1

Pediatrician Medical Knowledge Readiness

Scientific Affairs – Sylvia AzizCycle Meeting December 2016

2

By the End of this Training You should be able to :

• Define IDA in infants and its 'complications • Understand Sepsis , Necrotizing Enterocolitis and Nosocomial infections

3

IDA in infants and its 'complications

4

Anemia in Children

About one in seven children develop anemia by age 2, most often because they don’t have enough iron in their diet. People who have iron-deficiency anemia may feel the urge to eat inappropriate things like dirt, clay, ice, or starch, a behavior called pica. Pediatricians test all children for anemia at 12 months. Without treatment, a severe case of anemia could permanently affect brain development.

Infant development• Iron-deficiency anemia for infants in their earlier stages of

development may have greater consequences than it does for adults.

• An infant made severely iron-deficient during its earlier life cannot recover to normal iron levels even with iron therapy. In contrast, iron deficiency during later stages of development can be compensated with sufficient iron supplements.

5

• Iron-deficiency anemia affects neurological development by decreasing learning ability, altering motor functions, and permanently reducing the number of dopamine receptors and serotonin levels.

• Iron deficiency during development can lead to reduced myelination of the spinal cord, as well as a change in myelin composition.

• Additionally, iron-deficiency anemia has a negative effect on physical growth.

6

Infant development

• . Growth hormone secretion is related to serum transferrin levels, suggesting a positive correlation between iron-transferrin levels and an increase in height and weight. This is also linked to pica, as it can be a cause.

7

Infant development

Iron deficiency• Deficiency develops in stages. In the first stage, iron

requirement exceeds intake, causing progressive depletion of bone marrow iron stores.

• As stores decrease, absorption of dietary iron increases in compensation.

• During later stages, deficiency impairs RBC synthesis, ultimately causing anemia.

• Severe and prolonged iron deficiency also may cause dysfunction of iron-containing cellular enzymes.

8

9

Definition of Anemia by Hb level

10

Sepsis , Necrotizing Enterocolitis and Nosocomial infections

11

12

13

Necrotizing Entercolitis

14

Nosocomial Infections