Post on 18-Nov-2020
Ubee Confidential 1
Dan Hill – Applications Engineering
Ubee Interactive
06-24-2015
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Agenda
Provisioning and Configuration Wireless Overview Factors Affecting Performance Wireless Settings – What/Why? Wireless TOOLS and Tips WiFi and Non-WiFi Interference Q&A
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Wireless LAN Trends
2-4 Wireless devices per person, 4-25 per household & growing! Tablets, PCs, Laptops, SmartPhones, Smart TVs, Media Streamers, Home and Environment control, Appliances, Home Security Devices, Equip. Monitors, Baby Monitor, Home Audio, Robotics, 2D/3D Printers, Wearables, IoT, etc
>3 Billion Wireless devices today.
Wireless traffic > Wired traffic by 2016.
WLAN AP Shipments 2014 - 802.11n peaked
2015 - 802.11ac tops 11n
802.11ad looming (wiGig)
Sources: Gartner Group and Infonetics
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Headaches to Subscribers (and Technicians)
Non-WiFi Interference Poor Signal
Bandwidth Contention
with nearby
wireless routers
We’ll discuss these issues and more in detail.
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Provisioning &
CONFIGURATION
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Automated DHCP SNMP CM config via TFTP
Generic or Specific Make/Model/Vendor configuration info
TR069 (or proprietary XML) Wireless, DHCP, Home Security configuration, etc.
Manual
Telnet / CLI Web UI (local and remote)
Be SURE the account has the correct WiFi Billing Code!!
Gateway Configuration Methods
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TR069 = CPE WAN Management Protocol (ACS <-> CPE)
TR181 = Device Data Model (Wireless, MoCA, Firewall, IP, …)
http://www.broadband-forum.org/cwmp.php
http://www.broadband-forum.org/cwmp/tr-181-2-9-0.html
TR069 and TR181
Source: Broadband Forum
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Subscriber account Web Page instead of Gateway Web Page.
Common View Help Desk, Technician, and Subscriber, regardless of CPE vendor.
Manage Gateway Settings: Wireless, Firewall, Parental Control, DHCP, Port Forwarding, etc.
Subscribers can save their settings “in the cloud”.
Subscriber Portal Enabled by TR069
Source: Broadband Forum
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WIRELESS Overview
.
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A reminder about Speeds…
Internet
CMTS
Provisioning DHCP TR069 TFTP etc
MSO Network
100Gbps
10Gbps
300x20 Mbps
3x3 11ac Gateway MoCA 2.0 3x3 11ac
Client
1300Mbps
Be aware of Bottlenecks
1x1 11n Client
72Mbps
MoCA 1.1 Extender 2x2 11n
275Mbps 144Mbps
144Mbps/2
144Mbps/2
3x3 11ac Client
3x3 11ac Client
2x2 11n WLAN Extender
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WiFi Spectrum
Wi-Fi Technology Frequency Band TX x Rx, Bandwidth, Maximum PHY Link Data Rate
802.11a 5 GHz 1x1, 20MHz, 54 Mbps
802.11b 2.4 GHz 1x1, 20MHz, 11 Mbps
802.11g (ERP) 2.4 GHz 54 Mbps
802.11n (HT)
2.4 GHz, 5 GHz, 2.4 or 5 GHz selectable 2.4 and 5 GHz concurrent
2x2, 20/40MHz, 144/300 Mbps 3x3, 20/40MHz, 216/450 Mbps 4x4, 20/40MHz, 288/600 Mbps
802.11ac (VHT) SU-MIMO
5 GHz
1x1, 80MHz, 433 Mbps 2x2, 80MHz, 867 Mbps 1x1, 160MHz, 867 Mbps 2x2, 160MHz, 1.69 Gbps
802.11ac (VHT) MU-MIMO
5 GHz 4x4 AP, 160MHz, 867 Mbps per 1x1 STA, 4ea 8x8 AP, 160MHz, 1.69 Gbps per 2x2 STA, 4ea 8x8 AP, 160MHz, 3.39 Gbps per 4x4 STA, 2ea
Source: WiFi Alliance
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2.4GHz Wireless Spectrum
Selecting Wireless Channels
802.11b/g/n
Channels available in the Americas = 1-11, 20MHz wide, 5MHz spacing (Channels overlap).
Wireless network performance issues, if signal from overlapping gateway channel is too strong (<20dB difference between Gwys).
Best to choose channels with least overlap (typically 1, 6, and 11) NOTE: Auto Channel Selection Daemon (ACSD) selects only 1, 6 or 11.
Source: IEEE
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2.4GHz Channels
Channel spacing 5MHz intervals => Excessive OVERLAP !
Choosing 1, 6 or 11 helps avoid OVERLAP.
But dense population of APs still leads to co-channel interference.
Try to avoid 40MHz wide channels in 2.4GHz to avoid overlap.
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2.4GHz – Upper vs Lower for 40MHz CBW Use it correctly to avoid interference
http://www.dd-wrt.com/wiki/index.php/Wireless-N_Configuration
Source: dd-wrt.com
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5GHz Wireless Spectrum
Selecting Wireless Channels 802.11a/n/ac Channels 36-165 shown in diagram (20MHz wide)
802.11n 5GHz allows 20MHz or 40MHz wide channels More non-overlapping channels, but reduced range in 802.11n
802.11ac 5GHz allows 20/40/80/160 MHz wide
Source: WiSA
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5GHz Channels
http://forums.inssider.com/showthread.php?7571-WiFi-Channel-Usage-on-the-5-GHz-band-in-the-USA
http://www.revolutionwifi.net/revolutionwifi/2014/04/impact-of-fcc-5-ghz-u-nii-report-order.html
www.fcc.gov
!! Wider Channels consume spectrum quickly !! New UNII-3
Sources: Metageek, Revolution WiFi, FCC.gov
NOTE:
Older WiFi Clients may not support DFS channels or CH165 !!
DFS currently disabled. CH165 is never default channel.
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Terms
MCS: Modulation Coding Scheme. The QAM modulation used by the OFDM subcarriers to send a symbol.
Spatial Steams: Data Transmission spread over multiple antennas
RSSI: Receive Signal Strength Indicator in dBm.
Fade Margin: Amount of RSSI fade and still maintain MCS.
Coding Rate: Coded bits vs sent bits. 1/2 – high redundancy for error correction, noise resistant, lowest thruput
2/3, 3/4 – Medium redundancy for error correction, medium throughput
5/6 – low redundancy for error correction , requires excellent SNR and low noise, best throughput
Guard Interval Cyclic prefixing to prevent symbol errors; Enable proper multipath operation
Auto-selected by Access Point.
Normal = 400ns. High = 800ns (co-channel interference, long path reflections)
Higher GI reduces throughput by ~10%, but protects against symbol errors.
Source: IEEE, WiFi.org
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Modulation Coding Schemes, Data Rates & RSSI Example: AWG1.0 802.11n, Normal Power
MCS Index
Spatial Streams
Modulation Type
Coding Rate
PHY Data Rate (Mbps) 20 MHz Channel Width 40 MHz Channel Width
800ns Guard Interval
400ns Guard Interval
Min. RSSI Sensitivity (dBm)
800ns Guard Interval
400ns Guard Interval
Min RSSI Sensitivity (dBm)
0 1 BPSK 1/2 6.50 7.20 -82 13.50 15.00 -79 1 1 QPSK 1/2 13.00 14.40 -79 27.00 30.00 -76 2 1 QPSK 3/4 19.50 21.70 -77 40.50 45.00 -74 3 1 16-QAM 1/2 26.00 28.90 -74 54.00 60.00 -71 4 1 16-QAM 3/4 39.00 43.30 -70 81.00 90.00 -67 5 1 64-QAM 2/3 52.00 57.80 -66 108.00 120.00 -63 6 1 64-QAM 3/4 58.50 65.00 -65 121.50 135.00 -62 7 1 64-QAM 5/6 65.00 72.20 -64 135.00 150.00 -61
8 2 BPSK 1/2 13.00 14.40 -82 27.00 30.00 -79 9 2 QPSK 1/2 26.00 28.90 -79 54.00 60.00 -76
10 2 QPSK 3/4 39.00 43.30 -77 81.00 90.00 -74 11 2 16-QAM 1/2 52.00 57.80 -74 108.00 120.00 -71 12 2 16-QAM 3/4 78.00 86.70 -70 162.00 180.00 -67 13 2 64-QAM 2/3 104.00 115.60 -66 216.00 240.00 -63 14 2 64-QAM 3/4 117.00 130.00 -65 243.00 270.00 -62 15 2 64-QAM 5/6 130.00 144.40 -64 270.00 300.00 -61
2 streams shown. 3 streams = 450M max 4 streams = 600M max
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Modulation Coding Schemes, Data Rates & RSSI Example: Ubee 802.11ac, 5GHz, Hi-Power, Efficient Antenna
MCS Index
Modulation Type
Coding Rate
PHY Data Rate (Mbps)
20 MHz Channel Width 40 MHz Channel Width 80 MHz Channel Width
800ns GI 400ns GI Min. RSSI (dBm)
800ns GI 400ns GI Min RSSI (dBm)
800ns GI 400ns GI Min RSSI (dBm)
0 BPSK 1/2 6.5 7.2 -91 13.5 15.0 -88 29.3 32.5 -85 1 QPSK 1/2 13.0 14.4 -88 27.0 30.0 -85 58.5 65 -82 2 QPSK 3/4 19.5 21.7 -86 40.5 45.0 -83 87.8 97.5 -80 3 16-QAM 1/2 26.0 28.9 -83 54.0 60.0 -80 117 130 -77 4 16-QAM 3/4 39.0 43.3 -79 81.0 90.0 -76 175.5 195 -73 5 64-QAM 2/3 52.0 57.8 -75 108.0 120.0 -72 234 260 -69 6 64-QAM 3/4 58.5 65.0 -74 121.5 135.0 -71 263.3 292.5 -68 7 64-QAM 5/6 65.0 72.2 -73 135.0 150.0 -70 292.5 325 -67 8 256-QAM 1/2 78.0 86.7 -68 162.0 180.0 -65 351 390 -62 9 256-QAM 1/2 n/a n/a -66 180.0 200.0 -63 390 433.3 -60
1 stream shown above, max 433.3 Mbps PHY Data Rate
-- 2 streams = 2 x 433.3 = 866.6 Mbps max
-- 3 streams = 3 x 433.3 = 1300 Mbps max (AWG2.0 = 3x3 antennas)
http://mcsindex.com
Source: IEEE, WiFi.org, mcsindex.com, Ubee
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Factors Affecting WiFi Performance
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Factors Affecting Wireless Throughput, Range and Connectivity
Internet Speed Tier, mix of old/new LAN and WLAN technologies.
Signal Level (Rx sensitivity is more important that Tx power)
Channel contention and Channel Capacity (WiFi overlap, Usage)
Physical environment, obstructions, etc
Distance between AP and STA (free space loss)
Number of Tx vs Rx antennas (spatial streams) per AP and STA
Channel Bandwidth (and Coexistence settings)
RF Interference – non-WiFi
AirTime Fairness (recommend a balance to prevent AT hogging)
WiFi Analysis Tools running during Speed Test
AP (Gateway) and STA (Client) – Adapter implementations
Security / Encryption (WPA2-PSK/AES recommended)
WMM (ON is recommended)
Interop issues: (LDPC, PMF, etc)
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PHY Link Rate vs Actual Throughput
I bought 100Mbps service, but am I am not getting it! Dual Band Concurrent Gateway
$1200 Laptop PC
Gets only 78Mbps DS
$200 SmartPhone
Gets over 118Mbps DS (due to burst)
Something’s wrong with my Cable Service ??!!
Sources: HP, HTC, Ubee, Ookla
2.4GHz 11n
5GHz 11n/11ac
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2.4GHz 802.11n, Channel 11, 20MHz channel bandwidth
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2.4GHz 802.11n PHY Link Rate for 2x2 Client with 20MHz bandwidth
DS to Client
US to Gateway Actual throughput
~50% of PHY Speed
144 / 2 = 72 Mbps
(Nothing is wrong with your cable service.)
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5GHz 802.11ac, Channel 153, 80MHz channel bandwidth
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5GHz 802.11ac PHY Link Rate for 1x1 Client with 80MHz bandwidth
DS to Client
US to Gateway
Actual throughput
~50% of PHY Speed
263 / 2 = 131.5 Mbps
Indicates 800ns GI,
-- Co-Ch contention and/or
-- Reflections, long path delays, symbol errors
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PHY Link Rate vs Actual Throughput
REASON: Laptop PC = 2.4GHz/11n only, and 2.4GHz setting is 20MHz wide channel.
Connects to 2.4GHz SSID, 20MHz chan b/w, so 72.2Mbps max per antenna.
Max Link rate for 802.11n with 2 antennas = 2x72.2 = 144.4Mbps, so
normal actual thruput is ~30-70% of PHY rate, so 78Mbps makes sense
(78/144 = 54%). Nothing is wrong with your cable service.
NOTE: You could change the channel width manually to 40MHz wide, but the potential for more co-channel interference/contention, coexistence rate adaption, packet loss and retransmission, may not help you.
SmartPhone = 2.4GHz 11n or 5GHz 11n / 11ac, with 1x1 antenna (1 Tx, 1 Rx)
Connects to the 5GHz SSID, 20/40/80MHz auto bandwidth setting.
PHY Link Rate for 1x1 antenna = 433Mbps with 80MHz channel b/w
SmartPhone shows 263Mbps DS from Gateway.
Thruput is 30-70% of PHY rate. Our thruput is 118Mbps (118/263 = 45%)
http://mcsindex.com shows 802.11n and 11ac link rates.
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Wireless Signal Attenuation
ALSO SEE: Signal Reflection, Refraction, Diffraction
Sources: Furr, Oak Ridge National Labs 2008, IEEE
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ElectroMagnetic Wave Behavior
Reflection – Signal bends or folds back Causes: Walls, Metal Surfaces, UV Windows/Doors
Refraction – Signal bends as it passes through an object or medium.
Causes: Walls, glass, block, etc.
Diffraction – Signal bends as it passes around and object, or through a hole.
Causes: Sharp edges, small holes, etc.
found in Building columns, Metal
Door Jambs, Duct edges, Lattices, etc
scatter
Source: http://weelookang.blogspot.com/2011/10/ejs-open-source-double-slit-diffraction.html
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Attenuation Reflection Refraction Diffraction
http://jasmcole.com/2014/08/25/helmhurts/ EM wave propagation
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Wireless Coverage Pattern Based on Gateway Placement
http://jasmcole.com/2014/08/25/helmhurts/
• WiFi coverage simulation in the home.
• Refraction index for every material is calculated.
• Coverage pattern changes as WiFi Gateway is moved • See also: $0.99 WiFiSolver app for Android on Google Store.
( Visualizing “Dead Spots” )
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Antenna Gain
Antenna Gain is radiation intensity in a given direction
Gain is ALWAYS directional Antenna gain expresses how much better it transmits and receives from a particular direction
Different antenna designs just re-distribute the RF power in different ways.
Affects both transmit power and receive sensitivity The strength of the signal transmitted and received in each direction is multiplied by the antenna gain
The signal strength directly affects the throughput and packet loss
Source: Airgain
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Speed Testing DISABLE WiFi Analysis Tools !
WiFi analysis tools cause LOWER speed tests.
They compete for adapter and CPU resources.
Always disable them when running speed tests. Examples: inSSIDER, NetSpot, WireShark, Channalyzer, etc.
100M x 20M Service: WITH NetSpot Running
Without NetSpot Running
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WiFi Settings What and Why?
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WLAN Driver Queueing A-MPDU
802.11n & 802.11ac enable Aggregated MAC Protocol Data Unit
More efficient throughput, fewer Acks needed.
Can be enabled or disabled as needed.
Source:
Broadcom
Source: Broadcom
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Air Time Fairness OFF vs ON
ATF OFF: 802.11ac suffers.
802.11n thruput increases at the expense of 11ac.
ATF ON: 802.11ac thruput increases at the expense of 11n.
802.11n suffers.
Source:
Broadcom
Source: Broadcom
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WMM
Wireless Multi-Media – WiFi QoS
Required to be compliant with 802.11n and 802.11ac PHY Speed goes to 54Mbps if WMM is disabled !
4 Access Categories – Voice, Video, Best Effort, Background
http://chimera.labs.oreilly.com – 802.11ac: A Survival Guide Source: chimera.labs.oreilly.com
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Security and Encryption
Most Efficient: WPA2-PSK / AES Encryption
PHY Speed goes to 54Mbps if WEP, or WPA-PSK/TKIP is used !
Source: Ubee
Recommended for best performance
and Security
WPA2-PSK
/ AES
WPA-PSK / TKIP
54Mbps max
Link Speed
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Wireless Printer Connectivity
Sleep mode interop issues may cause some Wireless printers to lose connectivity.
Mostly fixed with newer client drivers and newer gateway FW.
Workarounds for older implementations: Change sleep mode setting on Printer, continual pings
Increase DHCP lease time
PMF interoperability issues result in connectivity problems. Disable PMF (Protected Management Frames)
Encrypted
PMF ??
PMF enabled
Blocked
Connections
-
Constant
Disconnects
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Dual Gaming Consoles
“Xbox optimization” (Disable LDPC on Gateway)
Some gaming consoles and other devices may not support LDPC.
LDPC is optional for 11ac. Enhanced error correction which can up to 2dB of coding gain to enhance the fade margin.
If Gateway LDPC is enabled, but Client does not support it, slow speeds and high latency may result.
LDPC ?? LDPC enabled
Packet Loss
&
Very Low Throughput
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WiFi Tools and Tips
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Troubleshooting – Wireless RSSI
RSSI – Receive Signal Strength Indicator
optimal between 0dBm to -64dBm (5 bars)
0 to -68 RSSI
= 5 bars
Connection speeds (link rates) seen by Client App and AWG Web UI.
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AWG Web UI Scan for Wireless Access Points
Larger negative numbers for RSSI indicate Access Points that are farther away and will Interfere less with your Ubee Wireless Gateway.
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WiFi Analyzer on Gateway
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Visualization Tools
Source: MetaGeek, NetSpot
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Wi-Fi Analyzer – SmartPhone
Source: Matt Bibbo & Wifi Analyzer
Source: WiFi Analyzer
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Example Heat Maps
Sources: Greenlee/NetScount, VisiWave, MetaGeek and NetSpot
Utilities like AirScout, NetSpot and upgraded InSSIDer enable you to produce coverage Heat Maps
Source: Greenlee/NetScount, VisiWave, MetaGeek, NetSpot
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WiFi and Non-WiFi Interference
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Example Sources of WiFi Interference Affecting Connectivity and Throughput
Co-channel interference (contention) from other WiFi Gateways on the same or overlapping channel
Each channel =20MHz wide; 40MHz “channel” = 2channels; 80MHz = 4chan
Some Microwave ovens (2.4GHz)
Bluetooth devices (2.4 – 2.48GHz)
2.4GHz cordless phones
2.4GHz baby monitors
2.4GHz or 5GHz Security Cameras
2.4GHz or 5GHz Home Theater Wireless Audio
Some Electric Motors
Florescent lights.
LTE interference
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WiFi Design to Avoid Co-Channel Contention
Excessive Co-Channel Contention
Ch1
Ch6
Ch11
Such channel overlap can be seen in apartments, and
In homes with WLAN Extenders.
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WiFi Design to Avoid Co-Channel Contention
Much Better – No co-channel contention.
Unless you have complete control of all APs,
this “clean configuration” won’t ever occur!
Ch11
Ch6
Ch1
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Co-Channel Contention (Co-Channel Interference)
Source:
Broadcom
Source: Broadcom
Contention increases with Wider Channels w/ multiple gateways.
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WiFi Co-Channel Contention – Ch 6
Client has great RSSI level: -39 dBm
(Link Rate is low for 2x2
Client, indicates 800ns GI.)
50x10 Service impact due to contention.
Source: Metageek & Ubee
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WiFi Co-Channel Contention – Fixed SSIDs now on CH1 and CH6
Source: Metageek & Ubee
Client RSSI is great. Link rate moves back to normal for 2x2 Client after moving one SSID to CH1.
Speed Test now bursts above 50x10.
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Non-WiFi Interference
https://support.metageek.com/hc/en-us/articles/200628894-Wi-Fi-and-non-Wi-Fi-Interference-Examples
Analog Audio System
Baby Monitor Audio/Video Transmitter
Audio Headset Source: Metageek
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Normal 50x10Mbps Service 2.4GHz WiFi -- Microwave OFF
Source: Metageek – Ubee Interactive
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Source: Metageek – Ubee Interactive
Impaired 50x10Mbps Service 2.4GHz WiFi -- Microwave ON
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Non-WiFi Interference Impact on WiFi speeds
Minor or major speed impact, depending upon proximity of Client or AWG to Microwave.
Run comparative Speed Tests (Microwave ON vs Microwave OFF)
WiFi analyzers offer the best picture of performance impact.
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Conclusion
WiFi growth & evolution continues.
By 2016, majority of Internet traffic = Wireless.
More WiFi understanding = reduced truck roll times, improved Customer Satisfaction.
Understand key settings that can improve interoperability and stability.
WiFi contention/interference, and Non-WiFi interference can impact WiFi performance.
Analysis tools help you to visualize the problem and save time.
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Dan.Hill@ubeeinteractive.com
Question and Answer Session