Effect of Salicylic acid, Lead and their interaction on growth and

development of ( Phaseolus vulgaris L ).plants

Kurdistan Region –Iraq

Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research

Salahaddin University – Erbil

By

Halala Rahman Qadir

Supervised by

Prof. Dr. Karim Salih Abdul

Introduction

Introduction

Introduction

The Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is a herbaceous annual plant species, belongs to leguminous family.

Common bean

Bean source of… Protein

(20–25%)

Complex

carbohydrates (50–60%)

Dietary fiber

Minerals

vitamins

Introduction

Salicylic acid (SA) is an endogenous growth regulator of phenolic nature, which participates in the regulation of physiological processes in plants.

Salicylic acid (SA)

Introduction

Introduction

SA interact with other factors to response to environmental stresses.

SA plays a key role in the regulation of plant growth and development including seed germination, fruit yield, glycolysis, flowering, ion uptake and transport, photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance and transpiration.

Pb toxicity in plant causes problems such as reduction in growth and production levels, yellowing of young leaves, reduction in absorption of essential elements and the

rate of photosynthesis .

Lead (Pb), is one of the heaviest non-essential metals released into the natural environment from a range of anthropogenic activities. Upon release, it gets accumulated in the soil and causes toxicity to plants and animals.

Introduction

The aims of the present studyInvestigation of the effect of each of SA and Pb on growth and development of common bean plant under normal conditions, as well as studying the ability of SA to alleviating Pb toxicity through the interaction effects of different

concentrations of each of them .

Materials and Methods

This study was conducted in Glass house of Science College – University of Salahaddin

Vegetative growth parameters

Plant height

Number of leaves

Number of branches

Dry weight of shoot system

Leaf area

Materials and Methods

Biochemical contents 1. Chlorophyll content of leaves (mg/g fresh weight)

2. Proline determination of leaves (µg/g fresh weight)

3 .Phenol determination of leaves (µg/g fresh wight)

4 .Water content of shoot system (g/plant)

5 .Total protein content)%(

6. Total carbohydrate content of seeds)%(

Materials and Methods

Mineral nutrient content in dry weight Total nitrogen (mg/g)

Total phosphorus (mg/g)

Total K+ and Na+2 (mg/g)

Total Ca+2, Mg+2, Mn+2, Zn+2 and Fe+

Total lead content in plant and soil

Materials and Methods

Statistical analysis

CRD and Factorial CRD were performed for this study design.

SPSS(V 16) was used for statistical analysis.

Results

Table(1): Effect of different concentrations of SA on plant height at different stages of growth

SA ppm

Plant height(cm) after (days) from treatment

15days 30days 45days 60days

0 14.95 a 19.82 a 23.68 ab 27.55 a

50 15.32 a 20.25 a 21.87 a 26.92 a

100 16.05 a 19.90 a 24.00 ab 26.85 a

200 15.00 a 19.42 a 25.00 ab 28.77 a

400 16.60 a 20.07 a 26.07 b 29.25 a

Results

Table (2): Effect of different concentrations of SA on number of leaves at different stages of growth

SA ppm

Number of leaves after (days) from treatment

15days 30days 45days 60days

0 8.5 a 13.75 a 17.75 a 21.50 a

50 10.25 ab 14.75 ab 18.25 a 24.00 ab

100 11.50 bc 14.00 ab 18.75 a 23.50 ab

200 13.00 c 15.25 ab 21.75 a 26.75 b

400 12.75 c 16.50 b 22.25 a 26.25 b

Results

Table 3: Effect of different concentrations of SA on number of branches at different stages of growth

SA ppm

Number of branches after )days( from treatment

15days 30days 45days 60days

0 3.25 a 4.50 a 6.00 a 8.00 a

50 4.00 ab 5.00 a 6.50 a 8.50 ab

100 3.25 a 4.75 a 6.25 a 8.75 ab

200 4.25 b 5.00 a 7.00 ab 9.00 ab

400 4.50 b 5.50 a 7.75 b 9.50 b

Results

Fig. (1): Effect of SA applied at different methods on dry weight of shoot system

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3a

b b b b

dry

wei

ght

of s

hoo

t )g)

SA application at different methods )250ppm(

Results

Fig. (2): Effect of different concentrations of SA on dry weight of 100 seeds

0 50 100 200 4000

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

a abab

ab

SA concentrations )ppm(

Dry

wei

ght

of 1

00 s

eed

s)g(

Results

SA ppm

Mineral nutrient content mg.g-1 µg.g-1

Nitrogen Phosphorus Potassium Calcium Sodium Magnesium Manganese

0 42.00 a 2.70 a 14.91 a 24.62 a 2.66 a 3.74 a 19.44 a

50 46.66 a 4.33 a 16.45 ab 29.00 a 2.50 a 3.88 a 22.31 ab

100 48.22 a 4.04 a 15.33 ab 27.03 a 3.00 ab

3.97 a 25.19 ab

200 43.94 a 3.51 a 18.17 b 20.23 a 3.75b 4.05 a 30.51 ab

400 43.50 a 4.88 a 14.38 a 30.23 a 2.99 ab

4.23 a 33.36 b

Table(3): Effect of different concentrations of SA on some mineral nutrient content of leaves

Results

Pb mg.Kg-1

Plant height)cm( after )days( from treatment

15days 30days 45days 60days

0 14.32 a 19.07 b 24.46 b 26.63 b

5 12.47 a 14.97 a 21.62 ab 25.65 ab

10 13.90 a 17.25 ab 21.90 ab 24.90 ab

15 13.65 a 15.35 a 18.52 a 22.72 ab

20 14.15 a 15.37 a 19.50 a 21.06 a

Table )4(: Effect of different concentrations of Pb on plant height at different stage of growth

Results

Table)5(: Effect of different concentrations of Pb on number of leaves at different stages of growth

Pb mg.Kg-1

Number of leaves after )days( from treatment

15days 30days 45days 60days

0 12.50 a 15.75 a 20.25 a 23.25 c

5 11.75 a 14.75 a 18.50 a 22.00 bc

10 11.00 a 15.75 a 18.25 a 21.50 b

15 10.25 a 11.75 a 17.75 a 21.00 b

20 10.75 a 15.00 a 17.50 a 19.50 a

Results

Fig. )3(: Effect of different concentrations of Pb on number of pods.plant-1

0 5 10 15 200

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18b ab ab ab a

Num

ber o

f pod

s/pl

ant

Pb concentrations (mg/kg)

Results

Table )6(: Effect of different concentrations of Pb on chlorophyll content of leaves )mg.g-1fresh weight(

Pb

mg.Kg-1

Photosynthetic Pigments)mg.g-1 fresh weight(

Chlorophyll a Chlorophyll bTotal

chlorophyll

0 0.86 b 0.58 b 1.45 b

5 0.61 a 0.33 ab 0.94 a

10 0.69 ab 0.11 a 0.81 a

15 0.512 a 0.31 ab 0.82 a

20 0.55 a 0.16 a 0.71 a

Results

Table)7(: Effect of different concentrations of Pb on some biochemical contents of leaves and seeds

Pb mg.kg-1 Protein% Carbohydrate% Proline µg.g-1Total phenol µg.g-

1

0 30.86 a 51.09 a 18.60 a 14.56 a

5 24.54 a 44.68 a 33.75 ab 17.48 a

10 22.84 a 45.67 a 39.03 ab 17.04 a

15 27.22 a 46.52 a 31.04 ab 25.16 a

20 24.06 a 50.09 a 43.48 b 20.45 a

Results

mg.Kg-1

Nutrient contents mg.g-1 µg.g-1

NitrogenPhospho

ruspotassi

umSodium Calcium

Magnesium

Manganese

Iron Zinc Lead

0 49.38 a 2.71 a 17.20 b 3.02 a 33.64 b 3.08 a 28.71 b421.78

a55.93 a 118.83 a

5 39.27 a 2.99 a14.82

ab2.75 a 27.75 ab 3.12 a 18.71 a

302.05 a

42.79 a133.79

ab

10 36.55 a 2.54 a14.92

ab2.77 a 20.87 a 2.55 a 22.44 ab

356.48 a

40.60 a173.60

ab

15 43.55 a 2.08 a 13.35 a 2.33 a 23.25 ab 2.81 a 21.91 ab334.72

a44.56 a 214.30 b

20 37.62 a 2.06 a13.49

ab1.91 a 22.16 ab 2.33 a 23.61 ab

397.60 a

36.22 a198.40

ab

Results Table )8(: Effect of different concentrations of Pb on some mineral nutrient contents of leaves

Interaction treatments Plant height )cm( after )days( from application

Pb mg.Kg-1 SA ppm 15 days 30days 45days 60days

5

0 12.62 a 15.40 a 18.32 a 20.62 a

50 13.22 a 15.58 ab 19.20 ab 21.90 ab

100 14.30 ab 16.14 ab 20.17 ab 22.64 bc

200 15.17 b 17.35 ab 22.52 c 25.23 de

400 15.57 b 17.92 b 21.25 bc 24.70 de

10

0 12.65 a 15.30 a 18.70 a 21.50 ab

50 14.02 ab 15.72 ab 20.85 abc 23.97 c

100 13.70 ab 16.25 ab 21.14 bc 24.03 cd

200 13.20 a 17.35 ab 22.45 c 25.87 e

400 15.62 b 16.87 ab 22.15 c 24.92 cd

Results Table (9): Interaction effects of SA and Pb on plant height at different stages of growth

Table)10(: Interaction effects of SA and Pb on yield characteristics

Interaction treatments Yield characteristics Pb mg.Kg-1 SA ppm Number of

pods.plant-1Number of seeds.pod-1

Dry weight of 100 seeds

50 14.25 a 4.75 a

25.63 a

50 15.75 a 5.25 ab

26.90 ab

100 19.25 a 5.75 ab 28.25 ab

200 18.50 a 5.50 ab 29.08 ab

400 20.25 a 6.00 ab 26.80 ab

100 12.25 a 5.25 ab 26.63 ab

50 17.50 a 5.50 ab 27.25 ab

100 15.75 a 5.80 ab 28.25 ab

200 14.25 a 5.25 ab 29.08 ab

400 17.75 a 6.25 b 31.50 b

Results

Table )11(:Interaction effects of SA and Pb on chlorophyll content of leaves )mg.g-1fresh weight(

Interaction treatments Photosynthetic pigments (mg.g-1fresh weight)

Pb mg.Kg-1 SA ppm Chlorophyll a Chlorophyll b Total chlorophyll

50 0.78 bc 0.16 a 0.95 abc

50 0.69 bc 0.27 a 0.97 abc

100 0.32 a 0.26 a 0.58 ab

200 0.88 c 0.43 a 1.32 bc

400 0.67 bc 0.68 a 1.35 c

100 0.45 ab 0.10 a 0.56 a

50 0.89 c 0.43 a 1.32 bc

100 0.56 abc 0.41 a 0.98 abc

200 0.57 abc 0.19 a 0.76 abc

400 0.83 c 0.39 a 1.22 abc

Results

Conclusions and

Recommendations

1- Exogenous application of SA by different methods such as foliar spray, presoaking seeds, injection, and soil application have effective roles in growth and development by enhancing vegetative growth such as plant height, number of leaves, number of branches, dry weight of shoot system, leaf area, yield components and chemical characteristics.

Conclusions

2- Soil application of Pb negatively affected vegetative growth characteristics such as plant height, number of leaves, number of branches, shoot dry weight and has negative effect on both yield characteristics and chemical components.

Conclusions

3- The adverse effects of Pb2+ toxicity on growth, yield characteristics and chemical components alleviated by foliar application of SA.

Recommendations Conducting more studies regarding SA to improve the growth and yield characteristics of bean and other crops, especially legumes.

More studies are suggested for alleviating negative effects of heavy metals by positive effects of SA.

Further experiments could be carried under field condition to examine the positive effects of SA on bean plants.

THANKS FOR YOUR

ATTENTION