Powerpacked PowerPoint Presentations_David Marsh_4.25.13

PowerPacked PowerPoint Slides

David Marsh

CORE Spring MeetingBaltimore, MarylandApril 25, 2013

• Argument• Title Slide• Text Slide• Table Slide• Bar-Chart Slide• Photographs

Outline

Argument

• Argument: the art of persuasion. • For documents based on new evidence or new synthesis of

old evidence (situation analysis, abstract, manuscript, slide presentation, desk review), this formula is logical and powerful. – Background – Why did you do it?– Methods – How did you do it?– Results – What did you observe?– Conclusions – So what do we do?

Presenting an argument

• Title Slide (1)• Background Slides (2-3)• Methods Slides (3-4)• Results Slides (2-5)• Conclusions Slides (2-3)

12-Minute Presentation: Recipe

The typical 12-minute evidence-based slide presentation has 10-18 slides or about 1 to 1.5 slides per minute.

• Title Slide for title• Text Slides for background, methods,

results, or conclusions• Table Slides for results or conclusions• Bar Chart Slides for results• Photographs to explain and interest

Common Slide Layouts

These five formats will address 95% of your slides. We will now go through four “cases” plus photo examples to help you draft good slides.

Title Slide

A real case (different authors)! This slide has at least seven problems. Let’s start from the periphery: the formatting.

“SUSTAINABLE OUTREACH SERVICE” (SOS): SOLUTION TO A VEXING PROBLEM?

A. Einstein

“SUSTAINABLE OUTREACH SERVICE” (SOS): SOLUTION TO A VEXING PROBLEM?

A. Einstein

Good. Using agency-approved style is important.

But CAPITAL letters are difficult to read quickly. (And shouting is rude.)

“Sustainable Outreach Service” (SOS): Solution to a Vexing Problem?

A. Einstein

Good. Proper title format requires a capital letter for each important word and the first word of each line, even if it is a tiny word. Not using all capital letters saves space, too.

But what about this nine-word title? Is it informative? Is it interesting?

A. Einstein

Good. This 11-word title defines content, an association, results, and setting.

Sustainable Outreach Services (SOS) Immunize Semi-Nomadic Children in Rural Ethiopia

But what about the author line? Few documentation efforts are solo.

A. Einstein, A. Gore, B. Obama, K. Marx, N. Bonaparte, E. Windsor, S. Palin

Good. Now we have the full team. Be inclusive. The first, second, third, and last spots are more important. The presenter does NOT automatically get one of these.

But the slide still lacks some key information.

Third Annual Bubble Gum ConventionBrooklyn, New York – May 2, 2038

A. Einstein, A. Gore, B. Obama, K. Marx, N. Bonaparte, E. Windsor, S. Palin

Now we have the occasion for the presentation. This also helps filing.

Anything else?

Third Annual Bubble Gum ConventionBrooklyn, New York – May 2, 2038

Sustainable Outreach Services (SOS) Immunize Semi-Nomadic Children in

Rural EthiopiaA. Einstein, A. Gore, B. Obama, K. Marx, N. Bonaparte, E. Windsor, S. Palin

A “sans serif” font like GillSans or Arial is much easier to read. GillSans takes less space.

• Do have an interesting, informative title.• Don’t have an “egocentric” author line.• Don’t forget the standard title items.

– Title

– Authors

– Occasion and Date

– Logo, if necessary

Title Nuggets

• Do use your agency’s approved style.• If there is no official style, use simple, attractive,

non-distracting slide formatting and background.

• Don’t use ALL CAPITALS.• Don’t use a font with serif.

Title Nuggets – 2

Text Slide

Research

• Community-based surveillance to identify principal bacterial and viral agents of neonatal infections; emphasis on Africa and Asia.

• Determination of antimicrobial resistance profiles of the common bacterial agents of serious infections in neonates on a regional basis, in both community and hospital settings.

• Studies of neonatal care provided in the home by caretakers, traditional birth attendants, and community health workers, and follow cohorts of neonates for infectious outcome.

• Case-control studies to identify the principal risk factors for neonatal infections. Risk factors to be evaluated include low birth weight; unhygienic delivery, skin and umbilical cord care; birth asphyxia; hypothermia; smoke inhalation; and feeding practices.

Refine and adapt oral rehydration protocols for use in diarrhea. Implement currently available vaccines; develop new vaccines.

Another real case (slightly modified). Let’s start at the periphery again: style.

– Community-based surveillance to identify principal bacterial and viral agents of neonatal infections; emphasis on Africa and Asia.

– Determination of antimicrobial resistance profiles of the common bacterial agents of serious infections in neonates on a regional basis, in both community and hospital settings.

– Studies of neonatal care provided in the home by caretakers, traditional birth attendants, and community health workers, and follow cohorts of neonates for infectious outcome.

– Case-control studies to identify the principal risk factors for neonatal infections. Risk factors to be evaluated include low birth weight; unhygienic delivery, skin and umbilical cord care; birth asphyxia; hypothermia; smoke inhalation; and feeding practices.

Research

Good. We are using an agency-approved style.

What about the title?

Research Priorities for Newborn Infection

Good. The title is now informative.

Bullets and indentation are inconsistent.

– Refine and adapt oral rehydration protocols for use in diarrhea.– Implement currently available vaccines; develop new vaccines.

OK. Bullets are good.

But do you feel like you are suffocating?

– Refine and adapt oral rehydration protocols for use in diarrhea.

– Implement currently available vaccines; develop new vaccines.

OK. Now we have some margins.

But the text is about to fall off the bottom of the slide. There are too many words: 125 words in 14 lines, requiring a 20 font, which is barely readable. The “6x6” rule calls for a maximum of six lines of six words each, i.e., 36 words!

• Community-based surveillance for pathogens, especially in Africa and Asia.

• Determination of antimicrobial resistance patterns in community and hospital.

• Examining association between infection and care provided by families, traditional birth attendants, and community health workers.

• Case control studies to assess role of low birth weight; unhygienic delivery, skin and umbilical cord care; birth asphyxia; hypothermia; smoke inhalation; and feeding practices.

• Refine, adapt, and test oral rehydration for diarrhea.• Implement currently available vaccines; develop new vaccines.

Two approaches: edit and divide the slide. Light editing allows 22 font. Heavy editing might meet the 6x6 rule and allow some speaker spontaneity.

But we are unlikely to avoid dividing our slide. Before we do that, do you see anything else that would impact the size of the text area?

Yes, GillSans is official agency font (BUT it doesn’t “work” in my computer!

And removing bold saves space.

But we should divide the slide into two slides of three bullets each.

Bold in the slide title “works. So do three bullets.

The text is still a bit crowded.

Increased spacing between lines lets in some oxygen (35 words in seven lines!

What about the other bullets?

• Refine, adapt, and test oral rehydration for diarrhea.

• Implement currently available vaccines; develop new vaccines.

Research Priorities – 2

An abbreviated title and “ – 2” reminds the audience that this is a continuation.

We did not heavily edit the text which still lacks parallel construction. Some start with nouns; others start with verbs.

• Do use an informative slide title.

• Do use bullets, not paragraphs.

• Do write concisely and elaborate during the presentation.

Text Nuggets

• Do remember the “6x6” rule and don’t write too much on one slide.

• Do use large fonts: (36-40 title, 24-32 text)

• Do use consistent bulleting and indentation.

• Don’t fear empty space on your slides.

Text Nuggets – 2

Table Slide

Validity by Diagnosis

Validity (% with 95% CI) Diagnosis Sensitivity Specificity PPV

Birth defect 100 (98-102) 99 (97-101) 33 (31-35) NNT 84 (81-87) 99 (96-102) 94 (91-97) Pneumonia 67 (64-70) 98 (95-101) 40 (37-43) Prematurity 63 (56-70) 95 (88-102) 90 (83-97) AWD 60 (57-63) 99 (97-101) 60 (57-63) Birth asphyxia 54 (45-63) 79 (70-88) 61 (52-70) LBW 42 (33-51) 92 (84-101) 81 (73-90) SGA 35 (27-43) 84 (76-92) 27 (19-35) Sepsis 13 (8-19) 97 (91-103) 33 (28-39) Malnutrition 0 (-1.4-1.4) 100 (99-101) 0 (-1.4-1.4) Pers diarrhea 0 (-1.4-1.4) 99 (98-101) 0 (-1.4-1.4)

This case is an example of cutting and pasting a table from a manuscript into a slide. Let’s start with the title.

Validity (% with 95% CI) Diagnosis Sensitivity Specificity PPV

Birth defect 100 (98-102) 99 (97-101) 33 (31-35) NNT 84 (81-87) 99 (96-102) 94 (91-97) Pneumonia 67 (64-70) 98 (95-101) 40 (37-43) Prematurity 63 (56-70) 95 (88-102) 90 (83-97) AWD 60 (57-63) 99 (97-101) 60 (57-63) Birth asphyxia 54 (45-63) 79 (70-88) 61 (52-70) LBW 42 (33-51) 92 (84-101) 81 (73-90) SGA 35 (27-43) 84 (76-92) 27 (19-35) Sepsis 13 (8-19) 97 (91-103) 33 (28-39) Malnutrition 0 (-1.4-1.4) 100 (99-101) 0 (-1.4-1.4) Pers diarrhea 0 (-1.4-1.4) 99 (98-101) 0 (-1.4-1.4)

We made the title informative, helping the table to “stand alone,” a goal for graphics and tables.

Presentations can not tell the

whole story from a manuscript.

Can we focus a bit?

Validity of Neonatal Verbal Autopsy by Reference Diagnosis

Diagnosis Validity (% with 95% CI)

Sensitivity Specificity PPV

Birth asphyxia 54 (45-63) 79 (80-98) 61 (52-70)

LBW 42 (33-51) 92 (84-100) 81 (73-90)

NNT 84 (81-87) 99 (96-100) 94 (91-97)

Prematurity 63 (56-70) 95 (88-100) 90 (83-97)

SGA 35 (27-43) 84 (76-92) 27 (19-35)

We used the PowerPoint table feature and reduced the number of rows, preserving those most essential to the message.

See anything else?

Birth asphyxia 54 (45-63) 79 (80-88) 61 (52-70)

LBW 42 (33-51) 92 (84-100) 81 (73-90)

NNT 84 (81-87) 99 (96-100) 94 (91-97)

Prematurity 63 (56-70) 95 (88-100) 90 (83-97)

SGA 35 (27-43) 84 (76-92) 27 (19-35)

Transcription errors are common when copying numbers into PowerPoint’s table function.

Let’s fix that. What do you think of the justification?

Birth asphyxia 54 (45-63) 79 (70-88) 61 (52-70)

LBW 42 (33-51) 92 (84-100) 81 (73-90)

NNT 84 (81-87) 99 (96-100) 94 (91-97)

Prematurity 63 (56-70) 95 (88-100) 90 (83-97)

SGA 35 (27-43) 84 (76-92) 27 (19-35)

We usually left-justify row headings and center-justify column headings and data.

What about the abbreviations?

Sensitivity Specificity Positive Predictive Value

Birth asphyxia 54 (45-63) 79 (70-88) 61 (52-70)

Low birthweight 42 (33-51) 92 (84-100) 81 (73-90)

Neonatal tetanus 84 (81-87) 99 (96-100) 94 (91-97)

Prematurity 63 (56-70) 95 (88-100) 90 (83-97)

Small for gestational age 35 (27-43) 84 (76-92) 27 (19-35)

Now we are clear, even if the last row heading is a bit large.

Can you think of another way to deal with abbreviations?

Sensitivity Specificity PPV*

Birth asphyxia 54 (45-63) 79 (70-88) 61 (52-70)

Low birthweight 42 (33-51) 92 (84-100) 81 (73-90)

Prematurity 63 (56-70) 95 (88-100) 90 (83-97)

*PPV = Positive predictive value

Use the Text Box feature to define abbreviations in a footnote.

Look at the inside of the table. What about the order of the rows?

Sensitivity Specificity Positive Predictive

Prematurity 63 (56-70) 95 (88-100) 90 (83-97)

Birth asphyxia 54 (45-63) 79 (70-88) 61 (52-70)

Low birthweight 42 (33-51) 92 (84-100) 81 (73-90)

Alphabetical order probably does not inform the message. Instead, we ordered the rows in descending order of sensitivity, a key variable.

But what about overall formatting?

Prematurity 63 (56-70) 95 (88-100) 90 (83-97)

Birth asphyxia 54 (45-63) 79 (70-88) 61 (52-70)

Low birthweight 42 (33-51) 92 (84-100) 81 (73-90)

Of course! Agency style. (How could we forget?)

Can we be even more clear?

Diagnosis Validity (%)

ValueNeonatal tetanus 84 99 94

Prematurity 63 95 90Birth asphyxia 54 79 61

Low birthweight 42 92 81

Small for gestational age 35 84 27

Depending on the audience, eliminating confidence intervals removes two thirds of the numbers and allows a bigger font.

Do we need to be more precise?

Neonatal tetanus 84.4 99.5 94.6

Prematurity 63.5 95.3 90.9

Birth asphyxia 54.8 79.3 61.1

Low birthweight 42.1 92.7 81.3

Small for gestational age 35.5 84.0 27.8

No, two significant figures is almost always enough. Back up!

Even though we went from 45 to 15 numbers, it is a lot of information to absorb quickly. Simple “special effects” can highlight “message numbers.”

Diagnosis

Validity (%)

We centered “Diagnosis” vertically.

Diagnosis

Validity (%)

Finally, we covered the “red baby” with a white patch, ordered to the back.

Table Nuggets

• Do use an informative title.

• Don’t have too many rows or columns; instead focus on the rows and columns central to your message.

• Do organize table rows according to your message.

Table Nuggets – 2

• Do double-check your numbers.• Don’t have too many numbers or too

many significant figures.• Do use animated circles to highlight key

numbers.• Don’t paste a table from a manuscript.

Table Nuggets – 3

• Do use PowerPoint’s table feature.• Do format consistently with text slides.• Don’t use a font with a serif.• Do left-justify row headings and center-justify

column headings and data.• If you use abbreviations, use footnotes to explain

them so your table “stands alone.”

Bar-Chart Slide

Results of COPE activities

3.2%3.7%

3.0%3.3%

7.5%7.8%

Thanh HoaHospital

Hoang HoaDHC

Quang TriHospital

Trieu HaiHospital

Hai lang DHC

Proportion of all births in project hospitals

First 6 monthsof 2002Last 6 monthsof 2002

Bar charts are one of the most effective visual tools to communicate and compare quantitative information.

This chart is imported from Excel. Let’s start at the periphery: the title.

Use of Delivery Services Before and After COPE (2002)

3.2%3.7%

3.0%3.3%

7.5%7.8%

Thanh HoaHospital

Hoang HoaDHC

Quang TriHospital

Trieu HaiHospital

Hai lang DHC

Now the title is informative. We chose not to spell out COPE because we assume that this was introduced earlier.

What about the formatting?

3.2%3.7%

3.0%3.3%

11.3%12.5%

7.5%7.8%

Thanh HoaHospital

Hoang HoaDHC

Quang TriHospital

Trieu HaiHospital

Hai lang DHC

Technical people want to see the heights of the bars. They are, after all, the most important part! 3-D parallax makes ascertaining the height difficult.

Now we can remove those distracting numerical labels above each bar.

Thanh HoaHospital

Hoang HoaDHC

Quang TriHospital

Trieu HaiHospital

Hai lang DHC

Sometimes specific numbers need to be included – individual Text Boxes can do this. But we hardly ever need every number or 3 significant figures! The general and relative heights of the bars are enough.

What about the relative size of the bar chart vs. legend?

Thanh HoaHospital

Hoang Hoa DHC Quang Tri Hospital Trieu Hai Hospital Hai lang DHC

The bigger the bars, the better. By putting the legend inside the “shallow” end of the bar chart, we can spread the chart over the whole slide.

But it’s still not easy to read. What about the y-axis label? It looks more like a sub-title.

Thanh HoaHosp.

Hoang HoaDHC

Quang TriHosp.

Trieu HaiHosp.

Hai LangDHC

First 6 monthsof 2002

Second 6months of2002

Proportion of births in facilities (%)

We recast the Excel chart directly through PowerPoint. It takes about 60 seconds to enter 10 values and label the categories. Double check the values! Now we also have a clear y-axis label.

Do you see any remaining minor improvements to make?

Thanh HoaHosp.

Hoang HoaDHC

Quang TriHosp.

Trieu HaiHosp.

Hai LangDHC

Jan-Jun

Jul-Dec

DHC = Distrit Health Center

We reduced the legend and added a footnote to define the abbreviation. We did not label the x-axis since it is obvious from the title .

Anything else?

Thanh HoaHosp.

Hoang HoaDHC

Quang TriHosp.

Trieu HaiHosp.

Hai LangDHC

Jan-Jun

Jul-Dec

DHC = Distrit Health Center

Spell-check!

Thanh HoaHosp.

Hoang HoaDHC

Quang TriHosp.

Trieu HaiHosp.

Hai LangDHC

Jan-Jun

Jul-Dec

DHC = District Health Center Message?

We increased the title font from 28 to 32.

Bar-Chart Nuggets

• Do use bar-charts, your most powerful visual tool.

• Do have an informative title.

• Do use the simplest legend and the largest bar-chart possible.

• Do use footnotes so your bar-chart “stands alone.”

• Don’t import bar-charts; rather do use PowerPoint’s bar-chart feature.

• Do avoid the gimmick of 3-D parallax.

• Don’t use routine data labels on bars.

• Do label the axes.

• Do spell-check.

Bar-Chart Nuggets – 2

Photographs

“Cusp of Access” in Nicaragua

All photos by D Marsh, unless otherwise credited

Use good quality photographs!

But burring is part of story!

Don’t fear filling the slide with

photo, but use font colors that “work” on photo’s colors.

Compress all photos to minimize

document size.

List credits.

Use good quality photographs!

Rotated, cropped and enlarged.

Most photos from the internet have too little “information”

(pixels) to be useful.

On the other hand, copying photos brings much too much

information (pixels).

Importing photos works just right. You can also right click and compress all photos.

Bangladeshi CCM workers get timersDon’t distort photographs!

Change size of photograph by dragging corners, not sides.

Crop a slide to fit in a pre-determined area.

Pneumonia treatment in Mangbui Administrative Village (11/10)

Crop and/or size a group

photos to tell a story

Global Action Plan for Prevention and Control of Pneumonia (GAPP)

• Strategy document finalized and launched at the World Pneumonia Summit on November 2, 2009 in New York

• Wide partner buy-in• Extensive media

coverage

Courtesy of S. Qazi, WHO/Geneva

Download photographs of documents from

internet.

How to implement CCMTake and edit

photographs to illustrate documents.

Photos Can be (Are) “Graphic”Know your audience.

Not All Agreed

Nicaraguan CHW

Yunnan Province

Lincang Prefecture

Cangyuan County

Fig 1. China, Yunnan Province, Lincang Prefecture, and Cangyuan County

Zooming maps

• Use photographs

• Use good photographs

• Do not distort photos; size or crop them

• If you fill the slide, adjust font color

• Use proper photograph resolution

• Know your audience

• Use maps

Photograph Nuggets

Powerpacked PowerPoint Presentations_David Marsh_4.25.13

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