Post on 01-Mar-2018
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So new its scarcely
So old its almost foAlso contributed at the International Conferenceon SBSP, Kobe, Japan, April 2014
POWER STARTM: HARVESTING THE SUNS ENERGY IN SDr. David C. Hyland
Utilizing Insta-Grid in Space for Earth
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Background
All previous SPS concepts Involve gigantic, complex, articulated structures Contain numerous, perhaps 1000s, of moving parts Require numerous launches Require on-orbit fabrication/construction, usually robotic Involve serious dynamic stability issues
Power StarTM combines very new and very old technologies to
The simplest possible structure No moving parts (except electrons and photons) One launch vehicle (A one-km system can fit into several existing ve No on-orbit construction Inherent dynamic stability and robustness
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Printed Solar Arrays Printed Pa
Solar-Microwave
Fabric
The New
Solar collectors and microwavetransmitters are printed on a thinfabric (in a randomized pattern ifnon-overlapping)
The collectors and transmittersare combined in local modules no high voltage power
distribution system
The fabric collectmicrowaves and tformed beam(s) algorithm. (Two m
Passive Moa low amp
Active Modtracking sig
target serv
Solar cell
Transceivers
Substrate layer
Transmitter
Solar cell
Exterior
surface
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Solar Microwave Fabric: Cross-Sectional Configurations
We assume solar cell efficiency of only 2% (currently roll-to-roll).Near-term improvementUltimately: 20%. Thicknesses down to 1 m currently - e.g. Copper Indium Gallium SelenideTelluride
Substrate materials: metals, Mylar, Kapton, fabrics, even paper!
Patch antenna efficiency: 70-80%. Thickness depends on wavelength, etc. Can produce ~ 1-3
Once printing process and algorithm are set, churn this out like wallpaper (roll-to-roll manufac
Metallic grid
Power connector
Solar Cell
Substrate layer
Transparent Transmitters
Transceivers
Solar cell
Transceivers
Substrate layer
Transmitter
Solar cell
Exterior
surface
Solar CellSolar Cell
(a) Non-overlapping
configuration
(b) Fully co-
populated
configuration
Present paper desc
where solar cells a
do not overlap on Consequently, a ra
is needed to avoid
However, one can
transparent antenn
that both solar cell
each occupy the w
increases the collefold
2L
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The Old: Echo Satellite Technology
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Meridonial SectorsSpherical Ball
Balloon Fabrication
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Packaging and Deployment: One compact
container one launch vehicle
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Echo II Improved Inflation Technology
Echo 2 inflation system pillows. Top: stowed configuration; Bottom: Pillow out-gassing from its perforations.
Pillows containing sublimating powder are flattened against the interior surface.
Exposed to the heat from the sun, the pillows inflate, and vent gas through perforation This prevents the gas from getting trapped in pockets and producing deleterious stres In the Power StarTM , as in Echo II, a metallic grid (for electrical ground) is embedded
to yield at theinflation pressure. The yielded grid rigidifies the structure.
Then one of the pillows is ruptured, evacuating the balloon, making it an empty shell.
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Rectenna
Beacons
Printed m
trans
elem
In each patch antenna:
Local analog circuit receives
beacon radiation
Amplifies waveform and emits it
back in
reverse time
Power optimally matches desired
power distribution on the ground.
No moving parts!
Exteriorsurface
Substrate layer
Transmitter
Solar cell Solar cell
transceivers
Copper grid
Power connec
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Illustration of beam shaping
Recording the beacon signals, then amplifying them and playing them back in reverse time o
To simplify the explanation, we illustrate these steps separately. First, consider the beacon pr
On this plane we
have three point
sources
representing the
beacons
Each pixel on the
spherical surface is
a separate recorder
When the beacon
radiation reachesthe surface each
pixel representing a
antenna records the
wave-form that it
sees.
Each antenna acts
by itself
The time-reversal principle was first applied to acoustics. See Scientific American, Novemb
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Now turn off the beacon and let each pixel on the surface re-transmit the wave-form
recorded - but in reverse time
Note the converging
wave fronts
Each pixel on the surface
transmits the recorded signal
in reverse time
The amplitu
ground plane
concentration
on the beaco
transmitting a
infinite in ext
would be po
concentration
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Beacon
radiation
Solar radiation
,S B
,S B
,S B
,S B
Interior surface printed with -wave
receiver/transmitters (possibly shorterwavelengths)
, exterior surface illuminated by bo
External solar arrays power local
, exterior surface illuminated by s
External solar array
S B
S B
s power the
receiver/transmitters & they trans
internal receiver/transmitters in
, exterior surface exposed to beacoS B
Exterior transmitters powered by
receiver/transmitters (that receive
, exterior surface shaded from bot
Do nothing
S B
Localized Power Dist
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Power Distribution - Summary
Each antenna transmits only if the beacon(s) radiation is recei
Each transmitting antenna draws power from Solar cells in its immediate vicinity (within a few centimeters), or
Through the thickness of the skin from receivers on the innersurskin.
Power transmission through the skin traverses a few centimete
Each transmitter receives just a few WattsNo high voltages, no large wir
Power distribution to each antenna is local there is no need complex power management system.
Strictly local architecture meansrobustness
against partial dam
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Power Transmission Capabilities
Figure 11. Power transmitted as a function of balloon diameter for various values of the solar cell
If transparent patchantennas are used,multiply by 4
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Packaging for Launch
Figure 13. Stowed diameter as a function of the inflated balloon diameter.
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Orbit Lifetime
U. S, StaAtmosphover Sola
Ballistic Careal den
AerodynaRadiationincluded.
sustain 1
Radiationa powerfsystem!
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~ 1 km
w
Printed microwave
transmitter elements
Printed solar array
elements
Random Tessellation to
prevent grating lobes
Summary Sketch of the ConceptUnique features:
Its structure is extremely s
into many launch vehicle pa
It can gather solar power f
beam power in any directionor structural deformation.
It has no moving parts.
It can optimally approxim
distribution on the ground.
It requires no in-space ass
It has no control/structure
system is guaranteed dynam
The operation of the phas
so that even if severely dama
retain some level of useful p
Substrate layer
Transmitter
Solar cell Solar cell
transceivers
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An Extended Application:Placed at GEO, Power Star is easily designed to produce
power densities that are safe for humans on the ground
But if an intruder should approach within just a few hundred
kilometers, Power Star can be run in act ive mode and irradiate
the target wi th enormous power density
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Power Distribution on the Target Plane
1.04
Distance
WavelengthDiameter
A
A
x z D
z
D
If:
Atpo1/
Th
Atpo
(3
13
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Orbital Debris Clearance
ER
PH
x
y
a
,0E PR H
Line of initial LOS contact
Simple geometry used to estimate de-orbit time of a debris object due to Power StarComplete time history of the altitud
De-orbit in 70 days
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Orbital Debris Problem
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Orbital Boost
1, 2: Debris clearance3, 4, 5: Orbital boosts
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Rapidly Deployable Power Generation / Air and Missile Defens
At a forward operating base, lay out Solar-Microwave rugs.
Whatever the mode of operation, the rugs need not be flat nor does one need a continuous
sheet (there can be minor gaps)
For power generation, use only the solar cells. If receiving power from Power Star, engagetransceivers
Substrate layer
Trans
mitter
Solar cell Solar cell
Conductive coating (ground)
Power
connector
s
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Rapidly Deployable Power Generation / Air and Missile Defens
Using power direct from solar cells or another source, operate beam forming in active mode.
This means irradiate target, sense return and use as beacon signal. Beam forming proceeds as
described for Power Star.
S S t D i C (D H l d)
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Space System Design Courses (D. Hyland)Some Basic Objectives
Provide an open-ended realistic design challenge that demands the crefforts of students.
Open ended design goes on everywhere and all the time in the aer
community
Design is very different from the analytical exercises that are fami
most undergraduates.
Replicate as closely as possible the design processes and teamwork thaprevailing norms in the aerospace community
Ensure that the class work receives a hard look from external evalua
using prevailing community-wide standards and
R fi th d i i
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Refine the design usingconcurrent engineeringdesign facilities(Bringclasses to JPL Team X,Ames Mission DesignCenter, etc.)
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In this course you will:
Study RF and Visible imaging systems that can obtain high resolutionimaging of space objects, and ultra-narrow power transmission beams.
Carry out design of a space-based solar power system
Learn useful background on optics, imaging, and cutting-edge RF
technology
Get some fi rst-hand knowledge by using two observatories of the
Giant Astronomical Imaging Array
Instruc tor: Prof . D. C. Hyland
Time: TR, 8:00 9:15am
Location: Rm 204, HRBB
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Questions?
Id put my money on the sun
and solar energy. What a source
of power! I hope we dont have
to wait until oil and coal run out
before we tackle that.
Thomas Edison, 1931.
SPS Al h
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SPS-Alpha
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Target Wavelength Regimes
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Phase Conjugation Circuit
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Phase Conjugation Circuit
Low-pass filter
Amplifier
2LO B
Transmitter
Mixer
Local Oscillator
cos cos
cos1 =
2 cos
1 cos c
2
1 cos2
M B B B LO
LO B
B LO
LO B
B LO B B
F B LO B B
V V t V
tV V
V V t
V V V t
MV
BV
FV
Analog Phase Locked Loop
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Analog Phase Locked Loop
cos 2LO k B V t k
L
Phase Detector(analog multiplier
and filter)
Low passfilter
Voltage
ControlledOscillator
gv =sensitivity of
VCO
C
(>0)
_
APLL & LO, for transmitter k
2k ref B ref L V t
1
sin 0 , 1,...,
02
k k k ref
v
mk ref LO k
k N
g CV V
Individual circuit augmented for self synchroniza
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Individual circuit augmented for self-synchroniza
APLL & LO
Low-passfilter
Amplifier
Mixer
Band-
pass
filtercentered
at 2B
cos 2LO k B kV t
Band-
pass
filtercentered
at 2B
kL
Leakage
centered at
2Btransmitted to
neighboringantennae
Leakage
centered at
2B received
from
neighboringantennae Transmitterk
1,
, real a
N
k mk LO m
mm k
mk km
L V
1
1
,
N
k k
m
mk
k
O l ar h w t d it Spa S lar P w r ight b r ffi i t
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Solar Constant
= rate of energy intercepted by
one square meter at normal
incidence in space at 1 AU
from the Sun
= 1367 W/m2
This means you can collect 12 MW-Hr
a year, in space
Source of Ground-levelattenuation
Attenuation Factor
Atmospheric
(absorption & weather)
~0.6
Average inclination ~0.5
Day/night 0.5 to 0.25
Net attenuation
~ 0.15 to 0.07
So, collecting solar power in
(if you can do it) could be m
more dependable and effici
Once you learn how to do it, Space Solar Power might be more efficient...
R f
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References
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R f t
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References, cont.16. M. A. R. Osman, M. K. A. Rahim, N. A. Samsuri, M. K. Elbasheer, and M.E. Ali. Textile UWB Antenna Bending and Wet Performan
Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 2012, Article ID 251682, doi:10.1155/2012/251682.17. M. Mantash, A.-C. Tarot, S. Collardey, and K. Mahdjoubi. Investigation of Flexible Textile Antennas and AMC Reflectors. Internatio
Propagation, Vol. 2012, Article ID 236505, doi:10.1155/2012/236505.18. F. Boeykens, L. Vallozzi, and H. Rogier. Cylindrical Bending of Deformable Textile Rectangular Patch Antennas International Journ
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IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters , Vol. 12, pp.170-173. 2013.20. T. Yasin. Transparent Antennas for Solar Cell Integration. Doctoral Dissertation in the Department of Electrical Engineering, Utah St21. http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=669373422. "Echo 1, 1A, 2 Quicklook". Mission and Spacecraft Library. NASA. Retrieved February 6, 2010.23. H. M. Jones; I. I. Shapiro; P. E. Zadunaisky (1961). "Solar Radiation Pressure Effects, Gas Leakage Rates, and Air Densities Inferr
C. Van De Hulst, C. De Jager and A. F. Moore. Space Research II, Proceedings of the Second International Space Science Symp(North-Holland Publishing Company-Amsterdam).
24.Echo II Satelloon Inflation, 1964. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qz3-b7sB9CA&noredirect=125. Y. C. Guo, X.W. Shi, and L.Chen. Retrodirective Array Technology. Progress in Electromagnetics Research B. Vol.5, pp.153-167, 26. L. Chen, Y. C. Guo, X. W. Shi, and T. L. Zhang. Overview of the Phase Conjugation Techniques of the Retrodirective Array. Intern
Propagation, Vol. 2010, Article 564357. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/564357
27. Subbaraman, Harish, Daniel T. Pham, Xiaochuan Xu, Maggie Yihong Chen, Amir Hosseini, Xuejun Lu, and Ray T. Chen. "Inkjet-Pr
Array Antenna on a Flexible Substrate." IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett.: 170-73. 28. Lin, Xiaohui, Harish Subbaraman, Pan Zeyu, Amir Hosseini, Chris Longe, Klay Kubena, Paul Schleicher, Phillip Foster, Sean BrickeRealizing High-Throughput, Roll-to-Roll Manufacturing of Flexible Electronic Systems." Electronics (2014). Print.
29. Vaillancourt, Jarrod, Haiyan Zhang, Puminun Vasinajindakaw, Haitao Xia, Xuejun Lu, Xuliang Han, Daniel C. Janzen, Wu-Sheng ShStroder, Maggie Yihong Chen, Harish Subbaraman, Ray T. Chen, Urs Berger, and Mike Renn. "All Ink-jet-printed Carbon NanotubPolyimide Substrate with an Ultrahigh Operating Frequency of over 5 GHz." Applied Physics Letters Appl. Phys. Lett.: 243301. Prin
30. For information related to the nature of the orbital debris problem, the following seminar presentation was used:http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/20110014006.pdf
This was a presentation given by J.-C. Liou of the NASA Orbital Debris Program Office given at the OCT Technical Seminar, June 15th
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