Post on 03-Apr-2018
7/28/2019 PRC PDA: Public-Private-Partnership: Pilot Development of a Mechanism for Payment for Watershed Services in C…
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7/28/2019 PRC PDA: Public-Private-Partnership: Pilot Development of a Mechanism for Payment for Watershed Services in C…
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7/28/2019 PRC PDA: Public-Private-Partnership: Pilot Development of a Mechanism for Payment for Watershed Services in C…
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Executive Summary
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7/28/2019 PRC PDA: Public-Private-Partnership: Pilot Development of a Mechanism for Payment for Watershed Services in C…
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1. Introduction
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2.2.1 Key Water Users: water supply and demand
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7/28/2019 PRC PDA: Public-Private-Partnership: Pilot Development of a Mechanism for Payment for Watershed Services in C…
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Fig 2-2 Runoff of Chishui River at Maotai Hydrological Station Unit: 10
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2.2.6 Cause of the problem: Land use upstream
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Table 2-5 Current Land Use in Wuma River Watershed (2009)8QLW+HFWDUH
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7/28/2019 PRC PDA: Public-Private-Partnership: Pilot Development of a Mechanism for Payment for Watershed Services in C…
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Figure 5: Steep Slope farmland in Wuma River Basin
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2.3 Livelihood assessment in pilot site
Figure 6: Xienong Village Diagram
2.3.1 Pilot Site: Long Tangba Village Group
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Figure 7 Farmland in slopes in Wuma River Basin
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Table 2-9. Long Tangba Village Group Occupation 2013 (N=60)
Farming
Non-farming *
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Table 2-10 Long Tangba Village Group . Average Income 2013 (N=60)
Farming Non-farming Income per person
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Table 2-11 Long Tangba Village Group Average expenses 2013 (N=60)
Expenses
Farming
Production
Expenses(RMB)
Non-production expenses(RMB)
Total
Daily
living
expenses Education
Medical
Expenses Others
Average
expenses perperson per year
86'
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Some conclusions
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2.4 Land use patterns
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http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/prc-pda-public-private-partnership-pilot-development-of-a-mechanism-for-payment 24/94
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Table 2-12 Long Tangba Village Land use by area and crops
Arable land (ha) Non-Arable
land (ha)
Total
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7/28/2019 PRC PDA: Public-Private-Partnership: Pilot Development of a Mechanism for Payment for Watershed Services in C…
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/prc-pda-public-private-partnership-pilot-development-of-a-mechanism-for-payment 26/94
3. PWS as a probable solution to the core hydrological problem and Unsustainable
Livelihood
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7/28/2019 PRC PDA: Public-Private-Partnership: Pilot Development of a Mechanism for Payment for Watershed Services in C…
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/prc-pda-public-private-partnership-pilot-development-of-a-mechanism-for-payment 27/94
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3.1 Land use change to address the core hydrological problem at pilot site.
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7/28/2019 PRC PDA: Public-Private-Partnership: Pilot Development of a Mechanism for Payment for Watershed Services in C…
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/prc-pda-public-private-partnership-pilot-development-of-a-mechanism-for-payment 28/94
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7/28/2019 PRC PDA: Public-Private-Partnership: Pilot Development of a Mechanism for Payment for Watershed Services in C…
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/prc-pda-public-private-partnership-pilot-development-of-a-mechanism-for-payment 29/94
Assessing Awareness and Willingness to participate in PWS among farmers in
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4. Project Outcomes and Lessons learned
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5. Appendix: Workshop
1. Agenda
Workshop on Payment of Watershed
Service Pilot Project in Chishui River Basin
Organizers: WWF, Environmental Protection Department
of Guizhou
Sponsor: Asian Development Bank
1st
Mar. 2013
Guiyang, Guizhou Province, China
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Agenda of the Workshop on Payment of Watershed Service Pilot Project in
Chishui River Basin
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2 Expression of Interest
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Scanned copy of the original Expression of Interest
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Translate Version
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3 Workshop Photos
All the participants in the workshop
Presentation by Julio for sharing lesson learnt of global EPWS
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Communication Materials shared with stakeholders
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Hydrological Assessment of Wuma River
WWF CHINA
Guizhou Normal University
March, 2013
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Contents
1. The Background of the Program ................................................................................ 3 2. The Core Hydrological Problem ................................................................................ 3
2.1 Key Water Users : water supply and demand ................................................... 3 2.2 Causes of the Key Hydrological Problem ......................................................... 7
3. PWS Pilot Project in Wuma River Watershed ........................................................... 8 3.1 Relationship between Wuma River and Liquor Enterprises ............................. 8 3.2 Importance of Liquor Enterprises ..................................................................... 9
4. Introduction to Wuma River Watershed: Geographic Location ................................. 9 4.1 Land Use Patterns in Wuma River Watershed ................................................ 10
5. Hydrological Analysis of Wuma River .................................................................... 12 5.1 Total Volume of Water Resources ................................................................... 12 5.2 Changing Runoff Trends ................................................................................. 13 5.3 Water Consumption and the Available Volume ............................................... 14 5.4 Causes of the Decreased Volume .................................................................... 14
6. Selection of Xienong Village of Wuma Town as the PWS pilot site ....................... 15 6.1 Land Use Patterns and the Impacts on Water quantity ................................... 15 6.2 PWS as Possible Solution to the Problem....................................................... 16
7. Conclusion ............................................................................................................... 16 Appendix: ..................................................................................................................... 18
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1. The Background of the Program
The overall goal of the PDA under ADB RETA 6498 is to test the viability of a Payment for
Watershed Services (PWS) mechanism in Chishui watershed designed so as to address deteriorating
ecosystems and improve the livelihood of poor upstream residents. At present, both Wuma and
Chishui River show problems of runoff decreasing during the dry season. Unsustainable land use by
upstream farmers is a key anthropogenic factor influencing a decrease in the volume of water.
2. The Core Hydrological Problem
The core hydrological problem of the basin is the decline of water quantity. Because of the timely
interventionŚ of the Renhuai government in 2009, the water quality of Wuma reached Class II
standard. This level of water quality can be used in liquor production.
2.1 Key Water Users: water supply and demand
Research has shown that the main water users in the downstream area of Wuma River are liquor
enterprises. The total annual water consumption in 2010 was about 99.78 million m3, which included
29.2 million m3 used by Maotai Distillery CO., LTD, 66.8 m3 used by other liquor enterprisesĸ and
3.78 million m3 was used for domestic consumptionĹ at Wuma Town (the domestic consumption
takes 3.8% of the total water consumption). The major water users are liquor enterprises in
downstream.
2.1.1 Water Runoff and Flow
Decreasing water quantity during dry periods is evidenced by variations in water runoff and flow of
Chuishui River at Maotai Hydrological Station in recent decades. During the dry seasons (October to
March), the average flow decreased from 78.17m3/s in 1960s to 49.96 m3/s in 2009 (See Table 2-1,
and Fig 2-1).
Table 2-1 Average Flow of Chishui River at Maotai Hydrological Station (Unit: m3/s)
Periods 1960-1969 1970-1979 1980-1989 1990-1999 2000-2009
Average Flow in
Dry Season78.17 58.64 60.23 56.78 49.96
Average Flow in
Rainy Season151.71 155.94 151.95 156.69 137.34
Data source: Records from Maotai Hydrological Station
ķ The Renhuai government shut down the coal mines and paper mills along Wuma River.ĸ Data source: from The Report of the Pollution Source Census of Guizhou Province, Guizhou Environment Protection Bureau, 2010.
Comprehensive water consumption in liquor making is 480m3/ton; and the liquor producing volume reaches 200,000 t in 2010.
Ĺ Domestic water consumption: 0.30m3/day/person; the population of Wuma in 2010 was 35155 (Renhuai Government Report
2011).
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Figure 2-1Average Flow of Chishui River at Maotai Hydrological Station (Unit: m3/s)
Data source: Records from Maotai Hydrological Station
Runoff at Maotai Hydrological Station in dry seasons decreased from 1.23 billion m 3 in 1960s to
0.79 billion m3 in 2009 (See Table 2-2and Fig 2-2).
Table 2-2 Average Runoff of Chishui River. Unit: billion m3
Period 1960-1969 1970-1979 1980-1989 1990-1999 2000-2009
Runoff of Chishuii Rainy Season 2.39 2.46 2.40 2.47 2.17
Runoff of Chishui in Dry Season 1.23 0.92 0.95 0.90 0.79
Data source: Records from Maotai Hydrological Station
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Data source: Records from Maotai Hydrological Station
Figure 2-2 Runoff of Chishui River at Maotai Hydrological Station Unit billion m3
The data shows that the quantity of water of Chishui River in the area from Maotai to Xijiu has been
decreasing in the period from 1960 to 2009, especially during the dry seasons.
2.1.2 Water supply and demand for the liquor enterprises in the Watershed
According to statistics from Renhuai Government, the liquor yield increased from 80 thousand tons
in 2004 to 200 thousand tons in 2011. Water required for liquor producing also increased d from 38.4
million m3 to 96 million m3 for the same period (See Fig 2-3).
Data source: Renhui Government Report, 2012.
Figure 2-3 The Liquor Output and Water Consumption in Recent years
We can see (Fig.2-3) that both water consumption and liquor output increased sharply from 2009 to
the present. Moreover, the Twelfth Plan of Renhuai City indicates that the output of liquor
production will reach 500 thousand tons in 2015. Water required to produce this amount of is
expected to reach 240 million m3 in 2015.
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2.1.3 The Deficit of Water in the Area of Maotai to Xijiu
Data monitored at Maotai Hydrological Station, shows a deficit in water resource in the area of
Maotai to Xijiu. The annual Ecological Water Requirementŝ from Chishui River at Maotai section is
2.99 billion m3
, which includes 1.73 billion m3
in flood season (April to September) and 1.26 billionm3 in dry season (October to March). But the data measured at Maotai Hydrological Station reveals
that: the annual runoff of Maotai river section is 3.251 billion m3, which includes 2.162 billion m3 in
flood season (April to September) and the 1.089 billion m3 in dry season (October to March) (refer to
Table 2-3). The data shows that: only 261 million m3 of runoff in Maotai areas is available for a
whole year. In the dry season, the deficit of water is 171 million m3 in 2011.
Table 2-3 Comparison between Ecological Water Requirement and Monitoring Data of Maotai Hydrological
Station Unit: billion m3 (2011)
Whole
Year
Flood Season (April to
September)
Dry Season (October to
March)
Ecological Water Requirement 2.99 1.73 1.26
Monitoring Data at Maotai Hydrological
Station(2011)
3.251 2.162 1.089
Available Water Quantity of Maotai
Section
0.261 0.432 -0.171
Data source: from Chishui River Basin Comprehensive Planning (2011) edited by Yangtze River Water Resources
Committee.
2.1.4 Soil Erosion and SedimentsĻ
According to the research from Renhuai City Rocky Desertification Control Planning, the volume of
soil erosion in Chishui River is one of the highest along the Yangtze river. The volume of soil
erosion around Renhuai city is 3000 t/km2·per year. The volume of erosion area reaches 8000
t/km2·per year in sloping farmland, which is higher than the average level of Guizhou province.
According to the monitoring data of Maotai, Erlangba and Chishui hydrologic station, the average
sediment concentration is 0.9 kg/m3, with annual sediment discharge of over 200,000 tons with over
98% of the discharge occurring during flood season (April to September).
Although soil erosion is a serious problem in the Chishui River Basin, it has nevertheless little
impacts on liquor enterprises. This is because liquor producing companies use water mostly during
the dry season (September to April) according to the producing technique requirements of Maotai
flavour liquor, when the volume of of sediments is rather low (2%). Furthermore, the volume of
sediments produced in this period can be easily filtrated by simple processing. Thus for the purposes
ĺ Ecological Water Requirement includes the basic flow, water requirement for sediment transfer, fishes and water consumption byevaporation of lakes or everglades. And the data sourced from Chishui River Basin Comprehensive Planning (2011) edited by Yangtze
River Water Resources Committee.Ļ The data of soil erosion and sediments are from Maotai Hydrological Station and the Renhuai City Rocky Desertification Control
Planning. Land and Resources Bureau of Renhuai, 2005
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of this PDA sedimentation deposits have limited and/or manageable consequences for potential water
buyers, the liquor companies. Soil erosion and sediments pose a serious environmental problem but
are of limited consequence for liquor enterprises.
2.2 Causes of the Key Hydrological Problem
Causes for decreasing water runoff may include a variety of factors from naturalļ (precipitation
refer to Table 2-4) to anthropogenic. For purposes of this PDA the pilot will focus on human
activities undertaken upstream impacting negatively the ecosystem’s service production which
benefits downstream water users. Although partially anthropogenic, it will not include climate
change assessments. In recent decades, rapid social and economic development have seriously
impacted the ecosystem in the upper stream. This has resulted in a loss of the natural filtering
capacity of the soil and a decreased water soil-storage/conservation capacity. In Chishui River Basin
for example, the forest coverage rate decreased from 35% in 1950 to 21% to day. This represents
10.09 m3/s loss of average flow during the dry seasonŠ. At the end of 1990s, the governments from
provincial to local began to implement the policy of “Returning Farmland to Forest”. The
environment showed some improvement. However, because of limited financial support, and the
single plant (bamboos) with low short term economic benefits, farmers did not take proper care of
these plants. And even under proper care, it takes a long period of time (about 10-15 years) to
become a mature forest with adequate water conservation capacity. Some of the newly planted trees
were cut down to plant other crops with higher and faster economic returns for the poor farmers.
Understandably short term economic benefits prevailed over long term water conservation practices.
Unconfirmed reports from local villagers indicated as the main reason for this failure the inadequacy
of soil to grow bamboo successfully in the area. Finally there was poor planning from the part of the
government agencies in charge. Bamboo was planted to provide a source of income to farmers who
could sell bamboo as raw material for paper production to the local paper mills. However, shortly
after the bamboo programme was launched the government shut down all paper mills in order to cut
down chemical contamination of the water of Wuma river.
In addition to these problems, there is the fact that there are still large amounts of farming in slopes
over 25°, which need to be returned to forestry in the watershed. Cultivation in steep slopes for
subsistence agriculture is an old practice among poor farmers in the water basin. When liquor companies negotiated with farmers the planting and buying of sorghum they (the farmers) did not
hesitate to enter into the agreement. The problem was that the only available lands to plant sorghum
were steep slopes, some with an inclination above 25 degrees. This land use contributed significantly
to the decrease water filtering capacity of the soil as well as the loss of the soil natural water storage
capacity. These practices contributed to lower the water flow downstream particularly during the dry
season.
ş The precipitation, according to the data from Guizhou Meteorological Bureau, decreased from 274.73mm in 1970 to 262.95 mm in
2000s. The average temperature changed from 9.5đ in 1970s to 10.1đ in 2000s. Both the temperature and precipitation changed little between decade-intervals.Š Data sourced from Chishui River Basin Comprehensive Planning (2011) edited by Yangtze River Water Resources Committee.
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Table2-4 Precipitation during 1970-2009 in dry seasons (mm)
Periods 1970-1979 1980-1989 1990-1999 2000-2009
Precipitation 274.73 212.73 219.97 262.95
Data source: Guizhou Meteorological Bureau
3. PWS Pilot Project in Wuma River Watershed
3.1 Relationship between Wuma River and Liquor Enterprises
The liquor enterprises take water directly from Chishui River in the area of Maotai, where Wuma
River has great impact on the water used by liquor-manufacturing enterprises in that area. As it is on
the right bank of Chishui River and close to Maotai Town, Wuma River, springing from Jingba and
Mushiwo Village of Changgang Town of Renhuai City, flows through Wuma Town and Maoba
Town and finally runs into Chishui River at Aokou Village (refer to Figure3-1). The estuary of
Wuma River is only 13 km away from the water intake of Maotai Distillery Co., Ltd., which means
the quality and quantity of the river will directly affect the liquor production of Maotai and other
liquor enterprises in Maotai Town. Therefore, Wuma River is the tributary with the largest influence
on the quality and quantity of water used by liquor-producing enterprises in Maotai Town.
According to the Medium and Long Term Developing Plan of Guizhou Maotai, the water intake of
Maotai distillery will be moved 3km closer to the upstream. The water intake therefore will be closer
to the estuary of Wuma River, and the influence of the river’s water quantity and quality will be
much more visible.
Figure 3-1 Location of Wuma River Watershed
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3.2 Importance of Liquor Enterprises
Renhuai city houses 60% of all famous liquor producing companies in China. There are about 143
companies operating downstream of Wuma river basin producing more than 2000 brands of liquor.
Their output for 2009 was 100.000 tons with yearly sales of 12.70 billion RMB. These enterprises
employ about 40.000 persons from the area. They comprise 90% of the total local industrial output.
Representatives from Renhuai liquor industry enterprises such as Maotai Group, Guowujian,
Yunfeng, Guotai and Jiuguijiu Group, expressed their concerns about decreasing of water quantity.
The liquor enterprises have indicated that the lowering of water supply is already impacting normal
production. The water supply in the area from Maotai Town to Xijiu Town is woefully inadequate
during dry season. This results in the decrease of water storage capability, which leads in turn to
limitations in the water in-taking the liquor enterprises. Representatives from the liquor enterprises
have expressed their interest in finding ways to improve the environment of Wuma river watershed
so as to strengthen the river’s capacity to produce a stable supply of water during the dry season.
4. Introduction to Wuma River Watershed: Geographic Location
Wuma River is one of the 27 main level tributaries of Chishui River, and the most important
tributary in Renhuai. Wuma River originates in Jingba, town of Changgang, runs through four towns,
Changgang, Wuma and the boundary of Luban and Maoba, meets Chishui River at Aokou. The
geographic coordinates are ranging within 106°11′16″-106°21′-106°30′E, and 27°38′55″-
27°43′08″N. The total area of the watershed is 510.29 km2, which accounts for 4.5% of the area of
Chishui River basin. The watershed is close to Zhunyi City at the east, faces to Longjing Township
and Jiucang Town of Renhuai City at the west, adjacent to Jinsha County at the south and Gulin
County of Sichuan Province at the north (See Figure 4-1).
Figure 4-1 the map of Xienong Village
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Wuma town in turn is divided into 7 Villages: The Village selected for this PDA is Xienong Village
which includes 12 Village Groups. Among these Longtangba has been chosen as the pilot site for
this PDA. (See Table 4-1)
Table 4-1 villages and village groups of WumaTowns in
Wuma River
Basin
Villages in
Wuma Town
Village Groups in
Xienong Village
Wuma Erhe
Changgang Sanyuan
Luban Hongjun
Maoba Xienong Long Tangba
Longli Jiaotong
Yukong Bai YangtunTunshan Ma Jiapo
Gao Shancha
Suo Luoping
Chang Huitu
Chen Jiagou
Huang Shiwo
Xienong
San Jiaotang
Ya Zitai
4.1 Land Use Patterns in Wuma River Watershed
The total size Wuma River Basin (Table 4-2) is 51029.14 hectares, of which the area of arable land is
14056.4 hectares, (27.55% of the total land); forest land is 22062.08 hectares, or 43.23%; and
construction land is 1090.99 hectares, (2.14%.) From data in the Table below we can draw the
following observations regarding land use patterns along Wuma River Basin:
1. The farming area in slopes with over 25° of inclination accounts for 53.49% of total sloping area,
and 35.07% of total area of dry land. The proportion of high steep slopes or over 25 degrees of
inclination by town are: Changgang Town: 43.19%; Luban Town: 55.80%; Wuma Town: 82.27%
and, Maoba Town 45.33% respectively; It can be seen that proportions of cultivations in steep slopes
(over 25 degrees) are higher in Wuma Town than in the other towns.
2. The percentage of forest cover within the river basin is low. The forest land covers 16,678.25
Hectaresľ in Wuma river basin, taking up 32.68% of the whole land. The following Table (4-3)
indicates the percentage of forest land in each county.
ľ The data is from the interpretation of the remote sensing image of Renhuai, which is from National Administration of Surveying,
Mapping and Geoinformation.
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Table 4-2 Current Land Use in Wuma River Watershed (2009) Unit: Hectare
Soil types and Percentage Changgang Town Luban Town Wuma Town Maoba Town
Total land 11424.59 12437.11 12821.52 14256.52
Arable land 3110.63 3841.74 4394.48 3445.63
Forest land Ŀ 5547.17 6349.24 6281.38 8186.01
The Arable land proportion of the total land (%) 27.23 30.89 34.27 24.17
The Forest land proportion of the total land (%) 48.55 51.05 48.99 57.42
Source: Overall Planning of Wuma(2006-2020), edited by Land and Resources Bureau of Renhuai, 2010.
Table 4-3 Slopes of Wuma River Watershed (2009) Unit: Hectare
Items Changgang Town Luban Town Wuma Town Maoba Town
Total land 11424.59 12437.11 12821.52 14256.52
Sloping arable land 1876.06 2492.37 1090.46 2178.55
arable land ̊ 25° 810.20 1390.74 897.07 987.55
The proportion of sloping arable land of the total land (%) 16.42 20.04 8.50 15.28
The proportion of arable land ̊ 25°of the sloping land (%) 43.19 55.80 82.27 45.33
Source: Overall Land Use Planning of Wuma(2006-2020), edited by Land and Resources Bureau of
Renhuai, 2010.
Situated in the midstream of Wuma River, Wuma town enjoys better natural conditions, such as
water supply, than other three towns along the watershed. With prominent agricultural reclamation
and cultivation, a large number of lands that are unfit for cultivation are reclaimed (see Figure
4-2&5-1). According to table 4-2, the slope fields of over 25° occupy 82.27% of the sloping fields,
far higher than the percentage of other towns (43.19% of Changgang, 55.80% of Luban and 45.33%
of Maoba). Additionally, a slope field of over 25 degrees takes up 41.07% of the dry lands which is
higher than the average level 35.07% of Wuma river basin. Thus, it can be seen that the problem of
irrational reclamation of sloping farmland over 25 degrees in Wuma river basin is most prominent in
Wuma Town.
Ŀ The forest land includes the shrub land, sparse land and etc, in which some cannot be used to calculate the forest coverage rate, so,
the data of forest land is bigger than the forest coverage rate.
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Figure 4-2 sloping farmland in Wuma River Basin
5. Hydrological Analysis of Wuma River
5.1 Total Volume of Water Resources
Wuma River is a typical rain-source river basin, which means the water quantity is closely related to
the amount of precipitation. Because there is no hydrological station on Wuma River, the data of
Wuma River are estimated from unstructured interviews in Wuma watershed and secondary analysis
of Chishui River data at Maotai Hydrological Station. Based on the enquiry at the community of
Xienong and, calculating from the hydrological observations of Tongming River (which is about the
same in size as Wuma river), the average amount of runoff per month can be estimated. The
whole-year runoff of Wuma River is estimated at 151.1 million m3, of which 107.2 million m3 is in
the flood season (April to September) and 43.9 million m3 is in the dry season (October to March),
refer to Table 5-1. The average flow of Wuma River shows significant difference between dry and
flood seasons. The average flow in the flood season (April to September) is 6.77 m 3/s, and only 2.78
m3/s during the dry season (October to March), refer to Table 5-2.
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Figure 5-1 Sloping farmland in Wuma Town
Table 5-1 Average Amount of Runoff UnitφMillion m3
These data estimated using from the size of the watershed, runoff depth of Wuma River precipitation of Renhuai,
and data of Chishui River at Maotai Hydrological Station. (rainy season is from April to Oct)
Table 5-2 Average Flow of Wuma River (2009) Flow φm3/s
Periods Apr May Jun July Aug. Sep. Average amount in rain season
Flow 4.58 7.33 9.72 8.28 5.91 4.81 6.77
Periods Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Average amount in dry season
Flow 4.42 3.27 2.35 2.08 2.15 2.43 2.78
These data are estimated from the size of the watershed, runoff depth of Wuma River precipitation of Renhuai, and
data of Chishui River at Maotai Hydrological Station.
These figures show that the quantity of water in Wuma River is low in dry season, which means less
water contribution to Chishui River which aggravates the deficit in the area of Maotai to Xijiu. Given
that most of the water from Wuma to Chishui is used by the liquor producing enterprises, the
increase of the water volume of Wuma River could help the liquor enterprises to alleviate the
pressure of water shortage.
5.2 Changing Runoff Trends
Integrating the field study with secondary data analysis of Chishui River at Maotai HydrologicalStation, we can estimate the changing trend of the runoff of Wuma: the average runoff of Wuma
Time Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. Jun. Jul. Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec. Whole
year
Amount of
runoff
5.6 5.2 6.5 11.9 19.6 25.2 22.2 15.8 12.5 11.8 8.5 6.3 151.1
(%) 3.7 3.4 4.3 7.9 13.0 16.7 14.7 10.5 8.3 7.8 5.6 4.2 100.0
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River in the dry seasons decreased from 68.7 million m3 in 1960s to 43.9 million m3 in 2009 (refer to
table 5-3 and Fig 5-2).
Table 5-3 Change of Runoff of Wuma River Unit million m3
Period 1960-1969 1970-1979 1980-1989 1990-1999 2000-2009
Runoff of Wuma
in Dry Season68.70 51.53 52.93 49.89 43.90
Runoff of Wuma
in Rainy Season118.41 121.72 118.60 122.30 107.20
These data estimated using from the size of the watershed, runoff depth of Wuma River precipitation of Renhuai,
and data of Chishui River at Maotai Hydrological Station.
Figure 5-2 Change of Runoff of Wuma River Unit: million m3
These data are estimated from the size of the watershed, runoff depth of Wuma River precipitation of Renhuai,
and data of Chishui River at Maotai Hydrological Station.
5.3 Water Consumption and the Available Volume
The pattern of decreasing water volume at Wuma River is quite similar to that of Chishui River (See
Table 2-1 and Fig 2-1). Water consumption, on the other hand, keeps on increasing (see Fig 2-3).
The figures in Table 2-3 show that the available water in Chishui River for the whole year in the area
of Maotai to Xijiu was 261 million m3, but it was 171 million m3 short in the dry season. In other
words the water requirements by liquor enterprises in this area are higher than the bearing capacity of
Chishui River.
5.4 Causes of the Decreased Volume
The area of farming land in slopes over 25 degrees was 4,085.56 hectares in Wuma watershed (2009),
of which 897.07 hectares were in Wuma Town.
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Driven by a steady increase in the market price of local red sorghum in Wuma River basin, it is
common to see deforestation to allow for cultivation of sorghum on steep and extremely steep slopes
in the river basin. The situation is particularly severe in upstream Xienong village in Wuma Town
which enjoys superior natural conditions and infra-structure advantages. In order to obtain higher
yields, farmers choose extensive cultivation and large-scale reclamation of steep and extremely steepslopes to grow red sorghum, winter wheat, and corn. The extensive planting mode has greatly
devastated woodland and reduced the water storage (conservation) capacity of the soil which impacts
the contribution rate of Wuma River to Chishui River runoff.
6. Selection of Xienong Village of Wuma Town as the PWS pilot site
The rationale for selecting Xienong Village as the point for the development of the pilot includes the
following: the Town of Wuma is the only one whose entire territory is totally within the watershed of
Wuma River, and it is on the midstream of Wuma River. Other town such as Changgang Town,
where Wuma River originates, takes up a small portion of the watershed. As for Maoba Town and
Luban Town, Wuma River only runs through the boundary of these two towns and merges into
Chishui River. Moreover, there are no villages in this area.
Because the farmland must serve the needs of a growing population, more than 70% of the dry land
in slopes over 25 degrees is reclaimed as farmland. Forest cover is destroyed lowering the soil
filtering capacity as well as the water conservation capacity and, leading to frequent droughts and
floods, seriously affecting the stable flow of water in Wuma River especially during the dry season
when the downstream liquor enterprises need water the most.6.1 Land Use Patterns and the Impacts on Water quantity
Wuma town occupies an area of 124.2km2 (Fig 6-1) in the middle stream of Wuma River with a
population of 35,155. (2010) After the banning of paper factories and mills along Wuma River in
2009, the source of income of local people shifted toward traditional farming and activities outside
their community (migrating workforce). At present, the crops in dry land are mainly sorghum, corn,
wheat, potato and vegetables etc, the crops in paddy fields are rice and vegetables. Due to the local
residents’ financial needs, a large portion of land that is inadequate for cultivation is reclaimed as
farmlands to plant sorghum to be sold to liquor producing companies. That means these lands must be ploughed every year and thus they are less able to conserve water when it rains. The continuity of
water supply during the dry season under normal/natural conditions is severely disrupted.
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Figure 6-1 Location of Wuma Town
6.2 PWS as Possible Solution to the Problem
Among possible answers to the core hydrological problem (e.g.,alternate livelihoods development,
enact and apply legislation regarding cultivation on slopes with 25 degrees, etc.), PWS is regarded as
the most efficient under circumstances prevailing at Wuma watershed. Changes in land use patterns
influence eco-transpiration amount; impact runoff, as well as the volume of water in the dry season.
According to the water conservation norm defined in Eco Function of Forest Evaluation Standard
δLY/T1721-2008,) and considering the conditions prevalent in Wuma water basin, the water
conservation capacity of natural forest is estimated at 1300m3/hm2; for artificial forest it is 1000
m3/hm2 and for bush it is 800 m3/hm2.
A proposed PWS mechanism would include the change of farmland of Wuma watershed in slopes
over 25 degrees to forests. This will result in the production of at least 5 million m3 water per year,
which will contribute to alleviating the water shortage problem downstream. In addition, returned
farmland changed into forestry will help restore and maintain the water conservation capacity of the
soil upstream allowing for the release of stores water during the dry season. The provision of these
services will help liquor companies to maintain levels of production. It may also improve the
livelihood among participating communities who benefit from changes in land use (introducing for
example cash crops) as well as from the water service provision to downstream users.
7. Conclusion
The hydrological assessment of Wuma River watershed shows that the core water problem faced by
downstream liquor enterprises is the decreasing volume of water during the dry season. A major
cause of this problem is unsustainable human activities, especially deforestation after 1950s and
cultivation in plots above 25 degrees in slope. Although in recent years, there was some
improvement in the ecosystem due to the implementation of the “Returning Farmland to Forestry” policy, the limited volume of water remains a crucial problem for the liquor enterprises. This is so
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because farmers seek to improve their livelihood by planting cash crops such as sorghum, thus
contributing to lower the water conservation capacity of the soil.
Establishing a Payment for Watershed Services (PWS) mechanism can be an effective way,
(combined with the policy of “Returning Farmland to Forestry” ) to improve the ecosystem capacityto provide hydrological services (control soil erosion and increase water conservation capacity)
thus alleviating the water problem downstream while improving the livelihood of poor farming
communities upstream. “Sellers” and “buyers” benefit and the environment is restored and protected
through the working association of services providers and service users.
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Appendix:
Appendix I. Methodology
Primary data collection to establish changes in water quantity require a period of time much
longer than the duration of this study (5-8 months) This is so because patterns of water
changes become visible, measurable and evident over a long period of systematic monitoring
under various conditions, for example during the wet and dry seasons. We have therefore
relied on existing records (Records at Maotai Water Station) documenting changes over a
long period of time (40 years).This secondary analysis has provided reliable and valid data in
support of our definition of the core hydrological problem. This data has been supplemented
with data gathered in the field through several visits to the participating communities where
the team has interviewed several individuals. Finally extensive desk research has been
conducted particularly reviewing official research documents from different spheres of
Government.
1 Field work
Adopting a multidisciplinary methodology, the research team has conducted several types of
field work in Wuma River basin. Among these, we include visits and informal conversations
with local residents and authorities; review in situ of land use patterns and soil erosion.
Research techniques included community unstructured interviews. These techniques
permitted an overview of the hydrological conditions in the watershed and an understanding
of the livelihood at the community. This information is used as a foundation to plan next steps
into this PDA.
2 Data collection
In order to analyze the hydrological condition of Wuma River Basin, we collected secondary
data of water yield during the flood and dry seasons. These data was supplemented with
information from other research centers and from relevant hydrological statistical yearbooks.
3 Review of the relevant literature
Information was gathered from recent journals, documents, government work reports and
statistics yearbook relevant to Wuma River and Chishui River. Besides, a large number of
data and main points in original research papers, journals and reports were also reviewed to
collect materials useful to our research.
4 Unstructured interviews
We conducted Unstructured interviews (three people in Xienong, 2 people in Longli, 2 people
in Sanyuan and 1 person in town of Wuma) ’The following themes were discussed “ water
seasonal quantity changes in recent years.; “ water quality changes in recent years ”;
“reasons for changes”. The answers given are consistent with the secondary data collected
from Maotai Hydrological Station.
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Appendix II. List of Acronyms
mm: millimeter
m
3
: cubic meter m
3/s: cubic meter per second kg/m
3
km2: square kilometer
t/km2: ton per square kilometer
t/km2·a: ton per square kilometer annual
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2
Contents
1. Project Context .......................................................................................................... 3 2. Location and economic profile of Wuma Town ........................................................ 3 3. Selection of Pilot Site ................................................................................................ 5
3.1 Xienong Village ................................................................................................ 5 3.2 Long Tangba community as pilot site ............................................................... 6
4. General Description and Livelihood Assessment of Pilot Site .................................. 8 4.1 A Geographic Note ............................................................................................ 8 4.2 Socio-Economic Profile of the Community ...................................................... 8 4.3 Income Generating Activities ......................................................................... 10 4.4 Land-use Status ............................................................................................... 13 4.5 Relationship between poverty and environmental degradation: ..................... 14
5. Relationship between land use and Wuma River’s Water Shortage ....................... 14 6. Land Use Change as a Proposed Solution to the Water/Livelihood Problem ......... 16
6.1 Relationship between Community and Liquor Enterprises ............................ 16 6.2 Land use change to address the core hydrological problem at pilot site. ....... 16 6.3 Awareness and Willingness to participate in PWS .......................................... 17
7. Conclusion ............................................................................................................... 20 8. Appendix .................................................................................................................. 21
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1. Project Context
WWF China is conducting a Pilot Demonstration Activity (PDA) under ADB RETA 6498 in
Chishui Watershed in order to explore the conditions under which a Mechanism for Payment
for Watershed Services (PWS) could best operate. This PDA is designed as a pilot PWS toaddress the problem of deteriorating water quality/quantity downstream and improve the
livelihood of poor upstream farmers. In the hydrological assessment, the core hydrological
problem faced by water users (i.e. liquor enterprises) has been defined as well as the
anthropogenic cause of such problems. Following the findings of the hydrological assessment,
this Livelihood Report focuses on Xienong Village in Wuma town as the most suitable area
for intervention. In this study, we aim to identify and profile the people potentially involve in
the pilot, how they use the land, how this land use is evolving, how these practices contribute
to the core hydrological problem and what actions might be required, including
compensations to change the current land use. This report includes a basic social & economic
profile of Long Tangba community of Xienong Village in Wuma River Basin.
2. Location and economic profile of Wuma Town
Wuma Town (see Figs. 1 and 2 below), is located about 30 km away from Renhuai City. It
borders with Luban and Changgang Town on the east; Maoba Town on the west; Jinsha and
Zunyi City on the south and joins Chishui River on the north, with a total area of 124.2 km 2.
Wuma Town enjoys the convenience of road infrastructure with (208) Provincial Highway,
Qing-Zhong San-Hong and Ren-Jin Road through the center of Wuma Town.
Figure 1 Location of Wuma Town
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Figure 2 Location of Wuma Town and Liquor Enterprises
Under the jurisdiction of Wuma Town there are seven administrative villages (communities)
including Erhe, Sanyuan, Hongjun, Xienong, Longli, Yukong and Tunshan with a total
population of 35,155 (2010). The permanent resident population is 31,296, of which 1,143 arenon-agricultural population and 30,153 are agricultural population. In 2008, the combined
gross output value of industry and agriculture was RMB 672 million (108.4 million dollars),
including the gross industrial output value of RMB 528 million (85.2 million dollars) and
agricultural output value of RMB 144 million (23.2 million dollars); the annual per capita
income was RMB 3245 (523.4 dollars). However, since the Renhuai City Government shut
down paper mills and restructured the coal mine enterprises along Wuma River in 2009 1,
agriculture has become the main economic activity in Wuma Town, with sorghum being the
main crop produced.
1 There are 11 coal mine in Wuma Town including two in Xienong Village. Currently, they are all shut down by thegovernment for environmental protection.
Liquor enterprises
Wuma Town
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Wuma River Valley features vast ravines and gullies, high mountains and steep slopes with
great disparity of elevation. The arable area is 4,394.48 hectares, accounting for 34.27% of the
total land area, In addition to sorghum, agriculture production includes conventional crops,
such as rice and corn.
3. Selection of Pilot Site
3.1 Xienong Village
Figure 3 Xienong Village Diagram
Xienong Villege includes twelve village groups which are Long Tangba, Jiaotong, Bai
Yangtun, Ma Jiapo, Gao Shancha, Suo Luoping, Chang Huitu, Chen Jiagou, Huang Shiwo,
Xienong, San Jiaotang and Ya Zitai with area of 22km2 (2,200 ha). There are 1073 households
with a total population of 4617 (See Fig. 3)
Table 3-1 Basic information of Xienong Village
Village
group
-1-
Number of
households
-2-
Population
-3-
Arable
land (ha.)
-4-
Arable
Sloping
land
(ha.)
-5-
Sloping
land
above 25
degrees
(ha.)
-6-
Proportion
of Slope
land over
25
degrees in
Arable
slope land
(%)
-7-
Proportionof Slope
land over
25
degrees in
Arable
land (%)
8-
Long
Tangba
116 504 48.67 30.00 24.00 80.00% 49.32%
Jiaotong 51 258 12.00 5.33 4.00 75.00% 33.33%
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Bai
Yangtun76 316 28.27 18.20 9.10 50.00% 32.19%
Ma Jiapo 58 239 14.00 7.33 5.87 80.00% 41.90%
Gao
Shancha 77 258 37.73 37.73 37.73 100.00% 100.00%
Suo
Luoping64 320 14.00 6.67 5.33 80.00% 38.10%
Chang
Huitu143 617 21.27 10.00 9.60 96.00% 45.14%
Chen
Jiagou105 508 13.87 2.53 2.53 100.00% 18.27%
Huang
Shiwo 128 516 32.07 13.47 10.77 80.00% 33.60%
Xienong 116 480 86.67 50.00 40.00 80.00% 46.15%
San
Jiaotang58 225 11.40 10.00 8.00 80.00% 70.18%
Ya Zitai 81 376 28.64 20.53 16.43 80.00% 57.36%
Total 1073 4617 348.57 211.80 173.37 81.85% 49.74%
Average 89 385 29.05 17.65 14.45 - -
Data sources: Xienong Committee
3.2 Long Tangba community as pilot site
Long Tangba Community of Xienong Village, Wuma Town has been selected as the site for
the development of the PWS pilot. The rationale for this selection is twofold:
First, the population of Long Tangba Community is distributed along the bank of the Wuma
River. The population size and extension of arable land in Long Tangba community are
relative higher than in the other groups. The proportion of crops in slope land with an
inclination over 25 degrees in Long tangba is 49.32%. Although there are higher proportions
in Gao Shancha (100%), San Jiaotang (70.18%) and Ya Zitai (57.36%), these communities
are either far from the Wuma riverbank or have small areas of arable land in slopes above 25
degrees, and do not contribute as significantly to the core hydrological problem.
Second, unsustainable land-use is high. An increasing number of sorghum crops have been
planted since 2007 in Long Tangba Community in terrains with an inclination over 25 degrees.
From table 3-1, it can be seen that, in Long Tangba, the farming area in slope land above 25
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degrees account for 80% of the total arable slope land (Col.7). These steep slopes are
unsuitable for sustainable agriculture. Farmers, however, have been forced to use this land as
a result of the economic failure of the “returning the land for bamboos plantation”
government policy. Long Tangba community faces therefore a contradiction whereby their
livelihood impacts the ecosystem negatively more significantly than in the other communities.
The hydrological study has demonstrated the relationship between unsustainable land use
(crops in steep slopes) and lower volume of water during the dry season. Thus, current land
use associated with livelihood patterns in Long Tangba Community has a direct negative
impact on e water flow in Wuma River . The relationship “livelihood/water flow” in Long
Tanba makes this community a suitable location to test a PWS as a financing conservation
mechanism which addresses conservation and poverty alleviation at the same time.
Figure 4: The project area of Xienong Village
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4. General Description and Livelihood Assessment of Pilot Site
4.1 A Geographic Note
The Community is located in a sloping zone on the east bank of Chishui River and to the westof Dalou Mountain, belonging to the transition mountainous area from the north edge of
Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau to Sichuan Basin. It has a mid-subtropical humid monsoon climate,
with rain and high temperatures during the rainy season, and relatively less sunshine, high
humidity, moderate rainfall and frequent summer droughts. The land mainly consists of
intermixed carbonatite and silty mudstone. The rock texture is relatively soft, due to its
geographic location (middle subtropical monsoon climate) as well as the absence of forest. It
is vulnerable to weather conditions such as fluvial processes which results often in landforms
with steep slopes and deep valleys. This fractured landform is extremely prone to loss of soil
& water in the rainy season, causing increasing sediment concentration in Wuma River with
significant impact on water quality and water quantity.
There are six categories of soil types in this area. Namely paddy soil, yellow soil, lime soil,
purple soil, yellow-brown soil and mountain meadow soil. Geology, geomorphology and type
of cultivation impact the soil distribution in the area creating a great variation. This diversified
soil shows significant differences vertically. The ridges with an altitude of over 1400m
include are sporadic distribution of mountain yellow-brown soil; the area with an altitude of
700 to 1400 m is composed mainly of lime soil and zonal yellow soil while the synclinevalleys below 700m include pieces of purple soil. Farming activities are conducted mostly in
areas below 1400 meters.
This soil analysis is critical to understand the patterns of land use, the productivity of
agricultural practices and most importantly to establish the level of congruency between land
aptitude and actual land use. The lack of congruency is quite often the cause of environmental
degradation as evidenced in Long Tangba community where farmers are left with no option
but to use a land whose composition, structure and location are unsuitable for sustainable
agriculture.
4.2 Socio-Economic Profile of the Community
This Community has a total of 116 households and 504 people, all of whom belong to the Han
ethnicity. The existing arable area is 48.67 hectares. Most of the cultivated area is planted
with sorghum as a supply of raw material to Moutai Distillery Co., Ltd. and other liquor
enterprises.; The forest area is 53.33 hectares including the area of bamboo returned from the
cultivation land.
There is only a temporary clinic with two medical doctors available in Xienong Village. They
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provide basic diagnostics and treat common respiratory and digestive problems. For more
complicated health issues villagers have to see doctors at the town hospital or the county
hospital. Most villagers get water directly from Wuma River either by pumping or manually.
According to the baseline survey conducted by WWF research team, most household use
4000-6000L water per month.
Table 4-1 Long Tangba Village Group: Population by Gender and Age 2013 (N=60)
Gender Age Groups
Male Female 0-7 8-18 19-30 31-45 46-60 Above 60
Head 60 0 0 0 0 21 22 17
Spouse 0 57 0 0 0 24 22 11
Children
1-2 60 45 6 22 34 7 0 0
3-4 15 6 6 22 22 5 2 0Others 5 20 0 0 12 5 2 6
Total 140 128 12 44 68 62 48 34
It is interesting to notice that the average number of children (2.12) is higher than the one
child policy. The age group with the highest number of people is the 19-30 group with 68
persons accounting for 25% of the total. This is followed by the age group 31 to 45 with 62
persons or 23% of the total. These two groups ages 19 to 45 in fact account for 48% almost
half of the total population in the sample. We are dealing with a relatively “young
population”.
Education Level
There is no school in this community. Two adjacent primary schools belong to Xienong
Village: Primary School has 13 teachers and 283 students and Hongguang Primary School has
8 teachers and 104 students. In General terms, the educational level is adequate as only 5%
fall under the category “illiterate”. Among these however, women (spouses) represent 73%,
while the categor y “Head of household” (males) represent only 13%. At the other end of the
education continuum (higher education), there are no women under this category while 3 men
are included. The overall picture is consistent with a rural educational profile whereby women
have significant less formal education than men and children have more years of formal
education than their parents (26 children with education above high school compared with
only 3 parents).
Table 4-2 Long Tangba Village: Educational Level 2013 (N =60)
Illiterate Primary school Junior high school Above high school Total
Head 2 29 26 3 60
Spouse 11 36 10 0 57
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Children 8* 41 51 26 126
Others 3 6 15 1 25
Total 24 112 102 30 268
Note: * Children from 0-7 do not go to school
4.3 Income Generating Activities
The main source of income of villagers in Long Tangba Community comes from the sales of
sorghum. As Maotai Distillery Co., Ltd. and other liquor enterprises purchases sorghum as
raw material, most farmers are willing to plant sorghum. In addition seeds and fertilizer are
provided by Maotai Distillery Co., Ltd. Thus, a guaranteed buyer, convenient market prices
and free agricultural inputs create a most appealing economic offer for the farmers.
Production of sorghum varies from 3750kg/ha. to 6000kg/ha. According to the current
purchasing price, income per hectare can reach up to between RMB 24,000 to 43,200 (3871.0to 6967.7 dollars). Income of households varies according to the size of arable area devoted to
planting sorghum. Under these favorable conditions, it is not difficult to understand why
farmers will use any available land to plant sorghum regardless of the impact on the
ecosystem. There are additional sources of income from migrant work or temporary
performance of some unskilled tasks during the non-farming season.
Table 4-3 Crops and income generated Long Tangba Community
Variety % of
plantation
% of
income
Changes over past 5
years
Foreseeable
Future developmentsSorghum 80 percent of
all crops
More than 80
percent
Plantation area is
determined according
to the demands of
Maotai Distillery Co.,
Ltd and other liquor
enterprises. More
slope lands over 25
degrees are used for
planting sorghum
compared with the
sorghum in past five
years.
1. The planting area of
sorghum and corn is
closely related to the
future Government
policy of returning
farmland to forest
(Ecological Function
Protected Areas
Conservation Planning
of Chishui River).
2. Sorghum plantation
is determined by the
demands of Maotai
Distillery Co., Ltd and
other liquor
enterprises. 3. Should
farmland be returned to
Corn About 10 per
cent of all
crops
No income, it
is for
self-consump
tion
No significant
changes
Rice About 10 per No income, it No significant
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cent of all
crops
is for
self-consump
tion
changes forest, alternative crops
may include some fruit
forest with short term
economic benefits
(cash crops)
Fruit,
vegetables,
etc
Less than 1
percent of all
crops
No income, it
is just for
self-consump
tion
No significant
changes
Migrant workers from this village are young people seeking work principally in Guangdong,
Zhejiang and Fujian Province, etc. Most of them began to migrate soon after they graduated
from middle school or senior high school. Our survey shows that these migrant workers can
perform only unskilled work and consequently earn low wages which are not always paid
regularly. Thus their contribution to the family income is minimal or null.
Another source of family income is livestock farming (e.g., pig, cattle and chicken, etc.).
There is only one in 116 households processing over 100 livestock at present. Among
domestic animals, pigs are preferred for livestock farming. However, with the decreasing
prices of livestock sales in recent years and the limited area for household captive breeding,
most households choose not to rely on livestock farming as their main source of income.
Therefore, farmers gave up engaging in livestock breeding, and the overall livestock breeding
scale is in the smaller size in the community
A number of villagers from Long Tangba community of Xienong Village used to work in the
paper mills which provided their main source of income. However, in 2009 the local
government shut down all paper mills in order to improve the water quality of Wuma River.
Thus the main source of income of the villagers in Long Tangba community was cut off.
Although the workers from the mills were eligible for compensation of about RMB 165 (26.6
dollars) per month this was not only insufficient but only for a short period of time (ended in
2011). As an alternative source of income, few people in Long Tangba with specific skills
worked at the local coal mines. However, these coal mines were also shut down by the
government due to serious pollution problems. This further eroded the income source of
workers in the community2. Commerce in Long Tangba Community is limited to some small
business such as small stores which sell a very small volume of daily groceries and food.
2 The information is from Xienong Community
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Occupation
Table 4-4 Long Tangba Village Group. Occupation 2013 (n=60)
Farming
Non-farming *
Labour Students Other
Head 34 24 0 2
Spouse 51 4 0 2
Children 7 54 52 13
Others 6 14 0 5
Total 98 96 52 22
* Non-farming includes long-term working outside the Village, Seasonal working outside the village,
local temporary workers and township enterprises employment.
A significant number of males (Head of household) work outside farming. We do not have at
this moment more detailed information regarding this category thus we can present but
tentative conclusions. Whether this occupation is full time or part time, continuous or
temporary, it represents 40% of the sample. As far as women are concerned however a
significant majority (92.7%) works in farming. Among children almost the totality does not
work in farming as they are either studying or working in “non-farming” categories or both.
Income
Table 4-5 Long Tangba Village Group . Average Income 2013 (N=60)
Farming Non-farming Income per person
Yearly Income (RMB)1601(258.23
dollars)
3312(534.2
dollars)
4913(792.42 dollars) this is
unclear. It is more than the
total of farming and
non-farming income
The average income for “non-farming” activities is twice as much as the income for farmingactivities. This distribution is also consistent with the rural-urban divide and the remuneration
scale. However, as mentioned before, most persons who conduct non-farming works
contribute seldom income to their family because they have to support their daily livings
outside of the community.
Expenditures
Table 4-6 Long Tangba Village Group Average expenses 2013 (N=60)
Expenses Farming Non-production expenses(RMB) Total
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Production
Expenses
(RMB)
Daily living
expenses Education
Medical
Expenses Others
Average
expenses per
person per year
211.32(34.1 dollars)
2316.98
(373.70
dollars)
1124.91
(181.44
dollars)
901.51
(145.40
dollars)
382.64
(61.72
dollars)
4937.36
(796.35
dollars)
Note: 1. Farming production expenses includes farming inputs (seeds, fertilizer and farming tools)
2. Daily living expenses include food, clothes, water, communication, etc costs.
Compared with the average income of the Long Tangba Group shown in Table 4-5, the total
average expenses per person (796.35 dollars) is higher than the average yearly income per
capita (792.42 dollars), Table 4-6 indicates that people spend less money in farming
production (34.10 dollars) than on non-production expenses including daily expenses,
education, medical expenses and others. This could be partially explained by the fact that
most farmers who sell sorghum to the liquor enterprises also receive agricultural inputs as part
of the compensation package.
All in all however we can clearly see the picture of poverty associated with the livelihood of
the community.
4.4 Land-use Status
Long Tangba Community is situated at the flood plain, between the first terrace and second terrace along the river. Although the quality of the soil around the community is relatively
suitable for plantation, the pronounced mountain features and the broken terrain limit the size
of arable land. The Community primarily focuses on sorghum, with a small amount of corn
and rice.
Table 4-7Long Tangba Village Land use by area and crops
Arable land (ha) Non-Arable
land (ha)
Total
(ha)
Arable slope land˄ha˅
sorghum corn others Total Woo
d
land
Total <25
degre
es
≥25
degree
s
Total
38.93
(79.99%
)
4.87
(10.01
%)
4.87
(10.01
%)
48.67
(47.72%
)
53.3
3
53.33
(52.28
%)
102 6
(20%)
24
(80%)
30(61.64%)
Self-cons
umption - all all - - - - - - -
Market all - - - - - - - - -
Source: Data is from Xienong Village Committee
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4.5 Relationship between poverty and environmental degradation:
1. The majority of land in the community is non-arable or unsuited for agricultural
production.2. A significant part of the arable land is used to plant sorghum as the only cash crop the
farmers can use to generate income.
3. The totality of the production of sorghum is sold in the market or delivered to liquor
companies.
4. Less than 20% of the arable land is used to produce crops for self-consumption. Food
security or food autonomy is questionable.
5. More than 60% of the crops are in slope land
6. More than 50% of crops are in terrain with an inclination greater than 25 degrees. Not
only an illegal use of land but a strong contributor to land degradation with decreased soil
filtering/storage capacity.
5. Relationship between land use and Wuma River’s Water Shortage
Long Tangba Community is surrounded by mountains with limited amount of arable land.
Agricultural production is limited and villagers have to reclaim barren hills, which leads to
destruction of forest cover. Although the “returning-farmland-to-bamboo-forest policy” was
implemented from 2003 to 2005, poor bamboo growth and no short term economic benefitsforced about 20% of the returned land to go back to crop plantation, resulting in deforestation,
steep slope cultivation and further destruction of forest cover.
On slopes and even steep slopes, farmers are driven by the economic benefit associated with
the sale of sorghum to the liquor producing company Moutai Distillery Co., Ltd. This crop
needs plowing the land each year, which results in single farming season and poor water
conservation capacity. Because of farming in steep slopes, increasing rainfall in rainy season
causes more surface runoff and more soil erosion. Also long-term use of chemical fertilizers
can cause water pollution. Such unsustainable land use patterns lead to the destruction of theecosystem, limit the possibility of local economic development and impact negatively
downstream areas.
Clearly this is the land use pattern that must be changed if the issue of decreasing water
volume is to be addressed effectively. It is also the framework within which PWS will be
tested in terms of its feasibility to deliver what is required to tackle issues of poverty and
ecosystem degradation.
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Figure 5 Unsustainable Land Use
The hydrological assessment indicated that the core problem for water users downstream is
the limited volume of water during the dry season. We have so far shown in this livelihood
assessment the historical evolution of conditions leading to unsustainable farming practices by
poor members of the community. The link between upstream land use and downstream
shortage of water has been clearly established.
On the floodplains, influenced by both floods and drought caused by rain season and dry
season respectively, and driven by the economic benefits of sorghum plantation, the local
farmers do not plant rice any longer, instead they plant sorghum the main source of income of
the community.
The result of this complex evolution of factors is a degraded ecosystem with limited service
production capacity; poor soil productivity and limited options for the poor farmers. This is
the big challenge facing Long Tangba Community in Wuma River Basin.
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Figure 6 Reclaimed Slope Farmland
6. Land Use Change as a Proposed Solution to the Water/Livelihood Problem
6.1 Relationship between Community and Liquor Enterprises
Land use practices upstream directly impact on the quality of water required for liquor
production downstream. For instance, during the drought of 2011, production at most liquor
enterprises in Maotai Town was discontinued. A stable flow of quality water is closely related
to the integrity of the ecosystem in Wuma River Basin. Restoration of the degraded ecosystemalong Wuma River Basin is not only beneficial to the local communities’ livelihood but also
important to the continuous production of quality national-level Maotai liquor.
6.2 Land use change to address the core hydrological problem at pilot site.
Forest cover must be restored and erosion/sedimentation must be controlled. These must be
the outcomes required to address the hydrological problem. Among priority actions to achieve
such outcomes there is reforestation. This however must be explored taking into account some
basic facts:
x Native species must be used
x Selection of species must consider the type of soil and the need to protect it from
continuous erosion. Soil water filtering/storage capacity must be restored. Root
consistency and leave shape must be taken into account.
Another priority action is Terracing. This is an efficient- although expensive- option to
control erosion- sedimentation. This should be essayed initially in terrain with not too
pronounced slopes (below 25 degrees). Terrains with an inclination of 25 degrees or more
should – when possible- not be used for agriculture. Should there be no more land available
for agriculture, alternative income generations activities must be thoroughly explored.
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Information gathered around the pilot site indicated as a feasible land use change option,
agro-forestry, return farmland to forest (natural forest) and terracing.
These are the actions to be undertaken should this pilot progress to the next stage. A carefulselection of areas for intervention should be conducted within Long Tangba community.
6.3 Awareness and Willingness to participate in PWS
Table 6-1 (below) shows that the majority of the 60 persons surveyed early February
indicated a “strong” willingness of participating in the PWS programme. In contrast, their
environmental awareness is “average”
Table 6-1 Long Tangba Village Awareness and Willingness 2013 (N=60)
Strong Average Weak Environmental awareness3 4 48 8
Willingness of participating in PWS4 58 2 0
Further research was conducted in the community in order to supplement initial information
on “willingness” and “capacity” to enter into the PWS mechanism. Additional data was
collected from a sub-sample of 25 farmers including 8 females in Long Tangba Community.
The main findings are presented below, but given that women are under-represented in this
sample, the findings may be biased.
Economic Profile of Respondents
Table 6-2 Proportion of crops in Steep slope land above 25 degrees
All 3/4 1/2 1/4
Land in steep slope land
above 25 degrees 0 10 (40%) 13 (52%) 2 (8%)
23 out of 25 or 92% of farmers in the sample have more than half of their crops (52%) in
steep slope terrains (land above 25 degrees). Sorghum is the principal crop and most of it
(84%) is planted in terrains with an inclination higher than 25 degrees (Table 6-3) All
respondents know about the liquor enterprises as the totality of their sorghum production is
sold to them (Table 6-4).
3 Strong means people know environmental problems and know how to protect environment. Average means they know the
environmental problems and want to protect environment. Weak means people do not care environmental protection.4 Strong means people have will to change their land use. Average means people do not care whether change land use or not.Weak means people do not want to change their land use.
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Table 6-3 Main crops planted in steep slope land above 25 degrees
Sorghum Corn
Planting in steep slope land above
25 degrees(Mostly)21 (84%) 4 (16%)
Table 6-4 Production sales
Know liquor enterprises Sell sorghum
Yes 25 25
No 0 0
Environmental Awareness
Table 6-5 Knowledge of environmental consequences of planting steep slope above 25 degrees
Knowledge of
environmental impact
of planting in steep
slope above 25 degrees
Yes NO
Totally
knowPartially know Hard to say Total
Responds 1 18 (7 women) 2 21 4 (1 woman)
Note:
1. The environmental consequences of planting in sloping terrain include soil erosion, sedimentation, potential
pollution caused by chemicals and soil fertility decrease.
2. Totally know means people can tell more than two consequences, Partially know means people know one
consequences.
Table 6-6 Awareness of land use and water quantity
Water
Quantity
Increase
Water Quantity
decrease No Change Don't know
Awareness of impact of steep slope
cultivation and water quantity2(1woman) 6 (1 woman) 8 (2 women) 9(4 women)
21 out of 25 participants (84%) indicated that they know that planting in sloping terrain can
have environmental consequences. Among those 21 respondents, 19 (90%) can tell at least
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one negative environment consequences such as erosion, sedimentation, potential pollution
caused by chemicals and soil fertility decrease (Table 6-5). However, in terms of the
relationship between having crops in sloping terrain above 25 degrees and quantity of water
downstream, only 6 respondents (24%) realized that this practice can cause a decrease in
water quantity (Table 6-6).
Data collected suggest that farmers have a “general” knowledge about environmental impact
of associated with land use. They lack however knowledge about the specific relationships
between their land use and the quantity of water.
Table 6-7 Knowledge of eco-compensation and Payment of Watershed Service
Heard of :
Eco-compensation
Heard of Payment for
Watershed Services
Yes-know the contents 0 0
Yes- don't know the real contents 14 1
No 11 (8 women) 24
Regarding knowledge about PWS only one respondent indicated having heard about PWS but
lacks knowledge about its real meaning. In contrast, 14 out of 25 respondents (56%) know
about “eco-compensation” from watching TV or from word of mouth. They have however no
knowledge as to its contents. All women in the sample have no knowledge of either
eco-compensation or PWS (Table 6-7).
Attitude and willingness toward land use change
When asking the respondents whether they want to change their location of their crops from
steep slope land over 25 degrees, all the 25 participants would like to change the location.
Most of the participants however (24 persons) qualified their answer indicating that there are
no other spaces for them to move to. Thus stopping cultivation in such terrain means no
cultivation at all. The financial impact of this change is a sever reduction of income.
24 out of 25 participants would like the liquor enterprises to give them compensation for an
eventual change in the use of land. Compensation includes either alternative income
generating occupations or the liquor companies paying the equivalent of their opportunity
costs. Villagers have indicated repeatedly during the survey their willingness to change their
current land use in favor of forest (fruits) as well as non-farming income generating activities
such as constructing an aquatic amusement park, aquaculture or eco-tourism. They realize
however how are hard will be to implement these possibilities given the absence of bothtechnical financial support.
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7. Conclusion
The inhabitants of Long Tangba Community are at or below the poverty level relative to both
national and international standards. The main source of income of the villagers in LongTangba Community comes from the sales of sorghum to the liquor companies who facilitate
seeds and inputs to the farmers and assure prices above market value. Because of these
opportunities farmers use as much as possible of their limited areas of arable land, encouraged
by high profits. These include new arable lands on steep slopes above 25 degrees. This
practice leads to serious water loss and soil erosion and even stony desertification in some
regions.
Analysis of the relationship between the community’s present livelihood and water shortage
of the Wuma River, shows water loss resulting from present land use patterns. Possiblesolutions to the water problem faced by liquor-enterprises include: returning farmlands to
forests (including the fruit forestry and natural forestry); agro-forestry and terracing. These
changes in land use could alleviate the problem of water shortage and, additionally help
reduce the volume of soil erosion. Alternative non-agricultural activities such as construction
of water amusement parks and the development of freshwater aquaculture may also help the
community to avoid their dependence on sorghum plantation on sloping farmland over 25
degrees.
These opportunities are all embedded in the testing of the PWS pilot, the purpose of which is
to test the viability of this mechanism as a finance tool to restore degraded ecosystems,
alleviate poverty and assist private corporations in the profitable use of ecosystems required
for their production.
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8. Appendix
Appendix1: Date gathering techniques and information collected for livelihood assessment:
Data Gathering
technique
Source of information
Respondents
Themes Relevance of
Information
Desk Research
Document
review
x Renhui County
office
x Wuma River Basin
office
x Environmental
Protection Agency
Historical background of
community.
Maps
Institutional Governance
To define the
Institutional
parameters of site
selected.
To identify and assess
Governance systems in
relation to
conservation
Field Research: Visit to the site Geomorphology
Forest Cover Land use patterns
Basic knowledge of
bio-physicalcharacteristics of site
selected
Interview with
key Informers
x Director of the
Environmental
Protection Department
of Renhuai County
x Chief of Ecology
Section, Environmental
Protection Department
of Renhuai Countyx Mayor of Wuma
River Town
x Head of the
Environmental
protection Station of
Wuma River Town
x Chief of the Office
of Corporation of Wuma
River Town
Status and functions of the
environmental protection
office of Wuma River Basin
Current plans for the
protection of the upper
reaches of Chishui River and
the Ecological Function Area
Socio-economic conditionsof upstream communities.
Environmental protection
and pollution control of the
Wuma River Basin
Mining industry impact’s on
Chishui river. ( Especially
the Dazhu Coal Mine)
Views of key decision
makers are gathered
and interpreted.
Policies on
conservation and
development are
known and analyzed
In depth groupdiscussions
x Representatives of Wuma River Township
x Leaders of Xienong
Village
Government’s initiatives for the protection of Wuma
River Basin and
government’s Development
plans in the near future.
Local leadershipdebates conservation
vs. development
issues.
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Participatory
Rural
Assessment
(PRA)
Groups of local
villagers in Xienong
Village.
Wuma River’s impact on
local communities.
Environmental protection of
Wuma River by local
communities.
Impact of communitydevelopment on the
environment of river basin.
Possible scenarios for
treatment protection Wuma
River basin.
Local participation in
environmental protection
Local farmers share
their views on
community problems
regarding the
environment and their
livelihood.Share their views as to
possible solutions and
their feasibility under
current political and
economic conditions.
Survey 60 families in Xienong
Village with differenteconomic background.
Socio economic status
Systems of communitystratification.
Willingness
Assessment
Random select 25
persons (including 8
females) from 60
families to further
assess the willingness of
the participation of thePWS
Assessment of Willingness
and Awareness
Field work
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Forum Discussion
Participatory Rural Assessment
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Questionnaire
Share the communication documents including project introduction and results with Villagers
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Appendix 2 Questionnaire sample
Questionnaire (N=60) Investigator ̟ Date˖ Survey site˖
I. Information of family members
Persons in Household A B C D E F
Relationship with head of the
household 5
Age
Gender Male
Female
EthnicHan
Other
Education
level
Illiterate
Primary school
Junior high school
High school
Above high school
Occupatio
n
Farmers
Non-f
armin
g
Long-term
working
outside the
county
Seasonal
working
outside the
county
Township
enterprises
employees
5 Relationship with head of the household includes: Head, spouse, son, daughter, daughter in law and so on.
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Local
temporary
workers
II. Information of Land use
Arable land (ha) Non-Arable land (ha)
Total
(ha)
Arable slope land
sorghum corn others Woodland
<25
degrees
≥25
degrees
Total
Production
Self-
consumption
Market
III Information of agriculture production
Type Area (ha.) Output (Kg/ha.)
Crops
Rice
Corn
Sorghum
Potato
Sweet Potato
Pepper
Chinese red pepper
Chinese chestnut
Beans
Melons
Fruits
Others
Livestock
Chicken
Duck
Goose
Pig
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Cow
Sheep
Other
IV. Information of income and expenses
Income per year (yuan)
Total Farming Non-farming
Livestock breeding Work Others
Expenses per year (yuan)
Total Education ProductionDaily
expenses
Medical
expenses
Others
V. Information of living environment
House condition (tick)
Brick and timber Timber Brick Others
Energy consumption (%)
Coal Wood Methane Electricity Charcoal
Domestic waste discharge (%)6
Arbitrary discharge Reasonable discharge
Water in use
Water
source
Water consumption (L/per
family)Water quality(good/average/poor)
Environmental awareness (tick)7
Strong Average Weak
6 Arbitrary discharge means people who discharge domestic water without any restriction. The discharges may go to the river
directly without any treatment. Reasonable discharge means that people discharge the domestic water to certain places with
some treatments.7 Strong means people know environmental problems and know how to protect environment. Average means they know theenvironmental problems and want to protect environment. Weak means people do not care environmental protection.
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Capacity and Willingness to participate in PES (tick)
Strong Average Weak
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Appendix 3: Questionnaire on Environmental Awareness and Willingness
Time: Investigator ̟ Gender of Interviewee Age of Interviewee
1. How much of their land is in steep slope terrain (>25 degrees)?
A. All B. 3/4 C. 1/2 D .1/4 E. No steep slope land
2. What do you plant (mostly) in steep slope terrain (>25 degrees)?
A. Sorghum B. Corn C. Sweet Potato D. Others
3. Do you know the consequences for the environment of planting in such terrain? 8What is
it?
A. Totally know B. Partially know C. Don’t know
4. Do you know the liquor companies? (If the respond answer no, then go to the question 6. )
A. Yes B. No
5. Do you sell sorghum to liquor companies?
A. Yes B. No
6 Do you know the relationship between having crops in sloping terrain and quantity of water
downstream in dry season?
A Water quantity increase B. Water quantity decrease C. No change
7. Would you like to change the location of their crops? Where? How?
8. What would it take to change the location of your crops?
9. Would you enter in negotiations with the liquor companies to improve/change their land
use practices?
10. What kind of arrangements would you like to have with the liquor companies?
8 Environment consequences includes erosion, sedimentation, potential pollution caused by
chemicals and soil fertility decrease, etc.
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11. Have you heard (known) Eco-compensation?
A Yes (Specify) B. No
12. Have you heard (known) Payment of Watershed Service?
A. Yes (Specify) B. No