Potential Climate Change impacts Potential Climate Change impacts on Sugar Maple Trees in NEW on Sugar Maple Trees in NEW

EnglandEngland

Potential Climate Change impacts Potential Climate Change impacts on Sugar Maple Trees in NEW on Sugar Maple Trees in NEW

EnglandEngland

By: Katie McGoffBy: Katie McGoff

Background

sugar maple trees

preferred habitat

why important

Climate change

air temperature

snow cover

Changes in proportion of precipitation

Snow removal and temperature effects on soil

Seasonal patterns of carbohydrates

Summary

why this matters

Background

sugar maple trees

preferred habitat

why important

Climate change

air temperature

snow cover

Changes in proportion of precipitation

Snow removal and temperature effects on soil

Seasonal patterns of carbohydrates

Summary

why this matters

OutlineOutline

Acer saccharum, Sugar mapleAcer saccharum, Sugar maplehardwood

dense round crowns

heights of 20-35m

diameters of 50-90cm

“u-shaped” notched leaves

hardwood

dense round crowns

heights of 20-35m

diameters of 50-90cm

“u-shaped” notched leaves

Luzadis et al.

(1996).

Luzadis et al.

(1996).

ImportanceImportance

commercial hardwood

fuelwood

home for wildlife

produce sweet sap

beautiful autumn colors

commercial hardwood

fuelwood

home for wildlife

produce sweet sap

beautiful autumn colors

Native range (Goodman, 1978).Native range (Goodman, 1978).

• global temperature are increasing (IPCC 2007).

• surface air temperature increase (Houghton et al. 2001).

• future of maple industry.

• lack of snow to protect roots.

• timing of spring.

• decline in syrup related to climate variability (Shea et al. 2001).

• global temperature are increasing (IPCC 2007).

• surface air temperature increase (Houghton et al. 2001).

• future of maple industry.

• lack of snow to protect roots.

• timing of spring.

• decline in syrup related to climate variability (Shea et al. 2001).

(IPCC 2007)(IPCC 2007)

IPCC (2007)IPCC (2007)

Important forest driver = warming.Important forest driver = warming.

Negative Impact of climate change on starch storage

Negative Impact of climate change on starch storage

Interactive effects

biotic stressors (Gregory et al 1986).

insects, root disease, and management injury.

abiotic stressors (Long et al. 1997).

soil moisture,

anthropogenic stressors (McLaughlin et al. 1996).

Interactive effects

biotic stressors (Gregory et al 1986).

insects, root disease, and management injury.

abiotic stressors (Long et al. 1997).

soil moisture,

anthropogenic stressors (McLaughlin et al. 1996).

Traditional indicators for syrup runs

Traditional indicators for syrup runs

Hydrologic variables consistent with warming

spring lake ice-out (Hodgkins et al. 2002).

river ice-out (Dudley and Hodgkins 2002).

snowmelt-driven spring runoff (Hodgkins 2002).

Hydrologic variables consistent with warming

spring lake ice-out (Hodgkins et al. 2002).

river ice-out (Dudley and Hodgkins 2002).

snowmelt-driven spring runoff (Hodgkins 2002).

Huntington et. al. 2004. Journal of Climate 17: 2626-2636.Huntington et. al. 2004. Journal of Climate 17: 2626-2636.

Huntington et. al. 2004. Journal of Climate 17: 2626-2636.Huntington et. al. 2004. Journal of Climate 17: 2626-2636.

Changes in the Proportion of Precipitation occurring as snow in New England (1949-200).

Changes in the Proportion of Precipitation occurring as snow in New England (1949-200).

IntroductionIntroduction

(S/P) is a hydrologic indicator.

Sensitive to climate variability.

Detect & monitor climate change.

(S/P) is a hydrologic indicator.

Sensitive to climate variability.

Detect & monitor climate change.

MEthodsMEthods

21 sites

temperature & precipitation obtained

21 sites

temperature & precipitation obtained

resultsresults

ResultsResults

Average decrease in annual ratio of snow/ total preci

Label open and closed

Average decrease in annual ratio of snow/ total preci

Label open and closed

Why do we care?Why do we care?

Magnitude timing of spring.

run-off recession to summer.

earlier arrives.

Magnitude timing of spring.

run-off recession to summer.

earlier arrives.

Decker et. al. 2003. Soil science Society of America 67:1234-1243.Decker et. al. 2003. Soil science Society of America 67:1234-1243.Decker et. al. 2003. Soil science Society of America 67:1234-1243.Decker et. al. 2003. Soil science Society of America 67:1234-1243.

Snow Removal and Ambient Air Temperature Effects

on Forest Soil Temperatures in Northern Vermont.

Snow Removal and Ambient Air Temperature Effects

on Forest Soil Temperatures in Northern Vermont.

MethodsMethods

measured soil temperatures for four winters.

three soil depths.

control (unmanipulated).

snow-free (snow removed).

measured soil temperatures for four winters.

three soil depths.

control (unmanipulated).

snow-free (snow removed).

ResultsResults

snow-free soils colder at 5cm 15cm all years.

snow cover help insulate soil.

snow-free soils colder at 5cm 15cm all years.

snow cover help insulate soil.

snow cover insulates and protects.

increased soil freezing = more root mortality nutrient loss.

potentially alter ecosystem dynamics.

snow cover insulates and protects.

increased soil freezing = more root mortality nutrient loss.

potentially alter ecosystem dynamics.

Phenological ChangesPhenological Changes

Bud burst

Bud out

Autumn colors

Leaf drop

Bud burst

Bud out

Autumn colors

Leaf drop

(CITE!)(CITE!)

forestwatch.sr.unh.eduforestwatch.sr.unh.edu

phenology is Consistent with earlier springphenology is Consistent with earlier spring

Timing of Lilac blooming (Schwarts Reiter 2000)

Bird migration (Dunn Winkler 1999).

Fish migration (Huntington et al. 2003).

So what about trees?

Timing of Lilac blooming (Schwarts Reiter 2000)

Bird migration (Dunn Winkler 1999).

Fish migration (Huntington et al. 2003).

So what about trees?

Seasonal patterns of reserve and soluble carbohydrates in

mature sugar maple (Acer saccharum)

Seasonal patterns of reserve and soluble carbohydrates in

mature sugar maple (Acer saccharum)

WOND, B. L., BAGGETT, K.L.,RYE, A.H. 2003. JOURNAL OF BOTANY 81: 780-788.WOND, B. L., BAGGETT, K.L.,RYE, A.H. 2003. JOURNAL OF BOTANY 81: 780-788.

Seasonal patternsSeasonal patterns

production

accumulation

utilization

production

accumulation

utilization

MethodsMethods

trees selected randomly.

collections of leaves, twigs and branches.

concentrations of starch were determined

trees selected randomly.

collections of leaves, twigs and branches.

concentrations of starch were determined

Starch = major reserve

carbohydrate

•Starch is low during

active photosynthetic

growth

•Accumulates in late

summer & early fall

•correlation between

starch hydrolysis -

accumulation and

temperature

•How patterns could shift

Starch = major reserve

carbohydrate

•Starch is low during

active photosynthetic

growth

•Accumulates in late

summer & early fall

•correlation between

starch hydrolysis -

accumulation and

temperature

•How patterns could shift

Why do we care?Why do we care?

Seasonal carbohydrates profiles show seasonal patterns.

linked to phenology & physiology.

use assess disturbance of tree physiology.

Shifts in cold season profiles of carbohydrates.

timing of tapping

Seasonal carbohydrates profiles show seasonal patterns.

linked to phenology & physiology.

use assess disturbance of tree physiology.

Shifts in cold season profiles of carbohydrates.

timing of tapping

why do we care?why do we care?

Decreased Snowfall

Increased soil frost

Increased root mortality

Shifting seasonal patterns

Decreased Snowfall

Increased soil frost

Increased root mortality

Shifting seasonal patterns

Authors photoAuthors photo

What becomes of the Future?What becomes of the Future?

How might syrup producers adapt to maintain production if seasonal patterns continue to warming?

How might syrup producers adapt to maintain production if seasonal patterns continue to warming?

Authors photoAuthors photo

References References

An Assessment of the Intergovernmental Panel of Climate Change, Climate Change 2007: A Synthesis Report. February 2007, pp. 1-52.Auclair, A.N.D., Heilman, W.E., and Brinkman, B. Predicting forest dieback in Maine, USA: a simple model based on soil frost and drought. 2010. Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 40: 687-702Beckage, B., Osborne, B., Gavin, D.G., Pucko, C., Siccama, T., and Perkins, T. A rapid upward shift of a forest ecotone during 40 years of warming in the Green Mountains of Vermont. 2008. Ecology. 105(11): 4197-4202. Decker, K.L.M, Wang, D., Waite, C., and Scherbatskoy, T. Snow Removal and Ambient Air Temperature Effects on Forest Soil Temperatures in Northern Vermont. 2003. Soil Science Society of America. 67: 1234-1243.Dunn, P. O., and D. W. Winkler, 1999: Climate change has affected breeding date of tree swallows throughout North America. Proc. Roy. Soc. London, B266, 2487–2490.Ford, C.R., Laseter, S.H., Swank, W.T., and Vose, J.M. Can forest management be used to sustain water-based ecosystem services in the face of climate change? 2011. Ecological Applications. 21(6). 2049-2067.Gavin, D.G., B. Beckage, and B. Osborne. 2008. Forest Dynamics and the Growth Decline of Red Spruce and Sugar Maple on Bolton Mountain, Vermont: A Comparison of Modeling Methods. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 38:2635–2649.Godman, Richard M., and Joseph J. Mendel. 1978. Economic values for growth and grade changes of sugar maple in the Lake States. USDA Forest Service, Research Paper NC-155. North Central Forest Experiment Station, St. Paul, MN. 16 p.Horsley, S.B., Long, R.P., Bailey, S.W., Hallet, R.A., and Wargo, P.M. 2002. Health of Eastern North America Sugar Maple Forest and Factors Affecting Decline. Northern Journal of Applied Forestry 19(1):34–44.1Hodgkins, G. A., I. C. James, and T. G. Huntington, 2002: Historical changes in lake ice-out dates as indicators of climate change in New England. Int. J. Climatol., 22, 1819–1827.——, R. W. Dudley, and T. G. Huntington, 2003: Changes in the timing of high river flows in New England over the 20th century. J. Hydrol., 278, 244–252.

Houghton, J. T., Y. Ding, D. C. Griggs, M. Noguer, P. J. van der Linden, X. Dai, K. Maskell, and C. A. Johnson, Eds., 2001: Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis. Cambridge Univer- sity Press, 944 pp.Huntington, T.G., Hodgkins, G.A., Keim, B.D., and Dudley, R.W. 2004. Changes in the Proportion of Precipitation Occurring as Snow in New England (1949-2000), Journal of Climate 17: 2626-2636.Huntington, T. G., G. A. Hodgkins, and R. W. Dudley, 2003: His- torical trend in river ice thickness and coherence in hydrocli- matological trends in Maine. Climatic Change, 61, 217–236.Long, R. P., Horsely, S.B., Hallett, R. A., and Bailey, S. W., 2009. Sugar maple growth in relation to nutrition and stress in the northeastern United States. Ecological Applications, The Ecological Society of America 19(6), 1454–1466. Lovett, G. M., and Mitchell, M. J. Sugar maple and nitrogen cycling in the forests of eastern North America. 2004. The Ecological Society of America. 2(2): 81–88.Luzadis, V.A. and E.R. Gossett. 1996. Sugar Maple. Pages 157-166. Forest Trees of the Northeast, edited by James P. Lassoie, Valerie A. Luzadis, and Deborah W. Grover. Cooperative Extension Bulletin 235.Schwartz, M. D., and B. E. Reiter, 2000: Changes in North American spring. Int. J. Climatol., 20, 929–932.Wong, B.L., Baggett, K.L., and Rye, A.H. Seasonal patterns of reserve and soluble carbohydrates in mature sugar maple (Acer saccharum). 2003. Canadian Journal of Botany. 81: 780-788.

An Assessment of the Intergovernmental Panel of Climate Change, Climate Change 2007: A Synthesis Report. February 2007, pp. 1-52.Auclair, A.N.D., Heilman, W.E., and Brinkman, B. Predicting forest dieback in Maine, USA: a simple model based on soil frost and drought. 2010. Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 40: 687-702Beckage, B., Osborne, B., Gavin, D.G., Pucko, C., Siccama, T., and Perkins, T. A rapid upward shift of a forest ecotone during 40 years of warming in the Green Mountains of Vermont. 2008. Ecology. 105(11): 4197-4202. Decker, K.L.M, Wang, D., Waite, C., and Scherbatskoy, T. Snow Removal and Ambient Air Temperature Effects on Forest Soil Temperatures in Northern Vermont. 2003. Soil Science Society of America. 67: 1234-1243.Dunn, P. O., and D. W. Winkler, 1999: Climate change has affected breeding date of tree swallows throughout North America. Proc. Roy. Soc. London, B266, 2487–2490.Ford, C.R., Laseter, S.H., Swank, W.T., and Vose, J.M. Can forest management be used to sustain water-based ecosystem services in the face of climate change? 2011. Ecological Applications. 21(6). 2049-2067.Gavin, D.G., B. Beckage, and B. Osborne. 2008. Forest Dynamics and the Growth Decline of Red Spruce and Sugar Maple on Bolton Mountain, Vermont: A Comparison of Modeling Methods. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 38:2635–2649.Godman, Richard M., and Joseph J. Mendel. 1978. Economic values for growth and grade changes of sugar maple in the Lake States. USDA Forest Service, Research Paper NC-155. North Central Forest Experiment Station, St. Paul, MN. 16 p.Horsley, S.B., Long, R.P., Bailey, S.W., Hallet, R.A., and Wargo, P.M. 2002. Health of Eastern North America Sugar Maple Forest and Factors Affecting Decline. Northern Journal of Applied Forestry 19(1):34–44.1Hodgkins, G. A., I. C. James, and T. G. Huntington, 2002: Historical changes in lake ice-out dates as indicators of climate change in New England. Int. J. Climatol., 22, 1819–1827.——, R. W. Dudley, and T. G. Huntington, 2003: Changes in the timing of high river flows in New England over the 20th century. J. Hydrol., 278, 244–252.

Houghton, J. T., Y. Ding, D. C. Griggs, M. Noguer, P. J. van der Linden, X. Dai, K. Maskell, and C. A. Johnson, Eds., 2001: Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis. Cambridge Univer- sity Press, 944 pp.Huntington, T.G., Hodgkins, G.A., Keim, B.D., and Dudley, R.W. 2004. Changes in the Proportion of Precipitation Occurring as Snow in New England (1949-2000), Journal of Climate 17: 2626-2636.Huntington, T. G., G. A. Hodgkins, and R. W. Dudley, 2003: His- torical trend in river ice thickness and coherence in hydrocli- matological trends in Maine. Climatic Change, 61, 217–236.Long, R. P., Horsely, S.B., Hallett, R. A., and Bailey, S. W., 2009. Sugar maple growth in relation to nutrition and stress in the northeastern United States. Ecological Applications, The Ecological Society of America 19(6), 1454–1466. Lovett, G. M., and Mitchell, M. J. Sugar maple and nitrogen cycling in the forests of eastern North America. 2004. The Ecological Society of America. 2(2): 81–88.Luzadis, V.A. and E.R. Gossett. 1996. Sugar Maple. Pages 157-166. Forest Trees of the Northeast, edited by James P. Lassoie, Valerie A. Luzadis, and Deborah W. Grover. Cooperative Extension Bulletin 235.Schwartz, M. D., and B. E. Reiter, 2000: Changes in North American spring. Int. J. Climatol., 20, 929–932.Wong, B.L., Baggett, K.L., and Rye, A.H. Seasonal patterns of reserve and soluble carbohydrates in mature sugar maple (Acer saccharum). 2003. Canadian Journal of Botany. 81: 780-788.

AcknowledgementsAcknowledgements

Dr. Pruyn

Peter Thomas and Mount Cube Farm

Dr. Pruyn

Peter Thomas and Mount Cube Farm

questions?questions?

Authors photoAuthors photo