Copyright © 2007 Heathkit Company, Inc. All Rights Reserved

PC Fundamentals

Presentation 48 Presentation 48 –– TCP/IP TCP/IP

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ObjectivesObjectives

At the end of this presentation, you will be able to:

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Recognize IP addresses and subnet masks.

Explain the difference between the Network ID and the Host ID portions of an IP address.

Explain the purpose of the subnet mask.

Recognize Windows XP’s auto-configure IP parameters.

Discuss the purpose of the TCP/IP IPCONFIG and PING tools.

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ProtocolProtocol

A signed document containing the record of the points on which agreement has been reached by negotiating parties.

The code of ceremonial forms and courtesies accepted as proper and correct in official dealings.

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In Networking, Protocols are:In Networking, Protocols are:

Agreements that describe how things work. Industry-wide frameworks that describe

every aspect of communications between computers.

Grouped together into Protocol Suites.

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In the PC world, the main In the PC world, the main Protocol Suites are: Protocol Suites are:

NetBEUI – Used in small Microsoft-based networks.

SPX/IPX – Used primarily in Novell-based networks.

TCP/IP – Must be used if the network is to connect to the Internet. But it is also widely used even in those networks that do not connect to the Internet.

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TCP/IP is:TCP/IP is:

The Protocol of the Internet The number 1 protocol in the world for moving

data around A suite of over 100 protocols One of the protocols supported by both Windows

and Macintosh Operating Systems.The protocol of UNIX.

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TCP/IP- A suite of protocolsTCP/IP- A suite of protocols

Internet Protocol (IP) - The protocol that determines the Internet’s basic packet structure and its addressing scheme.

Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) - The protocol that sets up a connection between two hosts and ensures that data is passed between them reliably.

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TCP/IP- A suite of protocolsTCP/IP- A suite of protocols

File Transport Protocol (FTP) - Defines file transfers among computers on the Internet.

Simple Mail Transport Protocol (SMTP) - Describes the format of Internet email.

Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) - Defines how WWW data is transmitted between a server and a browser.

Network News Transport Protocol (NNTP) - Defines how Usenet newsgroups and postings are transmitted.

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IP AddressIP Address

A logical rather than a physical address.How it is entered into your computer:

– Manually, by you or the network administrator.– Automatically, via the Dynamic Host

Configuration Protocol (DHCP).

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Each computer on a network that Each computer on a network that uses the TCP/IP protocol must uses the TCP/IP protocol must have its own unique IP address.have its own unique IP address.

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TCP/IPTCP/IP

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IP Address

IP Address

Subnet Mask

Subnet Mask

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DefaultGateway

DefaultGateway

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DNS ServersDNS Servers

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IP Address 32-bitsIP Address 32-bits

100000 0111 10 100011 1 0000011 11 100 0

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IP Address 4-OctetsIP Address 4-Octets

1 1 1 1 10 0 0 1 1 0 0 00 1 0

0 1 0 0 11 1 0 00 0 1 10 0 0

100000 0111 10 100011 1 0000011 11 100 0

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IP AddressIP AddressConvert each octet to decimalConvert each octet to decimal

1 1 1 1 10 0 0 11 0 0 00 1 0

0 1 0 0 11 1 0 00 0 1 10 0 0

205 208

113 5

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IP Address IP Address Dotted-Decimal NotationDotted-Decimal Notation

10 00 0 0 0111 11 10 001 1 1 0000011 11 10 0 0

205 208 113 5

205 .208 .113 .5

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Where does the IP address come Where does the IP address come from?from?

If you are not connected to the Internet, your network administrator can “make up” a range of IP addresses and assign you one.

If you are connected to the Internet, the IP address must be registered with the Internet Network Information Center (InterNIC).

Some IP address are designated Private. These can be used by more than one network, as long as they do not connect directly to the Internet.

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Usually, you get your IP Usually, you get your IP addresses from your local addresses from your local Internet Service Provider.Internet Service Provider.

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Configuring TCP/IPConfiguring TCP/IP

ManuallyAutomatically

– DHCP– Autoconfiguration

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The IP Address is divided into The IP Address is divided into two parts:two parts:

Network ID(Assigned by

InterNIC)

Host ID(Assigned

locally)

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205 .208 .113 .5

Network IDOr

Network Address

Host IDOr

Node Address

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IP Address 32-bits

100000 0111 10 100011 1 0000011 11 100 0

Network ID Host ID

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The Subnet MaskThe Subnet Mask

A 32-bit numberMakes the IP address more flexible.Indicates which part of the IP address is the

Network ID and which is the node ID.

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The subnet mask.The subnet mask.

010000 00111 11 1111111 1 1111111 11 111 1

A string of 1s followed by a string of 0s.

1s indicate bits in Network ID0s indicate bits in Node ID

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100000 0111 10 100011 1 0000011 11 100 0

010000 00111 11 1111111 1 1111111 11 111 1

Network ID Node ID

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Network ID Node ID

205 . 208 . 113 . 5255 . 255 . 255 . 000

IP Address

SubnetMask

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Manually configuring TCP/IPManually configuring TCP/IP

IP address of each nodeSubnet maskDefault gateway IP addressDNS server IP address

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Default GatewayDefault Gateway

The gateway to the world outside your own network.

Usually a router.Routers interconnect networks.Networks outside your own are accessible

through the default gateway.

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DNS ServerDNS Server

DNS stands for Domain Name Service. Allows you to use domain names like

www.nasa.gov or www.ford.com.Converts domain names into IP addresses.

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Automatically configuring Automatically configuring TCP/IP.TCP/IP.

DHCP serverWindows Auto-configure or Automatic

Private IP Addressing (APIPA)

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DHCP Server automatically DHCP Server automatically provides:provides:

IP addressSubnet maskDefault gateway addressDNS addresses

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Windows Auto-configureWindows Auto-configure

Used when a DHCP server cannot be found.Windows supplies an IP address and a

subnet mask.Formally called Automatic Private IP

Addressing (APIPA).

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Recognizing Auto-configuration.Recognizing Auto-configuration.

IP address:

169.254.000.001 through 169.254.255.254Subnet mask:

255.255.000.000

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Automatic Private IP AddressingAutomatic Private IP Addressing(APIPA)(APIPA)

Allows computers in a small LAN to communicate without any other IP address configuration.

The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) reserves 169.254.0.0 through 169.254.255.255 for this purpose.

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Two TCP/IP ToolsTwo TCP/IP Tools

IPCONFIGPING

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IPCONFIGIPCONFIG

Windows command-line utility.Displays the current TCP/IP configuration.

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PingPing

A TCP/IP utility that is used to verify connectivity between two hosts.

It determines if a destination is reachable and if it is responding.

Sends an echo request message to a host.The host returns the message, verifying the

connection.

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C:\>ping 204.146.80.99

PingCommand

IP Address

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ping 204.146.80.99

IP AddressIP Address BytesBytes TimeTime Time-to-Live

Time-to-Live

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C:\>ping www.ibm.com

PingCommand

URL orHost Name

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IP AddressIP Address

Copyright © 2007 Heathkit Company, Inc. All Rights Reserved

PC Fundamentals

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