The Vix crater, 6th century BC. Largest ever found, 5 ft tall and 13 ft wide and made in Greece or southern Italy. Discovered at Vix, now housed at the Musée du Pays du Châtillonnais à Catillon-sur-Seine, France.

The Vix gold torque.

Pre-modern European Migration:Celtic Migrations• Late Hallstatt and early La Tene era migrations• Migration into Iberia/Spain, c. 600 BC• Migration into the British Isles, c. 500 BC onward• Migration into northeastern Italy, c. 400 BC• Migration into Macedon, Greece, and Asia Minor, c. 360-260 BC

• Reasons for migration• Population pressure; desire for new/better/more land; access to known

material resources; potential for raiding; employment as mercenaries in the wars of Hellenistic kingdoms

Map of La Tene migrations. Map from Barry Cunliffe, Europe Between the Oceans, 9000 BC-AD 1000.

Celtic sites throughout Europe. Map from Nora Chadwick’s The Celts.

Celtic tribes in Britain by the Roman era. Early medieval Ireland. Maps from Nora Chadwick’s The Celts.

Celtic migrations into the Mediterranean world—Greeks record them as “Keltoi”, Romans refer to them as “Gauls”. Maps from Barry Cunliffe, Europe Between the Oceans, 9000 BC-AD 1000.

Celtic objects and place-names. Maps from Barry Cunliffe, The Ancient Celts.