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Ch 35 Plant Structure, Growth and Development
Question Answer
You are studying a plant from the arid southwestern United States. Which of the following adaptations is least likely to have evolved in response to water shortages?
Development of large leaf surfaces to absorb water
Which part of a plant absorbs most of the water and minerals taken up from the soil?
root hairs
An evolutionary adaption that increases exposure of a plant to light in a dense forest is....
apical dominance
A person working with plants may remove apical dominance by... pruning
Land plants are not composed of what tissue? mesodermal tissues.
Vascular plant tissue includes all of the following cell types except cambium cells
What functional plant cells lack a nucleus? xylem and sieve-tube cells
Long, thin tapered cells with lignified cell walls that function in support and permit water to flow through pits
sclerenchyma
Living cells that lack nuclei and ribosomes: they transport sugars and other organic nutrients
sieve cells
The least specialized plant cells, which serve general metabolic, synthetic, and storage functions
Parenchyma
Cells with unevenly thickened primary walls hat support still-elongating parts of the plant
Collenchyma
Mature cells without protoplasts with thick, lignified secondary walls that may not function in transport
Sclerenchyma
Which of the following is not a characteristic of parenchyma cells? Have secondary thickenings
Which of the following tissues is incorrectly matched with its characteristics?
collenchyma- uniformly thick-walled supportive tissues
The fiber cells of plants are a type of sclerenchyma
The vascular bundle in the shape of a single central cylinder root is called
stele
One important difference between the anatomy of roots and the anatomy of leaves is that..
a waxy cuticle covers leaves but is absent in roots
the photosynthetic cells in the interior of a leaf are what kind of cells: parenchyma
A student examining leaf cross sections under a microscope finds many loosely packed cells with relatively thin cell walls. The cells have numerous chloroplasts. What types of cells are these?
Parenchyma
Which of the following is true about secondary growth in plants?Secondary growth is produced by both the vascular cambium and the cork cambium
A friend has discovered a new plant and brings it to you to classify. h eplant has the following characteristics a taproot system with growth rings evident in cross section and a layer of bark around the outside. It is?
Woody eudicot
Shoot elongation in a growing bud is due primarily to..cell elongation localized in each internod
Axillary buds develop frommeristematic cells left by the apical meristem
Gas exchange, necessary for photosynthesis, can occur most easily in which leaf tissue?
spongy mesophyll
What is the correct sequence from the growing tips of the root upward?
root cap, apical meristem, zone of cell division, zone of elongation, and zone of maturation
Which of the following is incorrectly paired with its structure and function?
Pericycle- waterproof ring of cells surrounding the stele in roots
Which of the following root tissues gives rise to lateral roots? Pericycle
Pores on the leaf surface that function in gas exchange are called: stomata
Which of the following is a true statement about growth in plants some plants secondary growth
Which of the following cell types are correctly matched with their functions except...
companion cell-formation of secondary xylem and phloem
What tissue makes up most of the wood of a tree? secondary xylem
The vasclar system of a three-year-old eudicot stem consists of3 rings of the xylem and 1 rings of the phloem
Which of the following is true of bark? It is composed of phloem plus periderm.
Suppose Geroge completely removed the bark from around the base of a cherry tree but was stopped by his father before cutting the tree down. Plant lived for several weeks but then died. What tissue was left?
xylem
Additional vascular tissue produced as secondary growth in a root originates from which cells?
vascular cambium
Before differentiation can begin during the process of plant cell and tissue culture, parenchyma cells from the source tissue must
undergo differentiation
In leaves, chloroplasts are found in palisade mesophyll
------- provides cells for secondary growth. Vascular cambium
Secondary grrowth never occurs in leaves
How is he supply of vascular cambium maintained? Through the division of cells
Which structure is incorrectly paired with its tissue? companion cell-ground tissue
Wood consists of secondary xylem.
Which of the following is not part of an older tree's bark? secondary xylem
Which of the following arises from meristematic activitySecondary xyelm, leaves, trichomes, and tubers (all of the above)
------ is to xylem as ---- is to phloem. vessel element; sieve-tube member.
The driving force that pushes the root tip through the soil is due primarily to:
elongation of cells behind the root apical meristem.
------ provides cells for primary growth apical meristems
Ch 36 Transport in Vascular Plants
Question Answer
Which of the following would least likely to affect osmosis in plants? receptor proteins in the membrane
Active transport involves all of the following except theslow movement through the lipid bilayer of a membrane
Like many plants process, transport of various material in plans at the cellular level requires all of the following except:
xylem membranes
Which of the following is an example of osmosis?flow of water out of a cell, flow of water between cells
The amount and direction of movement of water in plants can always be predicted by measuring which of the following?
water potential
Which of the following is true concerning the water potential of a plant cell?
It is equal to zero when the cell is in pure water and is turgid.
Your laboratory partner has an open beaker of pure water. By definition, the water potential of this water is?
zero
Which of the following has an effect on water potential in plants?air pressure, water-attracting matrices and dissolved solutes
If Wp =.3 MPa and Ws = -.45 then this equals -.15 MPa
The value for water potential in a root was found to be -.15 MPa. If you take the tissue and place it in a solution of sucrose with a -.23, water will flow where?
from the tissue into the sucrose
COmpared to a cell with a few aquarporins in its membrane, a cell containing many aquaporins will...
have a faster rate of osmosis
Some botanists agree tha the entire plant should be considered a single unit rather than a composite of may individual cells. Which of the following cellular structures cannot be used to support this view?
tonoplast
Which of the following statements is false about bulk flow?It depends on the force of gravity on a column of water.
Which of the following statements about xylem is incorrect?It transports mainly sugars and amino acids
Which of the following would likely not contribute to the surface area available for water absorption from the soil by a plant root system?
endodermis (they are water resistant and waxy)
Root hairs are most important to a plant because they ... increase the surface area for absorption
What is the role of proton pumps in root hair cells? acquire minerals form the soil
In plant roots, the casparian e strip is correctly described by which of the following?
It ensures that all water and dissolved substance must pass through a cell before entering the stele
All of the following describe an important component of the long-distance transport process in plants except
endodermis Casparian strip
Pine seedlings grow in sterile potting soil grow much slower than seedlings grown in soil from the are where the seeds were collected. This is most likely because:
the normal symbiotic fungi are not present in the sterilized soil and water and mineral uptake is faster when mycorrhizae are present.
A water molecule could move all the way through a plant from soil to root to leaf to air and pass through a living cell only once. this living cell would be part of what structure?
the endodermis
The following factos may sometimes play a role int he movement of sap through the xylem. Which one depends on the direct expenditure of ATP by the plant?
concentration of ions in the symplast
What is the main cause of guttation in plants root pressure
One is the most likely to see guttation in small plants when the.. root pressure exceeds transpiration pull
What is the main force by which most of the water within xylem vessels moves toward the top of a tree?
evaporation of water through the stoma
In which plant cell or tissue would the pressure component of water potential most often be negative?
stem xylem
Water potential is generally most negative in which of the following part of a plant?
mesophyll cells of the leaf
Which of the following has the lowest (most negative) water potential?
leaf air spaces
Which of the following is responsible for the cohesion of water molecules
hydrogen bonds between the oxygen atom of one water molecule and a hydrogen atom of another water molecule
Active transport would be least important in the normal functioning of which of the following plant tissue types?
stem xylem
Guard cells do which of the following?help balance the photosynthesis-transpiration compromise
All of the following normally enter the plant through the roots except: carbon dioxide
Photosynthesis begins to decline when leaves wilt becausestomata close, preventing CO2 entry into the leaf
The water lost during transpiration is an unfortunate side effect of the plant's exchange of gases. However, the plant derive some benefit from this water loss in the form of..
evaporative cooling and increased turgor
Ignoring all other factors, what kind of day would result in the fastest delivery of water and minerals to the leaves of a tree?
warm, dry day
If the guard cells and surrounding cells in a plant are deficient in potassium ions, all of the following would occur except..
leaf temperatures would decrease
The opening of stomata is thought to involve...an increase in the osmotic concentration of the guard cells
Which of the following experimental procedures would most likely reduce transpiration while allowing the normal growth of a plant?
Increasing the level of carbon dioxide around the plant.
All of the following are adaptation that help reduce water loss from a plant except..
transpiration
Phloem transport of sucrose can be describe as going from "source to sink". Which of the following would not normally function as a sink?
mature leaf
Which of the following is a correct statement about sugar movement Movement can occur both upward and
in phloem? down in the plant.
Phloem transport is described as being from source to sink. Which of the following would most accurately complete this statement about transport? Phloem transport --- from the --- source to the--- sink.
Phloem transports sugars from the leaf source to the apical meristem sink.
Explain the mass flow of materials in the phloem?
leaf cells produce sugar by photosynthesis; Sugar is transported from cell to cell in the leaf; Solutes are actively transported into sieve tubes; water diffuses into the sieve tubes; sugars moves down the stem
Water flows into the source end of a sieve tube becausesucrose has been actively transported into the sieve tube, making it hypertonic
Which one of the following statements about transport of nutrients in phloem is false?
Companion cells control the rate and direction of movement of phloem sap.
According to the pressure flow hypothesis of phloem transport,solute move from a high concentration in the "source" to a lower concentration in the "sink"
Which of these involves a symbiotic relationship? mycorrhizae
------ increase the surface area of roots. Root hairs and mycorrhizae
In roots the ------- forces water and solutes through the plasma membranes of the ----- cells before entering the -------.
Casparian strip; endodermis; xylem
Sugars move from leaves into the ------ of ----- by ------.Sugars move from leaves into the sieve-tube members of the phloem by active transport.
The water pressure that pulse water and sugar from sugar source to sugar sink is referred to as ----.
bulk flow
Transpiration in plants requires all of the following except active transport through xylem cells.
Which of the following is an advantage of tracheids over vessels for long-distance transport to great heights?
Adhesive forces are proportionally greater in narrower cylinders than in wider cylinders and Cohesive forces are greater in narrow tubes than in wide tubes of the same height.
Guard cells are the only cells in the epidermis that contain chloroplasts and can undergo photosynthesis. This is important because...
ATP is required to power proton pumps in the guard cell membranes.
Ch 37 Plant Nutrition
Question Answer
Which of the following describes the fate of most of the water taken up by a plant?
It is lost during transpiration
Most of the dry weight of a plant is the result of uptake of: CO2 through stomata in leaves
Organic molecules make up what percentage of the dry weight of a plant?
96%
In hydroponic culture, what is the purpose of bubbling air into the solute?
to provide oxygen to root cells
Which two elements make up more than 90% of the dry weight of plants?
oxygen and carbon
The bulk of a plant's dry weight is derived from... CO2
What are the three main elements of which plant growth and development depend?
oxygen, carbon, hydrogen
Which of the following elements is incorrectly paired with its function in a plant?
sulur- component of DNA; activates some enzymes
In the nutrition of a plant, which element is classified as a macronutrient?
calcium
Reddish-purple coloring of leaves, especially along the margins of young leaves, is a typical symptom of deficiency of which element?
P
Which of the following is not true of micronutrients in plants?They are essential elements of small size and molecular weight.
A growing plant exhibits hclorosis of the leaves of the entire plant. The chlorosis is probably deficiency of which of the following macronutrients?
nitrogen
What is meant by the term chlorosis?the yellowing of leaves due to decreased production
Iron deficiency is often indicated by chlorosis in newly formed leaves. This suggests that ...
iron is an immobile nutrient in plants
A soil well suited for the growth of most plant would have all the following properties except ...
a high pH
What soils is are the most fertile... both humus and loam.
Why does overwatering a plant kill it? The roots drowned (cannot get air)
What should be added to soil to prevent minerals from leaching away? humus
The N-P-K percentages on a package of fertilizer refer to the...percentages of three important mineral nutrients.
A young farmer purchases some land in a relatively arid area and is interested in earning a reason profit for many years. which of the following strategies would best allow such a goal to be achieved?
selecting crops adapted to arid areas
A farming commitment that embraces a variety of methods that are conservation-minded, environmentally safe, and profitable...
sustainable agriculture
An early use of indicator plants (plants that tolerate high levels of heavy metals in the soil) was to locate potential profitable areas to mine for those minerals. A current use for such plants is:
bioremediation to help clean up mine soils.
Nitrogen fixation is a process that.. converts nitrogen gas to ammonia.
Why is nitrogen fixation such an important process?fixed nitrogen is most often the limiting factor in plant growth
In what way do nitrogen compounds differ from other minerals needed by plants?
Only nitrogen requires the action of bacteria to be made available to plants.
Most crop plants acquire their nitrogen mainly in the form of... NO3-
The enzyme complex nitrogenase catalyzes the reaction that reduces atmospheric nitrogen to...
NH3
The most efficient way to increase essential amino acids in crop plants for human consmption...
breed for higher yield of deficient amino acids.
Among important crop plants, nitrogen-fixing root nodules are most commonly an attribute of ...
legumes
If a legume is infected with rhizobium, what is the probable effect on the plant?
It obtains nitrogen from nitrogen fixation.
You are weeding your garden when you accidentally expose some roots. You notice swellings (root nodules) on the roots. Most likely your plant ..
is benefiting from a mutualistic bacterium.
How do legume plant roots communicate Rhizobium bacteria..Flavonoids trigger gene-regulating protein in bacterium.
A woodlot was sprayed with a fungicide. What would the most serious effect on such spraying
a decrease in tree growth due to death mycorrhizae
What is the mutualistic association between roots and fungi called? mycorrhizae
Hyphae form a covering over roots. Altogether hyphae create a large surface area and do which of the following?
aid in absorbing minerals and ions
Which of the following is a primary difference between ectomycorrhizae and endomycorrhizae?
Ectomycorrhizae do not penetrate root cells, whereas endomycorrhizae grow into invaginations of the root cell membranes.
The earliest vascular plants on land had underground stems (rhizomes) but no roots. Water and mineral nutrients were most likely obtained by...
absorption by symbiotic fungi
Dwarf mistletoe grows on many pine trees in the Rockies. Although the mistletoe is green, it is probably not sufficiently active in photosynthesis to produce all the sugar it needs. The mistletoe also produces haustoria. So it is best classified as
a parasite.
What are epiphytes?plants that grow on other plants but do not obtain nutrients from their hosts
Carnivorous plants have evolved mechanisms that trap and digest small animals. The products of this digestion are used to supplement the plant's supply of ...
minerals
What process is the source of the CO2 that root hairs release into the soil?
cellular respiration
Roots expend ATP to pump ________ ions from the root to the soil and by doing so displace mineral ions bound to soil particles.
H+
Acid precipitation.. decreases soil fertility
Denitriifying bacteria covert ------- to -------. nitrates: nitrogen gas
Ch 38 Angiosperm Reproduction
Question Answer
The products of meiosis in plants are always which of the following? spores
Which of the following is the correct sequence during alternation of generations in a flowering plant?
sporophyte-meiosis-gametophyte-gametes-fertilization-diploid zygote
Which of the following is true in plants? Meiosis occurs in sporophytes to produce spore
All of the following are features of angiosperms except: a small (reduced) sporophyte
Based on studies of plant evolution, which flower is not a modified leaf?
receptacle
All of the following floral parts are directly involved in pollination except the:
sepal
Floral parts would have the greatest impact on pollination? Sepal or Petal
A mutation in which of the following floral parts would have the greatest potential impact on fertilization?
Stamen or carpel
Which of the following is the correct order of floral organs from the outside to the inside of a complete flower?
sepals, petals, stamens, carpels.
All of the following are primary functions of flowers except: photosynthesis
Meiosis occurs within all of the following flower parts except the... style
A perfect flower is fertile but may be either complete or incomplete. Which of the following correctly describes a perfect flower?
It has both stamen and carpels.
Carpellate flowers.. develop into fruits
which of the following types of plants is not able to self-pollinate? dioecious.
In flowering plants, pollen is released from the ... anther
In the life cycle of an agiosperm, which of the following stages is diploid..
microsporocyte
Where does meiosis occur in flowering plants? megasporocyte and microsporocyte
Which of the following is a correct sequence of processes that takes place when a flowering plant reproduces?
meiosis, pollination, nuclear fusion, formation of embryo and endosperm
Which of these is incorrectly paired with its life-cycle generation? anther- gametophyte
Which of the following is the correct sequence of events in a pollen sac?
microsporocyte-meiosis-microspores-mitosis-two haploid cells per pollen grain
Which of the following occurs in an angiosperm ovule? A megaspore mother cell undergoes meiosis.
Where and by which process are sperm produced in plants? Mitosis in male gametophytes
In which of the following pairs are the two terms equivalent? embryo sac -- female gametophyte
Which of the following is the male gametophyte of a flowering plant? pollen grain
In flowering plants, a mature male gametophyte contains... two sperm nuclei and one tube cell nucleus.
Within the female gametophyte, three mitotic divisions of the megaspore produce..
three antipodal cells, two polar nuclei, one egg, and two synergids
The largest cell(s) of the typical angiosperm embryo sac is (are) the.. central cell
Which cells, after fertilization, give rise to the embryo plant? egg cell
Which cells becomes the triploid endosperm? polar nuclei
Which cells guide the pollen tube to the egg cell tube cell
What is the relationship between pollination and fertilization in Pollination brings gametophytes together so that
plants? fertilization can occur
Recent research has shown that pollination requires that carpels recognize pollen gains as "self or non self". For self-incompatibility, the system requires
the rejection of self cells
As flowers develop, which transition does not occur? The tube nucleus becomes a sperm nucleus.
The integuments of an ovule function to do what? form a seed coat
A fruit includes one or more seeds and has fleshy cells rich in sugars.
What is typically the result of double fertilization in angiosperms?Both a diploid embryo and a triploid endosperm are formed.
Which of the following statements regarding the endosperm is false? It develops from the fertilized egg.
In angiosperms, products of the terminal cell become the: proembryo and the coteyledons
Which of the following statements is correct about the basal cell in a zygote?
It forms the suspensor that anchors the embryo.
What is the embryonic root called? radicle
Which of the following "vegetables" is botanically a fruit? green beans
Which of these structures is unique to the seed of a monocot? coleoptile
Which of the following statements about fruits is false? Fruits form from microsporangia and integuments
Fruits develop from ovaries
The first step in germination of a seed is usually imbibition of water
When seeds germinate the radicle emerges before the shoot. This allows the seedling to quickly...
obtain a dependable water supply
Which of the following is not true of the hypocotyl hook? It is the first structure to emerge from a eudicot seed.
In plants, which of the following could be an advantage of sexual reproduction as opposed to asexual reproduction?
genetic variation
Which of the following is true about vegetative reproduction? It produces clones.
Which of the following is a true statement about clonal reproduction in plants?
Making cuttings of ornamental plans is a form of fragmentation.
All of the following could be considered advantages of asexual reproduction in plants except..
adaptation of change.
Which of the following statements is true of protoplast fusion?It can be used to form new plant varieties by combining genomes from two plants.
Which of the following statements is correct about protoplast fusion? It can be used to form new plant species.
The most immediate potential benefits of introducing genetically modified crops include..
increasing crop yield.
Which of the following is not a scientific concern relating to creating genetically modified crops?
The monetary costs of growing genetically modified plants are significantly greater than traditional breeding techniques.
Currently available transgenic plants have been modified for all of the following traits except..
nitrogen fixation.
Flowers are made of modified.. leaves
Which of these is unique to the flowering plants? double fertilization.
What is endosperm? a food-storing tissue of the seed
________ is the first event in seed formation pollination.
Which of the following statements is true about transgenic plants? They contain genes from more than one species.
Ch 39 Plant Response to Internal and External Signals
Question Answer
The step(s) between a plant's perception of a change in the environment and the plant's response to that change is (are) best called..
signal transduction
Which of the following statement is (are) true of plants?Plants adjust their growth and development in response to environmental cues.
External stimuli would be received most quickly by a plant cell if the receptors for signal transduction were located in the...
cell membrane.
Secondary messengers are associated with which of the following? transduction
In a signal transduction pathway, the transduction stage amplifies the original signal by...
Having each receptor molecule produce multiple secondary messengers and having each secondary messenger activate numerous specific enzymes.
What would happen if the secondary messenger cGMP was blocked in the de-etiolation pathway?
Ca 2+ channels could open, and specific protein kinase 2 could still be produced
If protein synthesis was blocked in eitiolated cells, what would be necessary for any de-etiolation to occur?
post-translational modification of existing proteins
Charles and Francis Darwin concluded from their experiments on photropism by grass seedlings that the part of the seedling that detects the direction of light is the...
tip of the coleoptile.
Pants growing in a partially dark environment will grow toward light in a response called phototropism. Choose the incorrect statement regarding phototropism:
Auxin causes a decrease in growth on the side of the stem exposed to light.
Which of these conclusions is supported by the research of both Went and Charles and Frances Darwin on shoot responses to light?
A chemical substance involved in shoot bending is produced in shoot tips.
We know from the experiments of the past that plants bend toward light because
cell expansion is greater on the dark side of the stem.
Plant hormones can be characterized by all of the following except that they:
function independently of other hormones
Why is it so difficult to study the actions of plant hormones?All of the above make the study of plant hormones difficult.
Plant hormones can have different effects at different concentrations. This explains how ...
auxin can stimulate cell elongation in apical meristems, yet will inhibit the growth of axillary buds.
Which plant hormones might be used to enhance stem elongation and fruit growth?
auxins and gibberellins.
According to the acid growth hypothesis, auxin works by..increasing wall plasticity and allowing the affected cell wall to elongate.
Which of the following hormones would be most useful in promoting the rooting of plant cuttings?
auxins
Which plant hormone(s) is (are) most closely associated with cell division?
cytokinin
One effect of gibberellins is to stimulate cereal seeds to produce ... amylase
In attempting to make a seed break dormancy, one logically could treat it with..
gibberellins.
Both and red and blue light are involved in... stem elongation.
Most plants close their stomata at night. What color of light would be most effective in promoting stomatal opening in the middle of the night?
blue
The biological clock controlling circadian rhythms must ultimately ... affect gene transcription.
Plants often use changes in day length (photoperiod) to trigger events such as dormancy and flowering. It is logical that plants have evolved this mechanism because photoperiod changes:
are more predictable than air temperature changes.
Plants often use changes in day length (photoperiod) to trigger events such as dormancy and flowering. It is logical that plants have evolved this mechanism because photoperiod changes:
are more predictable than air temperatures.
A botanist exposed two groups of the same plant species to two photoperiods-one with 14 hours of light and 10 hours of dark and the other with 10 hours of light and 14 hours of dark. Under the first set of conditions, the plants flowered, why?
The plants flower in the spring.
In order to flower, a short-day plant needs a.. night that is longer than certain length.
A long-day plant is if..the duration of continuous darkness is less than a critical length
Plants that have their flowering inhibited by being exposed to bright lights at night are:
short-day plants.
If you take a short-day plant and put it in a lab under conditions where it will flower (long nights and short days), but interrupt its day period with a few minutes of darkness, what will happen?
It will flower.
Florigen is a flowering signal, not yet chemically identified, found in: leaves.
What do results of research on gravitropic responses of roots and stems show?
The effect of a plant hormone can depend on the tissue.
If you wanted to genetically engineer a plant to be more resistant to drought, increasing amounts of which of the following hormones might be a good first attempt?
abscisic acid
The initial response of the root cells of a tomato plant watered with seawater would be to..
begin to plasmolyze as water is lost.
Plants are affected by an array of pathogens. Which of the following is not a plant defense against disease?
All of the above are plant defenses against disease.
The breakdown of chlorophyll reveals the ________ pigments of a leaf...
carotenoid
The protective layer that forms between the abscission layer and the stem consists of ...
weak, colorless, thin-walled cells.
After leaf abscission, growth will resume from the.. petiole
What is the specific term that refers to seasonal changes in the relative lengths of night and day?
photoperiod
Day-neutral plants flower regardless of... day length, night length, or photoperiod.
Which hormone is incorrectly paired with its function? cytokinins—initiate programmed cell death
Buds and sprouts often form on tree stumps. Which of the following hormones would you expect to stimulate their formation?
cytokinins
How might a plant respond to severe heat stress?By producing heat-shock proteins, which may protect the plants proteins from denaturing.