Pre-Columbian Societies and Transatlantic EncountersBrinkley, Alan. American History: A Survey.

13. NewYork:McGraw-Hill, 2009.

“Archaic” Period• 8,000-3,000 B.C.• Hunters and Gatherers

• Bering Straight• Asia to South America by sea

Agricultural Revolution• Mesoamerica

• Central America down to South America• Inca• Maya• Mexica (Aztecs)

Inca Empire• Largest empire in

the Americas• Pachacuti (World Shaker)

• Incorporated land stretching over 2,000 miles into his empire

Mayan Empire• Central America• Yucatan Peninsula• Written Language• Numerical System• Accurate Calendar

• Advanced Agricultural System

Mexica (Aztecs)• Tenochtitlan

• Modern Day Mexico City

• Greatest city ever created in the Americas

• Population of 100,000 people

• Impressive buildings, schools, military, and slave system

North American Tribes

• Diverse• Agricultural Revolution• Tasks divided by gender• Women

• Cared for children, prepared meals, gathered certain foods.

• Women controlled social and economic organization and played powerful roles in families (matrilineal)

Christopher Columbus• From Genoa, Italy• Sought to reach Asia by

western route• Portugal refused, Queen

Isabella supports• 1492-

• The Nina, Pinta, and Santa Maria with 90 men land in the Bahamas.

• Colonize Hispaniola

Conquistadors• Spanish conquerors

• Wanted to get rich!!!

• Gold rush of the 16th century (but more violent)

Francisco Pizarro• Conquered Peru (Incas)• Opened the way for advances in South America.

Hernando Cortes

-Conquered Aztecs

-Most brutal of the Spanish Conquistadors

1518- 600 men attacked Montezuma and his empire.

Spanish America Wealth and Power

• Diseases and Spanish military• 1: Age of discovery and

exploration• 2: Age of Conquistadors• 3: Age of Law• Catholic Requirement • St. Augustine, Florida• Encomiendas• Don Juan de Onate• Assimilation with natives

Spanish vs. English Colonies

Spanish English

• Interested in getting rich• Profitable agriculture• Disease and military• Catholic Church• Missions• Mostly natives• Assimilation with natives

(mestivos)• Didn’t feed population• Natives were labor force

• Permanent settlements• Family life• Self contained European society• European distinction• Indentured servitude

Biological and Cultural Changes • Gold and silver• Influenza, measles, chicken pox,

mumps, typhus, SMALLPOX• Extinction of Caribbean and some

Mexican civilizations • Spanish brutality• Food• Animals• Agricultural techniques• Language• Religion• Women• Politics, commerce, landowning

Forces Binding Together the Atlantic World pg.24

• Globalization• Commerce• Religion• Enlightenment• Science and technology• Art• Education• Politics

Growth of the African Slave Trade • Guinea• Primitive and uncivilized (justification)

• Trade

Incentives for the English

The Commercial Incentive The Religious Incentive

• 1947 John Cabot• Expedition for

northwest passage to Asia

• Newness• Contrast to their mother

land• Perfect Society• Foreign trade• Charter• Mercantilism

• English Reformation:• Germany 1517• Martin Luther• John Calvin• King Henry VIII• Church of England

• Puritan Separatists:• Separatists• Women preachers• Quakers

The English Reformation

The English Reformation

The English In Ireland • English claimed Ireland• Catholic population• Savages• Must be suppressed,

isolated, and destroyed.• Sir Humphrey Gilbert• Transplantations• Pure English culture

The French and Dutch In America

Competition

The French

• Quebec 1608• Inland trade• Religion?• Fur trade

The Dutch• Henry Hudson• Trading posts• Diverse

population• Weak

leadership and loosely united

First English Settlements

Jamestown, Virginia 1607 Roanoke, Raleigh NC 1585