Post on 03-Jun-2018
8/12/2019 Ppt Family
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ppt-family 1/50
Family & Marriage
8/12/2019 Ppt Family
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ppt-family 2/50
Chapter Outline
Defining the Family
Sociological Theory and Families
Diversity Among Contemporary American Families
Marriage and Divorce
Changing Families, ChangingSociety
8/12/2019 Ppt Family
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ppt-family 3/50
Traditional Definition of
Family
Social unit of people related through
marriage, birth, or adoption who reside
together in sanctioned relationships,engage in economic cooperation, socially
approved sexual relations, and
reproduction and child rearing.
8/12/2019 Ppt Family
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ppt-family 4/50
Contemporary Definition of
Family
Primary group of people—usually related
by ancestry, marriage, or adoption—who
form a cooperative economic unit andcare for any young who consider their
identity to be attached to the group; and
are committed to maintaining the group.
8/12/2019 Ppt Family
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ppt-family 5/50
Polling Question
The strength of the American family isdeclining.
A.) Strongly agreeB.) Agree somewhat
C.) Unsure
D.) Disagree somewhatE.) Strongly disagree
8/12/2019 Ppt Family
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ppt-family 6/50
Features of Kinship Systems
Number of marriage partners permitted at
one time.
Who is permitted to marry whom.
How descent is determined.
How property is passed on.
Where the family resides.
How power is distributed.
8/12/2019 Ppt Family
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ppt-family 7/50
Number of Marriage Partners
Polygamy is the practice of men orwomen having multiple marriage partners.
Polygamy usually involves polygyny , oneman having more than one wife.
Polyandry is the practice of a womanhaving more than one husband.
Monogamy is a sexually exclusivemarriage with one spouse.
8/12/2019 Ppt Family
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ppt-family 8/50
Who Marries Whom?
Exogamy is the practice of selecting mates fromoutside one’s group.
Endogamy is the practice of selecting matesfrom within one’s group.
The group may be based on religion, territory,racial identity, and so forth.
The incest taboo, considered to be universal, isa cultural norm forbidding sexual relations andmarriage between certain kin.
8/12/2019 Ppt Family
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ppt-family 9/50
Property and Descent
Kinship systems shape the distribution ofproperty in society by prescribing how lines ofdescent are determined.
In patrilineal kinship systems, family lineage istraced through the family of the father.
Matrilineal kinship systems are those in whichancestry is traced through the mother.
In bilateral kinship systems, descent is tracedboth through the father and the mother.
8/12/2019 Ppt Family
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ppt-family 10/50
Place of Residence
In the United States, newly married couples areexpected to establish independent households.
In patrilocal kinship systems, after marriage, awoman is separated from her own kinshipgroup and resides with the husband or hiskinship group.
In matrilocal kinship systems, a womancontinues to live with her family of origin.
Neolocal residence is the practice of the newcouple establishing their own residence.
8/12/2019 Ppt Family
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ppt-family 11/50
Who Holds Power?
Marriage systems vary according to who holdspower in the marriage.
A patriarchy is a society or group where menhave power over women.
In a matriarchy women hold power.
In egalitarian societies men and women share
power equally, are equally valued by all societalmembers, have equal access to resources, andshare decision making.
8/12/2019 Ppt Family
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ppt-family 12/50
Extended and Nuclear
Families
Extended families are the whole network of
parents, children, and other relatives who form
a family unit.
Extended families are common among the
urban poor because they develop a
cooperative system of social and economic
support. The nuclear family is comprised of one married
couple residing together with their children.
8/12/2019 Ppt Family
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ppt-family 13/50
Theoretical Perspectives on
Families
Functionalism Meet the need to socialize
children and reproduce
new members.
Conflict Theory Reinforce and supportpower relations in society.
8/12/2019 Ppt Family
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ppt-family 14/50
Theoretical Perspectives on
Families
Feminist
Theory
Reflect the gender
hierarchies in society.
Symbolic
Interaction
Emerge so people can
meet basic needs and
develop relationships.
8/12/2019 Ppt Family
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ppt-family 15/50
Family Structure by Race
8/12/2019 Ppt Family
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ppt-family 16/50
Diversity Among Families
Families today are smaller with fewer
births that are more closely spaced.
Childbearing and child rearing nowoccupy a smaller fraction of the adult life
of parents.
Death has been replaced by divorce asthe major cause of early family disruption.
8/12/2019 Ppt Family
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ppt-family 17/50
Diversity Among Families
Married couples make up a smaller
proportion of households.
Single parent households, post-childbearing couples, gay and lesbian
couples, and those without children are
increasingly common.
8/12/2019 Ppt Family
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ppt-family 18/50
Female-headed Households
1/2 of all children can expect to live
with only one parent at some point in
their lives.
Numbers are growing due to:
Pregnancy among unmarried teens High divorce rate
8/12/2019 Ppt Family
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ppt-family 19/50
Female-headed Households
Teen mothers are less likely to marry than
in the past.
Social problems are caused by economicstress rather than the absence of a
husband.
Single fathers tend to get more help thansingle mothers.
8/12/2019 Ppt Family
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ppt-family 20/50
Births to Teenage Mothers
8/12/2019 Ppt Family
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ppt-family 21/50
Married Couple Families
Men and women have different experiences
within marriage, with the benefits of marriage
generally accruing more to men than women.
Among married-couple families, a significant
change in recent years has been the increased
participation of women in the paid labor force.
Women in particular work a ―second shift‖ ofunpaid household work even when they also
have paid employment.
8/12/2019 Ppt Family
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ppt-family 22/50
Stepfamilies
Blended families demand both parents
and children learn new roles.
The lack of support systems cause stressresulting in high probability of divorce.
8/12/2019 Ppt Family
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ppt-family 23/50
Gay and Lesbian
Households
Less gender-stereotyped in household
roles than heterosexual couples.
42% of people in the United States,believe gay marriages should be
recognized as valid.
48% believe that civil unions betweengays should be given the same rights.
8/12/2019 Ppt Family
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ppt-family 24/50
Acceptance of Gay
Marriage
8/12/2019 Ppt Family
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ppt-family 25/50
Singles
Single people today are 28% of the population.
Men and women are marrying at a later age.
Being single no longer holds the same stigma itonce did, especially for women.
Single women were once labeled ―old
maids‖. Now they have the image of being
carefree, sexually active, unencumbered and
free-thinking.
8/12/2019 Ppt Family
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ppt-family 26/50
Marital Status of the U.S.
Population
8/12/2019 Ppt Family
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ppt-family 27/50
Cohabitation
Cohabitation has become common among
single people.
More than three times as many couples livetogether without being married now than in the
1970s.
Estimates are that one-quarter of all children
will at some time during their childhood live in afamily headed by a cohabiting couple.
8/12/2019 Ppt Family
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ppt-family 28/50
Marriage
The values of partners, as well as the roles they
play, influence their experience of marriage.
Among couples where both partners areemployed, only 28% share the housework
equally.
With the arrival of the first child, women
increase their housework and lessen theiremployment.
8/12/2019 Ppt Family
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ppt-family 29/50
Marriage
African American husbands provide a greatershare of housework than White husbands.
Latino households have more diversity ingender roles than stereotypes about machismowould lead us to believe.
2/3 of women say the amount of work they haveto get done during the day is a cause of stress.
1/2 say that they feel resentment about howlittle their mate helps around the house andabout their lack of free time.
8/12/2019 Ppt Family
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ppt-family 30/50
Divorce
The United States leads the world in thenumber of people who divorce.
More than sixteen million people have divorcedbut not remarried in the population today.
Since 1960, the rate of divorce has more thandoubled, although it has declined recently sinceits all-time high in 1980.
The marriage rate is 8.4 marriages per 1000people and the divorce rate, 4.0 per 1000people.’
8/12/2019 Ppt Family
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ppt-family 31/50
Polling Question
Did your natural parents divorce or
permanently separate before you were
18?
A.) Yes
B.) No
Marriage and Divorce
8/12/2019 Ppt Family
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ppt-family 32/50
Marriage and Divorce
Rates
8/12/2019 Ppt Family
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ppt-family 33/50
Factors in Rise in Divorce
Rate
In earlier eras, people died younger, and
the average length of marriages was
shorter. The cultural orientation toward
individualism may predispose people to
terminate a marriage in which they areunhappy.
8/12/2019 Ppt Family
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ppt-family 34/50
Factors in Rise in Divorce
Rate
To people in unhappy marriages, divorce,though painful and financially risky, can be apositive option.
The belief that couples should stay together fortheir children is giving way to a belief that amarriage with protracted conflict is moredetrimental to than divorce.
8/12/2019 Ppt Family
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ppt-family 35/50
Family Violence
The National Violence Against Women Office
estimates:
25% of women will be raped, physicallyassaulted, or stalked by an intimate partner
in their lifetime.
22% experience physical assault
7 –10% are raped by intimates
5% will be stalked by an intimate partner.
8/12/2019 Ppt Family
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ppt-family 36/50
Family Violence
Reasons victim stays inrelationship:
belief that batterer willchange
financial constraints mandatory arrest laws
Vi i S i t i Gl b l
8/12/2019 Ppt Family
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ppt-family 37/50
Viewing Society in Global
Perspective
8/12/2019 Ppt Family
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ppt-family 38/50
Families and Globalization
Changes at the global level are producing
transnational families, families where at
least one parent lives and works in adifferent nation than the children.
Patterns of migration, war, and economic
development have a profound effect onthe social structure of families.
8/12/2019 Ppt Family
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ppt-family 39/50
Families and Social Policy
The family is often blamed for many social
problems the nation experiences.
Social policies designed to assist familiesshould recognize the diversity of family
forms and needs and the
interdependence of the family with othersocial conditions and social institutions.
8/12/2019 Ppt Family
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ppt-family 40/50
Quick Quiz
8/12/2019 Ppt Family
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ppt-family 41/50
1. Families are gendered institutions that
reflect the gender hierarchies in society."This statement is most closely related to:
a. functionalism
b. feminist theoryc. symbolic interaction
d. conflict theory
8/12/2019 Ppt Family
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ppt-family 42/50
Answer: b
Families are gendered institutions that
reflect the gender hierarchies in society."
This statement is most closely related tofeminist theory.
8/12/2019 Ppt Family
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ppt-family 43/50
2. The pattern of relationships that define
people's family relationships to oneanother is referred to as:
a. a patrilineal system
b. a kinship systemc. a social system
d. a family system
8/12/2019 Ppt Family
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ppt-family 44/50
Answer: b
The pattern of relationships that define
people's family relationships to one
another is referred to as a kinshipsystem.
8/12/2019 Ppt Family
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ppt-family 45/50
3 . In a ________ women hold power.
a. matriarchyb. androgynous
c. monogamy
d. patriarchy
8/12/2019 Ppt Family
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ppt-family 46/50
Answer: a
In a matriarchy women hold power.
8/12/2019 Ppt Family
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ppt-family 47/50
4. "Families meet the needs of society to
socialize children and reproduce newmembers." This statement reflects the:
a. conflict perspective
b. feminist perspectivec. functionalist perspective
d. symbolic interactionist perspective
8/12/2019 Ppt Family
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ppt-family 48/50
Answer: c
"Families meet the needs of society to
socialize children and reproduce new
members." This statement reflects thefunctionalist perspective.
8/12/2019 Ppt Family
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ppt-family 49/50
5. "Families experience social
disorganization when society undergoes
rapid social changes." This statement is
most closely related to:
a. feminist theory
b. conflict theory
c. symbolic interaction
d. functionalism
8/12/2019 Ppt Family
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ppt-family 50/50
Answer: d
"Families experience social
disorganization when society undergoes
rapid social changes." This statement ismost closely related to functionalism.