Post on 14-Apr-2017
Food production has to double - without using more water, more fertilisers and more land, by 2050, if there is to be enough to feed the world. The answer is improved soil fertility.
If not ‘depopulate - Perish’.
purpose
To make awareness among the farmers, researchers, planners and administrators regarding use of balanced fertilization according to soil test based recommendation and integrated nutrient management for higher and sustainable crop production.
Soil fertility maps are integral components of all major land evaluation and land use
planning endeavors–Soil and land resource inventory reports–Soil survey reports–Watershed reports–Fertility assessment studies etc–Exclusive soil information systems for consultancy services_ Enviornmental reports_ Industrial purposes (feasibility Assessments)
Steps involved in the preparation of soil fertility maps
Soil sample collection
Soil analysis
Fertility maps
Cartography
Photogrammetry
Remote sensing
GIS - Geographic information system
Global Positioning Systems (GPS)
Cartographic Sciences Remote sensing
Photogrammetry
GIS - Geographic information system
….GPS • A surveying method that uses a set of 24 satellites in geostationary position high above the Earth. • Specially designed GPS receivers, when positioned at a point on Earth, can measure the distance from that point to three or more orbiting satellites. • The coordinates of the point are determined through the geometric calculations of triangulation. GPS provides accurate geodetic data for any point on the Earth.
Aerial photographs
Aerial photographs are pictures taken by an aerial camera fitted into a plane flying under certain specific conditions of flight.
Single lens vertical photographs, which are taken in a series of independent overlapping exposures, are ideal for soil resource inventory. They have a convenient size for field survey and map construction, give excellent detail of ground features and permit stereoscopic study.
Vertical photos
Oblique photos
Remote sensing
• A method of viewing and acquiring information with out any physical contact through EMR on the Earth's surface from an airplane, balloon, or satellite (or, for the ocean floor, from a vessel). •
•The principal technologies used to collect data remotely through electromagnetic radiation (EMR), radar, and sonar in digital form. The data are later processed into images.
Spatialresolution
Geo eye
GIS A computer-based information system designed to
handle geo-referenced data. GIS is used to capture, store, update, manipulate, analyze,
display and output a full range of geographical data. Output can be in many forms: either as tables, graphics, or
maps.
Selection of sampling locations• A. Before field: When large areas are of concern assisted with Imageries, topo sheets
photogrammetry, cadastral maps and interpretation with GIS
Sample
Sample
Cadastral sheet (scale 1: 5000)
Sampling strategies for fertility assessment and mapping
no Study area strategy GPS GIS RS
1 Districts, states (wide geogr. areas covered}
Random sampling yes yes yes
2 Village/ panchayat/ watersheds
Grid/zig zag yes yes yes
3 Fertility assessment of problem areas
Intensive sampling
yes yes Not necessary
4 Indls / groups Localised Yes/no Yes/no Not necessary
Selection of sampling locations
B. At field : Surveyors judgment
1, when sufficient previous data not available
2, Small areas are mapped3, when pre-selection is not necessary
Steps involved in the preparation of soil fertility maps
A. Soil sample collection
Systematic and scientific soil sampling
Soil sampling procedure- rules
The accuracy and utility of a soil test result is influenced by the laboratory analysis but may be influenced even more by the quality and precision of the soil sampling.
A Good Soil Sample Should Be Representative of the Area
Soil sampling procedure- rules• Points to be considered:
• Collect during fallow period.• In the standing crop, collect samples
between rows.• Sampling at several locations in a zig-zag pattern ensures homogeneity.
• Fields, which are similar in appearance, production and past-management practices, can be grouped into a single sampling unit.
• Collect separate samples from fields that differ in colour, slope, drainage, past management practices like liming, gypsum application, fertilization, cropping system etc.
• Avoid sampling in dead furrows, wet spots, areas near main bund, trees, manure heaps and irrigation channels.
• For shallow rooted crops, collect samples up to 15 cm depth. For deep rooted crops, collect samples up to 30 cm depth. For tree crops, collect profile samples.
• Always collect the soil sample in presence of the farm owner who knows the farm better.
• Test the soil before crop establishment and subsequently every three years for perennial crops and for annual crops it would be good practice to sample soil annually or at least biennially
Procedure for collection and preparation of soil samples
• homogenous units based on the visual observation and farmer’s experience.
• Remove the surface litter at the sampling spot.• Drive the auger to a plough depth of 15 cm and
draw the soil sample.• Collect at least 10 to 15 samples from each
sampling unit and place in a bucket or tray.• If auger is not available, make a ‘V’ shaped cut
to a depth of 15 cm in the sampling spot using spade.
• Remove thick slices of soil from top to bottom of exposed face of the ‘V’ shaped cut and place in a clean container.
1 inch / 2.5 cm 6 inches (15 cm)
Compartmentalization
Soil sampling depth
Sl.No. CropSoil sampling depth (cm)
1 Grasses and grasslands 5
2Rice, finger millet, groundnut, pearl millet, small millets etc.(shallow rooted crops)
15
3Cotton, sugarcane, banana, tapioca, vegetables etc. (deep rooted crops)
22
4Perennial crops, plantations and orchard crops
Three soil samples at 30, 60 and 90 cm
Frequency of sampling
Cropping system frequencyLawn and ornamental areas Every two to three
yearsVegetable gardens/ homesteads
Every one to two years
Plantations Three to five years
2. Soil analysisA soil test is the analysis of a soil sample to determine
nutrient and contaminated content, composition, and other characteristics such as the acidity or pH level. A soil test can determine fertility, or the expected growth potential of the soil which indicates nutrient deficiencies, potential toxicities from excessive fertility and inhibitions from the presence of non-essential trace elements..
Steps involved in the preparation of soil fertility maps
Dept of Soil survey & Soil conservation, Kerala
Dept of Soil survey & Soil conservation, Kerala
Dept of Soil survey & Soil conservation, Kerala
Status- KeralaDept of Agrl. Kerala Dept of SS and SC
Number of Soil Testing Laboratories
24. (14 dist labs, 9 mob, 1 soil & Pl. health care lab)
7 labs across the state
Annual analyzing capacity 2,88,000 soil samples per annum
1,10,000 soil samples per annum
Capacity Utilization 65% 75%
Review of functioning by the Chief Soil Chemist and the Director of Agriculture.
By principal soil chemist & Director of Dept of SS & SC
Number of Soil Health Cards issued
during 2011-12 (up to 9/11) approx. 50,500 soil health cards were issued.
Duing 2014 approx 15 000 SHC were issued.
Preparation of soil fertility map
Fertility maps have been prepared up to the year, 2012
Fertility maps have been prepared until the last year
Involvement of State Agricultural University(s)
recommendations is given in the soil health cards, based on the package of practices standardized by the KAU.
recommendations is given in the soil health cards, based on the package of practices standardized by the KAU
Steps involved in the preparation of soil fertility maps
3. Preparation of fertility mapsMajor functions are….
1. Spatial indicators of limitations and potentials of soils
2. Indispensible instruments for formulating, establishing and maintaining site specific soil fertility programmes
3. A tool in farmer education and awareness campaigns
4. Easy devices for predicting the behavioral pattern of soils
GIS
RS data
Photogrammetry GPS data Field check
Soil analytical adata
Soil fertility maps
Preparation of fertility mapsWhy GIS
• Soil samples were not geo-referenced• No validation of prepared maps• Creation of Data base secondary and micronutrients• STCR Recommendations for any particular field by
selecting through GIS based fertility maps• Transfer of generated technology to the farmers
through govt. agencies and NGO’S.• Various analysis and decision supporting tools
(Seggregation, isolation, selection, buffering etc)• Storage, Modification, interpretation, retrieval
Some thematic maps in GIS…..
Major soil information services around the globe……..
United states of America
Africa
China
England
Hawaii
India
Kerala
Dept of Soil survey & Soil conservation, Kerala
Dept of Soil survey & Soil conservation, Kerala
Dept of Soil survey & Soil conservation, Kerala
Dept of Soil survey & Soil conservation, Kerala