Post on 09-Feb-2022
O. Schneider1x, E. Schram1, M. Poelman1,
A. Rothuis2, A. van Duijn3, H. van der Mheen1
Practices in managing finfish aquaculture using
RAS technologies, the Dutch example
1 IMARES Wageningen UR, Korringaweg 5, 4401 NT Yerseke 2 Ministry of Agriculture, Nature and Food Quality, P.O.Box 20401, 2500EK Den Haag
3 LEI Wageningen UR, Alexanderveld 5, 2585 DB, Den Haag xoliver.schneider@wur.nl
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Outline
Dutch aquaculture sector
Recirculation aquaculture systems
Sustainability (focus on ecological implications)
Pitfalls, Challenges & Opportunities
Conclusions
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Dutch aquaculture sector
Courtesy Fleuren & Nooijen BV, Someren, The Netherlands
Lamella
sedimentation unit
Trickling filter
Fish tanks
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Dutch aquaculture sector
0
20,000
40,000
60,000
80,000
100,000
120,000
Fish Shellfish
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Drum
filter
Sump
Trickling
filter
O2
UV
Sewer Septic tank
Blower Liquid oxygen
After Kamstra, 1998. Wegwijzer in de paling teelt.
RAS – technical concept
FISH TREATMENT
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RAS – two sides of a coin
Cons?
Pollution (nutrients &
optical)
Fish meal / oil
Bad quality /taste
Intensive husbandry
Bad welfare
Aggression
Not organic
…
Pros?
Fish is healthy
Highly efficient
Higher food safety
Higher quality
Low emission
Less resources
All year around
Sustainable
Close to the market
…
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RAS - the Dutch context (production
1000MT)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6 2004
2007
2009
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The Wageningen approach to Sustainability:
biological
To explore the potential of nature to improve the quality of life
Gene/ Molecule
Cell
Organism
Products
Ecosystem
Planet
technologies
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Individual
Society
Community
Household
Gene/ Molecule Gene/ Molecule
Cell
Organism
Products
Ecosystem
Planet
Policy & limiting conditions
institutions
technologies
people profit planet
The Wageningen approach to Sustainability: biological &
social
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Sustainability – Economy (no of farms)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
2004
2007
2009
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Sustainability – Economy (e.g. turbot)
13%
20%
25%
13%
12%
17%
Fingerling
Feed
Others
Labour
Investment
Capital
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0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
40000
Flow though RAS & drum filter & septic
tank *
RAS & drumfilter &
flocculation **
€14,411
€1,946 €527
€36,234
€10,625
€247
Sustainability - Economy
*Based on Kamstra & vd. Heul, 1999, ** based on Ebeling et al., 2005
Cost of waste discharge (/100 ton catfish production in Hungary
(green) & The Netherlands (yellow) in 2006
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€0.25
€0.50
€0.75
€1.00
€1.25
€1.50
€1.75
2 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1 0.8
Pri
ce p
er
kg
FCR Feed Price/ kg
Sustainability - Economy
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Sustainability – Ecology (water use)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12 m³/kg fresh weight
Verdegem et al
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Sustainability – Ecology (feed/waste manipulation)
Faeces from modified diet Faeces from basal diet
Courtesy Brinker et al 2010
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1.
3. Sludge flow Sewer
2.
1.
Sustainability – Ecology (waste treatment)
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Sustainability – Ecology (CO2 Foot print & LCA)
0 200 400 600 800
1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
g C
O2 / k
g f
ish
RAS Pond
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0 200 400 600 800
1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
g C
O2 / k
g f
ish
RAS Pond
Sustainability – Ecology (CO2 Foot print & LCA)
RAS: 3.8 CO2 per kg fish
Pond 5.0 kg CO2 per kg fish
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Sustainability – Social & Governance
Society
Natural resources (fish meal & oil, seeds, water, energy, food
miles)
Welfare (husbandry, transport, slaughter)
Stichting Milleukeur, Global GAP, ASC
National Governance
Rules & Frameworks
Financial stimulation based on sustainability indicators
European Governance & Strategy
Water directive
Veterinary directive
Exotic species directive
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Pitfalls, Challenges & Opportunities
• ~30 years, no substantial market
African catfish
• no market, 1st placement inferior quality
Barramundi
• limited market, too high cost price
Happy Shrimp
• not competitive
Tilapia
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Pitfalls, Challenges & Opportunities
• Pangasius, Tilapia, Cod, Turbot, Flounder
• Supermarkets (sustainability & product safety & quality)
• Cost price
Economy
• Resource use
• Waste management
Ecology
• Eel
• Reproduction & sustainability dialogue
• (Marine) Waste management
• Certifications (GlobalGAP, Aquaculture Stewardship Council)
Social
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Pitfalls, Challenges & Opportunities
• African catfish Consolidation
• Claresse new market
• Eel dialogue & assessment
• Sturgeon Caviar less fisheries & illegal practices
• Sole product replacement
• Yellowtail kingfish product replacement
• Worm pond culture
Species driven
• Zeeland Sole extensive IMTA on land
• Shrimps Biofloc systems
• Urban RAS
• RAS export (e.g. to Norway, Africa, South America & Asia)
System driven
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Conclusions
Dutch aquaculture sector = innovative
Well structured governance framework
Stakeholders dialogues & several umbrella organisations
Instruments in place to develop sustainable sector
animal welfare, nutrient emissions, new species, drug use & others
Some pitfalls & issues, but as well several opportunities
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Dutch Seafood for the future?