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Chapter 11Chapter 11Iron and SteelIron and Steel
Ironmaking • SteelmakingIronmaking • Steelmaking
Chapter 11 — Iron and SteelChapter 11 — Iron and Steel
The blast furnace is used to convert iron ore into pig iron.
The blast furnace is used to convert iron ore into pig iron.
Chapter 11 — Iron and SteelChapter 11 — Iron and Steel
Elements present in pig iron must be refined to allowable amounts to meet steelmaking specifications.
Elements present in pig iron must be refined to allowable amounts to meet steelmaking specifications.
Chapter 11 — Iron and SteelChapter 11 — Iron and Steel
The microstructure of wrought iron consists of ferrite grains incorporating a large quantity of silicate slag elongated in the working direction.
The microstructure of wrought iron consists of ferrite grains incorporating a large quantity of silicate slag elongated in the working direction.
Chapter 11 — Iron and SteelChapter 11 — Iron and Steel
In the basic oxygen furnace, oxygen is lanced into the molten pig iron and scrap steel.
In the basic oxygen furnace, oxygen is lanced into the molten pig iron and scrap steel.
Chapter 11 — Iron and SteelChapter 11 — Iron and Steel
The open hearth furnace can make large amounts of steel in one heat.The open hearth furnace can make large amounts of steel in one heat.
Chapter 11 — Iron and SteelChapter 11 — Iron and Steel
The electric-arc furnace is the most common furnace used in making many alloys of steel.
The electric-arc furnace is the most common furnace used in making many alloys of steel.
Chapter 11 — Iron and SteelChapter 11 — Iron and Steel
Each level of deoxidation practice exhibits a significant influence on the macrostructure of the ingot.
Each level of deoxidation practice exhibits a significant influence on the macrostructure of the ingot.
Chapter 11 — Iron and SteelChapter 11 — Iron and Steel
A shroud is used to protect the molten steel from picking up atmospheric gases as it is poured from the ladle into the mold.
A shroud is used to protect the molten steel from picking up atmospheric gases as it is poured from the ladle into the mold.
Chapter 11 — Iron and SteelChapter 11 — Iron and Steel
The four types of semifinished forms (blooms, billets, slabs, and rounds) are defined by shape and dimensions.
The four types of semifinished forms (blooms, billets, slabs, and rounds) are defined by shape and dimensions.
Chapter 11 — Iron and SteelChapter 11 — Iron and Steel
The ingot mold is tapered to facilitate its removal from the steel ingot after solidification.
The ingot mold is tapered to facilitate its removal from the steel ingot after solidification.
Chapter 11 — Iron and SteelChapter 11 — Iron and Steel
The macrostructure of a cast ingot consists of a chill zone of fine equiaxed grains adjacent to the mold wall, columnar grains that grow perpendicular to the wall, and equiaxed grains toward the center.
The macrostructure of a cast ingot consists of a chill zone of fine equiaxed grains adjacent to the mold wall, columnar grains that grow perpendicular to the wall, and equiaxed grains toward the center.
Chapter 11 — Iron and SteelChapter 11 — Iron and Steel
Primary rolling reduces the ingot to semifinished forms of desired cross section.
Primary rolling reduces the ingot to semifinished forms of desired cross section.
Chapter 11 — Iron and SteelChapter 11 — Iron and Steel
Continuous casting is a direct and continuous method of producing blooms, billets, slabs, and rounds.Continuous casting is a direct and continuous method of producing blooms, billets, slabs, and rounds.
Chapter 11 — Iron and SteelChapter 11 — Iron and Steel
Pipe is a shrinkage cavity located in the upper portion of the ingot.
Pipe is a shrinkage cavity located in the upper portion of the ingot.
Chapter 11 — Iron and SteelChapter 11 — Iron and Steel
Heavy press forging is performed in a large hydraulic press in order to reduce the size of the ingot to a semifinished form larger than a standard bloom.
Heavy press forging is performed in a large hydraulic press in order to reduce the size of the ingot to a semifinished form larger than a standard bloom.
Chapter 11 — Iron and SteelChapter 11 — Iron and Steel
Structural shapes are formed in several rolling sequences, known as roughing, intermediate rolling, and finishing.
Structural shapes are formed in several rolling sequences, known as roughing, intermediate rolling, and finishing.
Chapter 11 — Iron and SteelChapter 11 — Iron and Steel
Wire is drawn in several stages, known as drafts, on a wire drawing machine. After each draft the wire is coiled.
Wire is drawn in several stages, known as drafts, on a wire drawing machine. After each draft the wire is coiled.
Chapter 11 — Iron and SteelChapter 11 — Iron and Steel
Tubing products may be produced as seamless or welded.
Tubing products may be produced as seamless or welded.
Chapter 11 — Iron and SteelChapter 11 — Iron and Steel
Inclusions become elongated in the working direction of the steel and lead to directional mechanical properties, known as anisotropy.
Inclusions become elongated in the working direction of the steel and lead to directional mechanical properties, known as anisotropy.
Chapter 11 — Iron and SteelChapter 11 — Iron and Steel
The AISI-SAE designation system indicates the alloying elements and the partial chemical composition.
The AISI-SAE designation system indicates the alloying elements and the partial chemical composition.
Chapter 11 — Iron and SteelChapter 11 — Iron and Steel
The end use of carbon steel is strongly influenced by the carbon content.The end use of carbon steel is strongly influenced by the carbon content.
Chapter 11 — Iron and SteelChapter 11 — Iron and Steel
Generic ASTM specifications indicate common characteristics of families of product forms and prevent excessive repetition in the individual product specifications.
Generic ASTM specifications indicate common characteristics of families of product forms and prevent excessive repetition in the individual product specifications.
Chapter 11 — Iron and SteelChapter 11 — Iron and Steel
Quality descriptors in ASTM standards are used to distinguish products well suited to specific applications.
Quality descriptors in ASTM standards are used to distinguish products well suited to specific applications.