AAERT SID SEM : 3FURNITURE

DESIGN

SUBMITTED TO:

AR. BANKIM DAVEAR. AMEE MERCHNATAR. UMAMG DALA

TOPICPLYWOOD ,

PARTICLE BOARD ,MDF – HDF ,

BLOCK BOARD

PLYWOODDEFINITION:• PANELS COMPRISING OF AT LEAST THREE LAYERS OF THIN WOOD BONDED TOGETHER WITH AN ADHESIVE.

• EACH PLY IS UAUALLY ORIENTATED AT A RIGHT ANGLE TO THE ADJACENT LAYER IN ORDER TO IMPROVE STRENGTH AND REDUCE THE PROBABILITY OF SHRINKAGE.

• PLYWOOD IS A MANUFACTURED WOOD EQUALLY PANEL FROM THIN SHEET OF WOOD VENEER. IT IS ONE OF THE MOSTLY USED WOOD PROUDUCTS.

• “FACE & BACK” ARE COMMANLY PREFERRED FOR OUTER LAYER OF PLY AND GRADED ACCORDING TO THEIR QUALITY THE INNER OR INTERMEDIATE LAYER ARE COLLECTIVE KNOWN AS “CORE”.• IT IS FLEXIBLE, INEXPENSIVE, WORKABLE & RE-USABLE AND USUALLY CAN BE MANUFACTURED LOCALLY.• PLYWOOD IS RESISTANCE TO CRACKING, SPLITTING, SHRINKAGE, TWISTING AND HAS HIGH STRENGTH.

PROCESS• FIRST LOG IS SELECTED.• THEN FROM 1 “ THK WOOD 32 CHIPS ARE REMOVED.• LAYERS ARE STACK.• FIRSTLY FACE IS PLACED THAN CORE IS KEPT ON IT AND ON IT

FALI IS KEPT THEN AGAIN CORE AND FACE IS KEPT THIS THINGS ARE GLUED WITH THE HELP OF PHENOLIC RESIN AND UREA.

• THEY ARE PRESSED AT 1200 ⁰ C .• WHITE PART IS MADE OF SILVER OAK AND DARK PART IS MADE

OF POPLAR.• IF ONLY POPLAR IS USED PLYWOOD GETS SPLIT BY USING SILVER

OAK IT HELP IT GET PROTECTED WHILE NAILING.• GURJAN AND HOLLONG WOOD ARE USED IN MAKING

PLYWOOD.

SEASONING• FIRST ALL PLYWOOD ARE PLACED ON PALLETE.• THEN THEY ARE TAKEN TO A ROOM WHERE THEY ARE DRIED.• THEY ARE DRIED THERE FOR 7 DAYS.• BEFORE MAKING PLYWOOD WOOD IS SEASONED SO

PLYWOOD SEASONING IS RARE.• TEMPERATURE IS 500 ⁰- 600 ⁰ F

TYPES OF PLYWOOD• COMMERCIAL PLYWOOD• WATERPROOF PLYWOOD• FLEXO PLYWOOD• MARINE PLYWOOD•SOFTWOOD PLYWOOD•HARDWOOD PLYWOOD•TROPICAL PLYWOOD•AIRCRAFT PLYWOOD•DECORATIVE PLYWOOD

COMMERCIAL PLYWOOD• GURJAN, HOLLOCK, SILVER OAK WOOD ARE USE IN COMMERCIAL PLYWOOD.• IT IS AN INTERIOR GRADE PLYWOOD FOR INDOOR USE.•IT HAS LIGHT COLOR SHADES.

WATERPROOF PLYWOOD• WATERPROOF PLY IS MOSTLY USED IN MR GRADE• (MOISTURE RESISTANT).IT REACTS WITH BOTH ALUMINIUM

AND MARINE PLYWOOD.• IT HAS BLACK COLORED SHADES.• DUE TO CHEMICAL USED IN IT , IT DON’ T GET AFFECTED BY

TERMITE.• BLACK COLOR IS ALSO DUE TO CHEMICAL USED.

FLEXO PLYWOOD• IT IS FLEXIBLE AND IS USED FOR MAKING CURVED PARTS.• IN IT THE GRAINS ARE NOT ADJACENT AN SO IT BEND.• AS ALL THE GRAINS GO IN ONE DIRECTION.

MARINE PLYWOOD• IT IS A FORM OF PLYWOOD THAT HS BEEN CONSTRUCTED

USING WATERPROOF TO MAKE IT SUITABLE FOR USE IN WET ENVIORNMENTS INCLUDING A HOME BUILT BOAT , AND OTHER STRUCTURES.

• IT MAY SERVE AS UNDERLAYMENT OF YOUR BOAT VINYL DECK COVER , THE WALL AND COMPARTMENT OVERHEAD PANELS ON YOUR BOAT.

SOFTWOOD PLYWOOD• SOFTWOOD PANEL IS USUALLY MADE EITHER OF CEDAR , PINE

, REDWOOD , AND IS USED FOR CONSTRUCTION AND INDUSTRIAL PURPOSE .

• THE MOST COMMON DIMENSION IS 1.2 M X 2.4 M OR LARGE IMPERIAL 4’ X 8’.

• THICKNESS IS FROM 1.4 MM – 4.3 MM.

HARDWOOD PLYWOOD• IT IS MADE FROM ANGIOSPERMS TREES AND IS USED FOR

DEMANDING END USES.• IT IS CHARCTERIZED BY EXCELLENT STRENGTH , STIFFNESS .• ESPECIALLY SUITABLE FOR HEAVY DUTY FLOOR AND WALL

STRUCTURES.• IT HAS EXCELLENT SURFACE HARDNESS , DAMAGE AND WEAR

RESISTANCE.

TROPICAL PLYWOOD• TROPICAL PLYWOOD IS MADE FROM SPECIES OF TROPICAL

WOOD.• ORIGINALLY FROM THE ASIAN REGION , IT IS NOW ALSO

MANUFACTURED IN AFRICAN AND SOUTH AMERICAN COUNTRIES.

• TROPICAL PLYWOOD IS SUPERIOR TO SOFTWOOD PLYWOOD DUE TO ITS STRENGTH , DENSITY AND HIGH QUALITY

• TROPICAL PLYWOOD IS USED WIDELY IN UK , JAPAN , US , TAIWAN , DUBAI AND OTHER COUNTRIES.

AIRCRAFT PLYWOOD• HIGH STRENGTH PLYWOOD IS ALSO KNOWN AS AIRCRAFT

PLYWOOD.• IT IS MADE FROM BIRCH AND MAHOGANY AND USES

ADHESIVE WITH INCREASED RESISTANCE TO HEAT AND HUMIDITY.

• IT IS USED FOR SEVERAL WORLD WAR 2 FIGHTER AIRCRAFT .• ALTHOUGH THE BRITISH BUILT MOSQUITO BOMBER

NICKNAMED “THE WOODEN WONDER” WAS CONSTRUCTED OF A PLYWOOD THIS WAS FORMED BY INDIVIUAL VENEERS OF BIRCH , BALSA RATHER THAN MACHINED FROM PRE – LAMINATED PLYWOOD SHEETS.

DECORATIVE PLYWOOD• USUALLY FACED WITH HARDWOOD INCLUDING ASH , OAK ,

RED OAK , BIRCH , MAPLE , MAHOGANY , ROSE WOOD , TEAK AND LARGE NUMBER OF OTHER WOODS.

• THIS PLYWOOD IS LOT EASIER TO DYE AND DRAW ON THAN ANY OTHER PLYWOOD.

• FABRIC BONDED ARE ALSO ADDED ON TOP OF PLYWOOD AT BOTH SIDE AS KIND OF READY FOR USE IN DECORATION FIELD.

• TYPES OF PLYWOOD GRADE• BWR : BOILING WATER RESISTANT• BWP : BOILING WATER PROOF THIS GRADE IS MOSTLY USED IN KITCHENS.• MR : MOISTURE RESISTANT

• PLYWOOD SIZES• 8FT X 4FT

• 7FT X 4FT

• 6FT X 4FT

• 8FT X 3FT

• 7FT X 3FT

• 6FT X 3FT

• PLYWOOD THICKNESS & PRICETHICKNESS (MM) MR COMMERCIAL PLY

PRICE PER SQ.FT PF PLY

PRICE PER SQ.FT

4 MM 45.37 55.89

6MM 54.25 70.10

8MM 68.69 80.76

12MM 80.90 102.63

15MM 103.04 130.64

18MM 115.20 146.36

(ALL PRICE IN SQURE FEET)(MM = MILI METRE)

GREEN PLY PLYWOOD RATESGREEN CLUB PLUS

THICKNESS RATE (SQ / FT )

4 MM 132-00

6 MM 162-00

9 MM 195-00

12 MM 249-00

16 MM 319-00

19 MM 359-00

25 MM 566-00

GREEN CLUB

THICKNESS RATE ( SQ / FT)

4 MM 109-00

6 MM 134-00

9 MM 161-00

12 MM 211-00

16 MM 264-00

19 MM 298-00

25 MM 469-00

• PLYWOOD IS CONSTRUCTED OF LAYERS OF WOOD GLUED TOGETHER AT RIGHT ANGLES, WHICH GIVES IT ITS STRENGTH. THIS LAYERING MAKE THE PLANKS RESISTANT TO WARPING, CRACKING AND TWISTING, MAKING IT IDEAL FOR USE IN CONSTRUCTION.

• IN ADDITION TO ITS STRENGTH, PLYWOOD IS LESS EXPENSIVE THAN SIMILAR BOARDS MADE OF FULL WOOD SPECIES, WHICH MAKES IT IDEAL AS A CONSTRUCTION PLANKING MATERIAL.

• ADVANTAGES

• DISADVANTAGES•THE LAYERING EFFECT IN PLYWOOD MAKES IT POROUS AND SUSCEPTIBLE TO WATER DAMAGE IF EXPOSED OVER TIME. PLYWOOD BECOMES HEAVY WHEN WET AND SHOULD BE COVERED IF LEFT OUTSIDE TO REDUCE THE RISK OF WATER DAMAGE.

• PARTICLE BOARD• PARTICLE BOARD IS ALSO KNOWN CHOPBOARD IS AN ENGINEERED WOOD PRODUCT MANUFACTURED FROM WOOD CHIPS, SAWMILL SHAVING, OR EVEN SAWDUST AND A SYNTHETIC RESIN OR OTHER SUITABLE BINDER, WHICH IS PRESSED AND EXTRUDED.ALSO SUGARCANE CRUSH CAN BE USED.•PARTICLE BOARD IS A COMPOSITE MATERIAL.

PROCESS OF MAKING PARTICLE BOARD

• WASTE WOOD ARE CRUSHED.• THEN IS MIXED IN CHEMICAL CALLED RESIN.• THEN MIXTURE IS HEATED IN BY PLACING IT IN MOULD.• IT IS HEATED AT 750 ⁰ - 800 ⁰ C .

• CHARACTERISTICS• PARTICLE BOARD IS CHEAPER, DENSER AND MORE UNIFORM THAN CONVENTIONAL WOOD AND PLYWOOD AND IS SUBSTITUTED FOR THEM WHEN APPEARANCE AND STRENGTH ARE LESS IMPORTANT THAN COST.

• HOWEVER, PARTICLE BOARD CAN BE MADE MORE ATTRACTIVE BY PAINTING OR THE USE OF WOOD VENEERS THAT ARE GLUED ONTO SURFACES THAT WILL BE VISIBLE.

• THOUGH IT IS DENSER THAN CONVENTIONAL WOOD, IT IS THE LIGHTEST AND WEAKEST TYPE OF FIBREBOARD, EXCEPT FOR INSULATION BOARD. MEDIUM-DENSITY FIBREBOARD AND HARDBOARD, ALSO CALLED HIGH-DENSITY FIBREBOARD, ARE STRONGER AND DENSER THAN PARTICLEBOARD.

•CHEAPER THAN SOLID TIMBER .

•IT IS AVAILABLE IN LARGE FLAT SHEETS .

•SOLID TIMBER IS PRONE TO WARPING AND SPLITTING WITH CHANGES IN HUMIDITY, WHEREAS PARTICLEBOARD IS NOT.

•USE OF TIMBER VENEERS ON PARTICLEBOARD HAS DECREASED THE DEMAND FOR NATIVE HARDWOOD TIMBERS IN FURNITURE CONSTRUCTION .

• ADVANTAGES

• DISADVANTAGES• IT IS RARELY USED OUTDOOR OR PLACES THAT HAVE HIGH LEVEL OF MOISTURE WITH THE EXCEPTION OF SOME BATHROOMS, KITCHENS AND LAUNDRIES, WHERE IT IS COMMONLY USED AS AN UNDERLAYMENT BENEATH A CONTINUOUS SHEET OF VINYL FLOORING.

• CUTTING ARE NOT POSSIBLE ON PARTICLE BOARD.

• DESIGN CAN NOT BE MADE ON PARTICLE BOARD.

• PARTICLEBOARD SIZE, THICKNESS,PRICE .

• SIZE : 8 X 4•THICKNESS : 8-30 MM • PRICE : 30 RS/SQ. FT. - 90 RS/SQ. FT.

TESA THICKNESS RATE ( INT) RATE (EXT)

9 MM 22.92 28.65

11 MM 26.88

12 MM 28.73 35.91

17 MM 38.19

25 MM 54.60 68.25

• MDF:(MEDIUM DENSITY BOARD)• MDF IS MADE OUT OF THE WASTAGE OF A HARDWOOD AND SOFTOOD SAW DUST THAT IS COMPRESSED WITH HIGH PRESSURE OF 400 DEGREES AND BINDED TOGETHER IN THE FORM OF SHEETS AND THEN THEY CUT BY 8FT X 4FT.• MDF IS GENERALLY DENSER THAN PLYWOOD.• IT IS MANUFACTURING PROCESS IS DRY.•IT IS HAS 2 GRADES:A) EXTERIOR GRADEB) INTERIOR GRADE

PROCESS• IT BEGN WITH THE SELECTION AND REFINEMENT OF RAW

MATERIALS , MOST OF WHICH ARE RECYCLED FROM SHAVINGS AND CHIPS RECLAIMED FROM SAW MILLS AND PLYWOOD PLANTS.

• FIRST ALL METAL IMPURITIES ARE REMOVED BY MAGNET.• THEN LARGE CHUNKS AND SMALL FLAKES ARE SEPARATED .• MATERIAL IS SENT THROUGH ELECTRIC DETECTOR AGAIN ,

WITH REJECTED MATERIAL TO BE REUSED FOR FUEL.• GOOD MATERIAL IS COLLECTED AND SENT TO PRESTEAMING

BIN.• IN BIN , STEAM IS INJECTED AND MATERIAL IS SOFTEN.

• FIBERS ARE THEN FED INTO SCREW FEEDER AND THEN INTO PLUG SCREW FEEDER WHICH COMPRESSES IT AND REMOVES MOISTURE.

• THE COMPRESSED MATERIAL IS FED INTO REFINER WHICH TEARS THE MATERIAL INTO USUABLE FIBRES.

• RESIN IS ADDED BEFORE REFINING STEP TO CONTROL FORMALDEHYDE TOLERANCE IN MIXTURE.

• FIBRES ARE THEN FED IN FLASH TUBE DRYER , WHICH IS HEATED EITHER BY OIL OR GAS.

• NEXT , FIBER IS PUSHED INTO SCALP ROLLS TO MAKE MAT OF UNIFORM THICKNESS.

• THIS MAT GOES THROUGH SEVERAL PRESSING STEPS TO PRODCE MORE USABLE SIZE AND THEN IS TRIMMED TO DESIRED WIDTH BEFORE FINAL PRESSING STEP.

• A CONTINUOUS PRESS EQIPPED WITH A LARGE DRUM COMPRESSES THE MAT AT A UNIFORM RATE BY MONITORING THE MAT HEIGHT.

• TO ACHIEVE A SMOOTH FINISH THE PANELS ARE SANDED USING BELTS COATED WITH ABRASIVES.

• EIGHTHEAD SANDING EQUIPMENT AND DOUBLE SIDED GRADING IMPROVES SURFACE SMOOTHNESS CONSISTENCY.

• LASTLY FINISHING IS DONE.• LACQUER COLORS CAN BE APPLIED , AS WELL AS WOOD

GRAIN PATTERNS CAN BE CREATED.• MAT , GLOSSY , PU COATING ETC CAN ALSO BE DONE.• GUILLOTINE CUTTING IS USED TO CUT FIBREBOARDS INTO

LARGE SHEETS.

TYPES

• A) EXTERIOR GRADE:• IT IS TO BE USED WHERE MDF IS TO BE USED IN EXTERIOR.• WHERE PANEL IS EXPOSED TO MOISTURE AND HIGH

HUMIDITY.• IT HAS WATER RESISTANT PROPERTIES.

• B) INTERIOR GRADE:• IT IS TO BE USED FOR INTERNAL APPLICATION.• WHERE PANEL IS NOT EXPOSED TO HUMIDITY AND

MOISTURE.

• USE OF MDF• DECORATIVE WALL CLADDING IN ROUTED WAVE AND JALIS.• WODEN HANDICRAFT ITEMS .•INTERIOR CLADDING AND PANELING.•GIST ITEMS.•SHUTTERS FOR KITCHENS AND WARDROBES WITH POLISHED SURFACE.•LOUD SPEAKER.•PANEL AND SHUTTERS OF DOOR.

• ADVANTAGES• IT IS DENSE, FLAT, STIFF, AND HAS NO KNOTS. •MDF HAS NO GRAIN (AS IT IS MADE UP OF FINE PARTICLES) SO IT CAN BE CUT, DRILLED, MACHINED AND FILED WITHOUT DAMAGING THE SURFACE. • IT IS AN ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY PRODUCT (AS IT’S A RECYCLED MATERIAL).

• IT DOESN’T SPLIT (BECAUSE THERE IS NO GRAIN). • IT'S NOT EXPENSIVE.

• MDF CAN BE DANGEROUS TO USE IF THE CORRECT SAFETY PRECAUTIONS ARE NOT TAKEN AS MDF CONTAINS A SUBSTANCE CALLED FORMALDEHYDE, WHICH MAY BE RELEASED FROM THE MATERIAL THROUGH CUTTING AND SANDING. IT COULD CAUSE IRRITATION TO THE EYES AND LUNGS.

• MDF CONTAINS A LOT OF GLUE, WHICH CAN DAMAGE OR BLUNT TOOLS WITH CUTTING EDGES. NAILS AND SCREWS CAN BE USED TO ATTACH THE MATERIALS TOGETHER, BUT THEY CAN ALSO EASILY SPLIT AND DAMAGE THE FIBREBOARD.

• DISADVANTAGES

MDF SIZES , THICKNESS , PRICE

• SIZES : 8’ X 4’• THICKNESS : 4 MM , 6 MM , 8 MM , 10 MM ,

12 MM , 15 MM , 18 MM , 25 MM , 30 MM , 35 MM .

• PRICE: 23 RS SQ / FT.• MADE OF TEAK WOOD – 1000 RS – 3500 RS

SQ / FT.

VALCHROMAT THICKNESS EXT (WAVE

BOARD) EXT ( GRILL BOARD)

INT ( WAVE BOARD)

INT ( GRILL BOARD)

6 MM 2750 3000 2000 2200

8 MM 3300 3500 2250 2600

12 MM 3850 4100 2650 2900

SIZE :2450 MM X 1250 MM

• HDF:(HIGH DENSITY BOARD)• IN MANUFACTURING PROCESS OF HDF SAW DUST IS CRUSHED AT A MICRO LEVEL AND THAN COMPRESSED TO MAKE A SHEETS AND THAN THEY CUT BY SIZES.• IT PRODUCT IS AN ENGINEERED WOOD.•IT IS SAME LIKE A PARTICLE BOARD, MDF BUT IS DENSER AND MORE STRONGER AND HARD BECAUSE IT IS MADE BY WOODEN SAW OF A MICRO CRUSH,

PROCESS• FIRST A LOG IS SELECTED.• THEN BARK IS REMOVED.• THEN IT IS CHIPPED.• THEN CHIPS ARE WASH TO REMOVE IMPURITIES.• THEN IT IS STEAMED AND RESIN IS MIXED IN IT.• AFTER STEAM IT COMES OUT IN THE FORM OF SHEET.• SHEET IS KEPT ON FIBER MAT AND THROUGH THIS HOT

PRESSING IS DONE AT 260 ⁰ C .• THEN SHEETS ARE CUT INTO APPROPRIATE SIZES AND

COOLED.

• HDF USES• USE IN CONSTRUCTION SITES.• USE IN FURNITURE LIKE CHAIRS AND TABLE.• USED IN PARTITION.• USE IN COVERING A WALL OR COLUMNS.• USE IN KITCHENS SHUTTERS.• USE IN DOOR.• EMBOSSED WALL CLADDING.•DECORATIVE DISPLAY PANEL.•SEAT BACKS IN RAILWAYS ETC

• HDF SIZE & THICKNESS

• SIZE : 8FT X 4FT•THICKNESS : 8MM-35 MM

• HDF IN 3D LOOK ARE AVAILABLE.

•THERE ARE MANY COLOURS ARE AVAILABLE.

GREEN PLY THICKNESS RATE (INT) RATE (EXT) 2.3 MM 8.41 3.6 MM 13.66 17.27 4 MM 15.44 5.5 MM 20.70 26.19 7 MM 24.04 8 MM 30.78 38.94 11 MM 39.15 49.52 12 MM 42.99 54.38 15 MM 53.03 67.09 17 MM 56.80 71.86 18 MM 62.62 79.22 25 MM 94.20 119.16 30 MM 127.16 160.86 35 MM 150.29 190.11

• BLOCK BOARD• INTRODUCTION:• BLOCK BOARD ARE A KIND OF PLYWOOD IN WHICH THE VENEERS ARE GLUED ON BOTH SIDES ON WODDEN BATTENS FRAME.•WOODEN STRIPS ARE PLACED ACROSS A SURFACE OF ONE OR MORE BOARD TO PREVENT, WARPING AND STRENGTHENING ETC.•FLUSH DOORS ARE ALSO A KIND OF BLOCK BOARD WHICH IS USED TO MAKE DOOR PANELS AND DIFFER IN SIZES.

• BLOCK BOARD ARE SEASONED BOARDS AND HAVE ALL THE PROPERTIES OF WOOD LIKE, EASE TO WORK, TO PAINT ETC.

• THESE HAVE ADVANTAGES OVER RAW WOODEN PLANKS FOR THE REASON THAT THESE BOARDS ARE MORE STRONG AND FREE.

PROCESS• WASTE WOOD ARE SLICED.• THEN ARE BUNDLED .• PLACED IN 8” X 4 “ SIZE.• THEN RESIN IS POURED IN BETWEEN.• THEN FACE VENEER IS APPLIED ON BOTH SIDES.

• PROPERTIES• ALSO HAVE A BETTER ABILITY TO HOLD NAILS AND SCREWS, COMPARED TO OTHER ENGINEERED BOARDS SUCH AS PARTICLE BOARDS OR MDF.

•ANOTHER IMPORTANT CHARACTERISTIC OF BLOCKBOARD IS THAT IT IS LIGHT IN WEIGHT, BECAUSE THE CORE BLOCKS THAT FORM THE BULK OF THE BOARD ARE OF SOFTWOOD THAT HAS MUCH LESSER DENSITY AND WEIGHT COMPARED TO HARDWOOD, BECAUSE OF HAVING LOW WEIGHT IT IS EASIER TO TRANSPORT.

• USES• FOR MAKING LONG BOOK SHELVES.

• FOR MAKING TABLES AND BENCHES.

• SINGLE AND DOUBLE BEDS AND SITS FOR SITTING.

• LENGTHY WALL PANELS.

• BLOCK BOARS ARE USED FOR MAKING FURNITURE, CABINETS, PARTITIONS, INTERIOR, EXTERIOR , DECORATIVE WOOD WORKING ETC.

• BLOCK BOARD SIZE, THICKNESS,PRICE .

• SIZE : 8’ X 4’, 8’ X 3’, 7’ X 4’, 7’ X 3’, 6’ X 4’, 6’ X 3’•THICKNESS : 16MM , 19MM , 25MM • PRICE : 50 RS/SQ. FT.-100 RS/SQ. FT.

GUJCONDESCRIPTION THICKNESS WOOD RATE (SQ / FT)

SINGLE CORE 19 MM HARD 49

SINGLE CORE 19 MM PINE 58

DOUBLE CORE 25 MM HARD 69

DOUBLE CORE 25 MM PINE 83

SINGLE CORE 25 MM HARD 62

SINGLE CORE 25 MM PINE 76

GAJJAR DHAVAL (1414)GALIAWALA PRIYASHI (1416)JARIWALA DIPESH (1420)JARIWALA JINAL (1421)MEWADA ABHISHEK(1432)PATEL VIVEK (1447)SADIWALA KULDEEP (1448)SHETH SALONI(1453)

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