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Chapter 4Chapter 4System Components and
ConfigurationsSystem Components and
Configurations
Components • Electrical Energy Sources • PVS System
Configurations
Components • Electrical Energy Sources • PVS System
Configurations
Chapter 4 — System Components and ConfigurationsChapter 4 — System Components and Configurations
PV modules are connected together to form an array, which is the primary DC power- generating source and principal component in any PV system.
PV modules are connected together to form an array, which is the primary DC power- generating source and principal component in any PV system.
Chapter 4 — System Components and ConfigurationsChapter 4 — System Components and Configurations
Since the supply of energy from a PV array rarely matches the energy demand at a given time, some type of energy storage is usually required for stand-alone applications.
Since the supply of energy from a PV array rarely matches the energy demand at a given time, some type of energy storage is usually required for stand-alone applications.
Chapter 4 — System Components and ConfigurationsChapter 4 — System Components and Configurations
PV systems with battery storage usually require more than one battery. A battery bank is a group of batteries connected together to provide a specific voltage and capacity.
PV systems with battery storage usually require more than one battery. A battery bank is a group of batteries connected together to provide a specific voltage and capacity.
Chapter 4 — System Components and ConfigurationsChapter 4 — System Components and Configurations
Flywheel energy storage systems convert and store electrical energy as kinetic (motion) energy in the rotation of a heavy rotor.
Flywheel energy storage systems convert and store electrical energy as kinetic (motion) energy in the rotation of a heavy rotor.
Chapter 4 — System Components and ConfigurationsChapter 4 — System Components and Configurations
Supercapacitors store energy by accumulating a charge on pairs of thin foil plates. The plates are usually wrapped into a cylinder shape.
Supercapacitors store energy by accumulating a charge on pairs of thin foil plates. The plates are usually wrapped into a cylinder shape.
Chapter 4 — System Components and ConfigurationsChapter 4 — System Components and Configurations
Inverters convert DC power from batteries or arrays into AC power to serve local loads or for export to the utility grid.
Inverters convert DC power from batteries or arrays into AC power to serve local loads or for export to the utility grid.
Chapter 4 — System Components and ConfigurationsChapter 4 — System Components and Configurations
Charge controllers protect batteries in PV systems from overcharge or excessive discharge.
Charge controllers protect batteries in PV systems from overcharge or excessive discharge.
Chapter 4 — System Components and ConfigurationsChapter 4 — System Components and Configurations
Rectifiers and chargers make AC power from sources such as the utility or engine generators available for charging batteries or other DC loads.
Rectifiers and chargers make AC power from sources such as the utility or engine generators available for charging batteries or other DC loads.
Chapter 4 — System Components and ConfigurationsChapter 4 — System Components and Configurations
Balance-of-system (BOS) components include all the additional mechanical and electrical parts needed to connect and secure the major components.
Balance-of-system (BOS) components include all the additional mechanical and electrical parts needed to connect and secure the major components.
Chapter 4 — System Components and ConfigurationsChapter 4 — System Components and Configurations
Engines use reciprocating pistons to create mechanical power, which is then converted to electrical power in the generator.
Engines use reciprocating pistons to create mechanical power, which is then converted to electrical power in the generator.
Chapter 4 — System Components and ConfigurationsChapter 4 — System Components and Configurations
Engine generators are usually installed as a complete, integrated package.
Engine generators are usually installed as a complete, integrated package.
Chapter 4 — System Components and ConfigurationsChapter 4 — System Components and Configurations
Gas turbines have separate compressor and turbine sections that work together to send mechanical power to a generator.
Gas turbines have separate compressor and turbine sections that work together to send mechanical power to a generator.
Chapter 4 — System Components and ConfigurationsChapter 4 — System Components and Configurations
Wind turbines convert the power of the wind into electrical energy.
Wind turbines convert the power of the wind into electrical energy.
Chapter 4 — System Components and ConfigurationsChapter 4 — System Components and Configurations
Fuel cells use reactants such as hydrogen and oxygen in a process that transfers electrons, with only water and heat as byproducts.
Fuel cells use reactants such as hydrogen and oxygen in a process that transfers electrons, with only water and heat as byproducts.
Chapter 4 — System Components and ConfigurationsChapter 4 — System Components and Configurations
The simplest type of PV system is the direct-coupled system, consisting of only an array and a DC load.
The simplest type of PV system is the direct-coupled system, consisting of only an array and a DC load.
Chapter 4 — System Components and ConfigurationsChapter 4 — System Components and Configurations
Self-regulating systems avoid the complexity of adding charge control components by precisely sizing the battery and array.
Self-regulating systems avoid the complexity of adding charge control components by precisely sizing the battery and array.
Chapter 4 — System Components and ConfigurationsChapter 4 — System Components and Configurations
Systems with charge control regulate the charging current into the battery by disconnecting or limiting the array current. Load control options include diverting excess current into an auxiliary load.
Systems with charge control regulate the charging current into the battery by disconnecting or limiting the array current. Load control options include diverting excess current into an auxiliary load.
Chapter 4 — System Components and ConfigurationsChapter 4 — System Components and Configurations
Stand-alone systems for AC loads must include an inverter, which draws DC power from the battery bank and changes it to AC power for distribution.
Stand-alone systems for AC loads must include an inverter, which draws DC power from the battery bank and changes it to AC power for distribution.
Chapter 4 — System Components and ConfigurationsChapter 4 — System Components and Configurations
A utility-interactive system is controlled by the inverter, converts DC power to AC power and interfaces with the utility grid power at the main AC power distribution panel.
A utility-interactive system is controlled by the inverter, converts DC power to AC power and interfaces with the utility grid power at the main AC power distribution panel.
Chapter 4 — System Components and ConfigurationsChapter 4 — System Components and Configurations
Utility-interactive systems have either net-metering or dual-metering arrangements for determining revenue for electricity exported to the utility grid.
Utility-interactive systems have either net-metering or dual-metering arrangements for determining revenue for electricity exported to the utility grid.
Chapter 4 — System Components and ConfigurationsChapter 4 — System Components and Configurations
Multimode systems can operate as either a utility-interactive or a stand-alone system.
Multimode systems can operate as either a utility-interactive or a stand-alone system.
Chapter 4 — System Components and ConfigurationsChapter 4 — System Components and Configurations
Hybrid systems include power sources other than the PV array and do not interact with the utility grid.
Hybrid systems include power sources other than the PV array and do not interact with the utility grid.