lr

104Rf

105Db

106Sg

107Bh

108Hs

109Mt

110Ds

111Rg

112Uub

113Uut

114Uuq

115Uup

116Uuh

117Uus

118Uuo

 

*Lanthanoids * 57La

58Ce

59Pr

60Nd

61Pm

62Sm

63Eu

64Gd

65Tb

66Dy

67Ho

68Er

69Tm

70Yb

**Actinoids**

89Ac

90Th

91Pa

92U

93Np

94Pu

95Am

96Cm

97Bk

98Cf

99Es

100Fm

101Md

102No

THE PERIODIC TABLE

• the electron configuration is the arrangement of electrons in an atom, molecule, or other physical structure

• The valence shell is the outermost shell of an atom.

Possible number of electrons in shellsRules for diagram

SHELL ELECTRONS

1 2

2 8

3 16

What are living things made of?

• In the periodic table there are 114 different elements.

• 25 elements are used to make up living things.

• 96% of all living thing is made of only 4 elements: Carbon 18.%(C), Hydrogen 10% (H), Oxygen 65% (O), and Nitrogen 3%(N) (CHON).

In the center is the nucleus and surround it is the electrons

Electron Configuration of Oxygen

Electron configuration of Scandium

What are the 4 organic molecules that all living things are made of?

Name of molecule Which elements are present

What are the various functions

What are some examples

Carbohydrate •Carbon,•hydrogen,•oxygen

Energy source Starches,surgar monosaccharide polysaccharides

Lipid •Carbon•oxygen

•Store energy form parts of membranes •form water-proof coverings

•Fats •oils •waxes

What are the 4 organic molecules that all living things are made of?

Name Elements Functions (What it does)

Examples

Proteins •Nitrogen•Carbon•oxygen

•Control rate of reactions •regulate cell processes •Help form bones and muscles •carry substances into or out of the cells•Help fight disease

Poly-pedtides

What are the 4 organic molecules that all living things are made of?

Name Elements Functions Example

Nucleic Acid •Hydrogen•Oxygen•Nitrogen•carbon

•Store and transmit hereditary or genetics information

RNA(Ribonuclic Acid

DNA(Deoxiribonuclic Acid)